Combinations of mrnas encoding immune modulating polypeptides and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

The disclosure relates to compositions and methods for the preparation, manufacture and therapeutic use of combinations of immunomodulatory polynucleotides (e.g., mRNAs) encoding an immune response primer polypeptide (e.g., an interleukin 23 (IL-23) polypeptide or an interleukin 36γ (IL-36-gamma) polypeptide), and an immune response co-stimulatory signal polypeptide (e.g., an OX40L polypeptide).

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of International Application No.PCT/US2017/033395, filed May 18, 2017, which claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/338,496 filed May 18, 2016;U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/338,506 filed May 18,2016; U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/338,467 filed May18, 2016; U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/338,483 filedMay 18, 2016; U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/404,173filed Oct. 4, 2016; U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.62/404,175 filed Oct. 4, 2016; U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser.No. 62/415,424 filed Oct. 31, 2016; U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationSer. No. 62/438,945 filed Dec. 23, 2016; U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 62/438,942 filed Dec. 23, 2016; U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application Ser. No. 62/443,693 filed Jan. 7, 2017; U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/472,513 filed Mar. 16, 2017and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/480,400 filed Apr.1, 2017. The entire contents of the above-referenced patent applicationsare incorporated herein by this reference.

STATEMENT REGARDING SEQUENCE LISTING

The Sequence Listing associated with this application has been submittedelectronically in ASCII format, and is hereby incorporated by referenceinto the specification in its entirety. The name of the text filecontaining the Sequence Listing is MDN-712PCCN_Sequence_Listing.txt. Thetext file is 219067 Kilobytes, was created on Jun. 1, 2018, and is beingsubmitted electronically via EFS-Web.

BACKGROUND

Cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell division andgrowth within the body. In the United States, roughly a third of allwomen and half of all men will experience cancer in their lifetime. Withthe host of undesired consequences brought about by standard treatmentssuch as chemotherapy and radiotherapy used today, genetic therapy forthe manipulation of disease-related peptides and their functionsprovides a more targeted approach to disease diagnosis, treatment andmanagement. However, gene therapy poses multiple challenges includingundesirable immune response and safety concern due to the incorporationof the gene at random locations within the genome. Therefore, there is aneed for an improved therapeutic approach to treat tumors.

BRIEF SUMMARY

The present disclosure provides mRNA therapeutics for the treatment ofcancer. The mRNA therapeutics of the disclosure are particularlywell-suited for the treatment of cancer as the technology provides forthe intracellular delivery of mRNA encoding immune modulatingpolypeptides (for example, oncology-related polypeptides, includingimmune response stimulators, co-stimulatory factors, checkpointinhibitors, and the like, useful in immuno-oncology (“IO”)), followed byde novo synthesis of functional proteins within target cells, e.g.,within target cells in tumors. The disclosure features therapeutic mRNAshaving modified nucleotides to (1) minimize unwanted immune activation(e.g., the innate immune response associated with in vivo introductionof foreign nucleic acids) and (2) optimize the translation efficiency ofmRNA to protein. Exemplary aspects of the disclosure feature therapeuticmRNAs having a combination of nucleotide modifications to reduce theinnate immune response and sequence optimization, in particular, withinthe open reading frame (ORF) of therapeutic mRNAs encoding immunemodulating polypeptides to enhance protein expression.

In other aspects, the mRNA therapeutic technology of the disclosurefeatures delivery of mRNA(s) encoding immune modulating (e.g.,oncology-related) polypeptides via a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) deliverysystem. In exemplary embodiments, the mRNA therapeutic technology of thedisclosure features delivery of mRNA(s) encoding immune modulatingpolypeptides into tumors via a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) delivery system.The disclosure also features novel ionizable lipid-based LNPs which haveimproved properties when combined with mRNA(s) encoding immunemodulating (e.g., oncology-related) polypeptides and administered invivo, for example, cellular uptake, intracellular transport and/orendosomal release or endosomal escape. The LNP formulations of thedisclosure also demonstrate reduced immunogenicity associated with thein vivo administration of LNPs.

Accordingly, the present disclosure features methods and compositionsfor treating cancer, in particular, immunotherapeutic methods andcompositions. In some aspects, the disclosure features methods andcompositions for treating cancer using a combination therapy thatfeatures two or more immune modulating (e.g., oncology-related)polynucleotides (e.g., mRNAs) encoding a first immune response primerpolypeptide and a second, different, immune response primer polypeptide,and, optionally, a polynucleotide encoding an immune responseco-stimulatory signal polypeptide and, optionally, a polynucleotideencoding a checkpoint inhibitor polypeptide or a polypeptide comprisinga checkpoint inhibitor polypeptide. In some aspects, the disclosureprovides an immunomodulatory composition comprising a polynucleotideencoding an Interleukin-23 (IL-23) polypeptide, a polynucleotideencoding an Interleukin-36 gamma (IL-36 gamma) polypeptide and,optionally, a polynucleotide encoding an OX40L polypeptide. In otheraspects, the disclosure provides an immunomodulatory compositioncomprising a polynucleotide encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, apolynucleotide encoding an Interleukin 18 (IL-18) polypeptide and,optionally, a polynucleotide encoding an OX40L polypeptide.

Other aspects of the disclosure feature treatment with a polynucleotidemRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide in combination with mRNA encoding anIL-36 polypeptide. Other aspects of the disclosure feature treatmentwith mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide in combination with mRNAencoding an IL-18 polypeptide. Yet other aspects of the disclosurefeature treatment with mRNA encoding immune response primer polypeptidesin combination with additional therapeutic agents, such as a checkpointinhibitor polypeptide (e.g., anti-PD-1 antibody, anti-PDL-1 antibody,anti-CTLA4, or a combination thereof). Exemplary aspects featuretreatment with lipid nanoparticle-(LNP-) encapsulated mRNAs. Exemplaryaspects feature intratumoral administration of mRNAs in ionizable aminolipid-based LNPs.

In some aspects, the present disclosure provides methods of reducing ordecreasing the size of a tumor or inhibiting tumor growth in a subjectin need thereof by administering at least two polynucleotides, whereinthe at least two polynucleotides are selected from a firstpolynucleotide encoding a first immune response primer polypeptide(e.g., an IL-23 polypeptide) and a second polynucleotide encoding asecond immune response primer polypeptide (different from the first)e.g., an IL-36 gamma polypeptide or an IL-18 polypeptide and,optionally, a third polynucleotide encoding an immune responseco-stimulatory signal polypeptide (e.g., an OX40L polypeptide).

In one embodiment, the first polynucleotide comprises an mRNA encodingthe first polypeptide, the second polynucleotide comprises an mRNAencoding the second polypeptide, and/or the third polynucleotidecomprises an mRNA encoding the third polypeptide. In one embodiment, thefirst polynucleotide, the second polynucleotide, and/or the thirdpolynucleotide comprise at least one chemically modified nucleoside. Insome embodiments, the at least one chemically modified nucleoside isselected from the group consisting of pseudouridine,N1-methylpseudouridine, 5-methylcytosine, 5-methoxyuridine, and acombination thereof.

In one aspect, the disclosure provides a composition, e.g., animmunomodulatory composition, comprising at least two polynucleotides(e.g., at least two mRNAs), wherein the at least two polynucleotides areselected from the group consisting of:

(i) at least one polynucleotide encoding a first immune response primerpolypeptide and at least one polynucleotide encoding a second immuneresponse primer polypeptide (different from the first immune responseprimer polypeptide) (“a doublet”);

(ii) at least one polynucleotide encoding a first immune response primerpolypeptide, at least one polynucleotide encoding a second immuneresponse primer polypeptide (different from the first), and at least onepolynucleotide encoding an immune response co-stimulatory signalpolypeptide (“a triplet”).

In some aspects, the composition further comprises at least onepolynucleotide encoding a checkpoint inhibitor polypeptide. In someaspects, the composition is administered to subjects in need thereof incombination with another cancer therapy, such as a polypeptidecomprising a checkpoint inhibitor polypeptide (e.g., an anti-PD-1antibody, an anti-PDL-1 antibody, an anti-CTLA4 antibody, or acombination thereof).

In one aspect, the composition comprises at least one polynucleotide(e.g., an mRNA) encoding a first immune response primer polypeptide andat least one polynucleotide (e.g., an mRNA) encoding a second immuneresponse primer polypeptide (different from the first immune responseprimer polypeptide), wherein the first and second immune response primerpolypeptides have one or more activities selected from the groupconsisting of:

(a) priming dendritic cells;

(b) promoting dendritic cell maturation;

(c) promoting antigen presenting cell cytokine and/or chemokineproduction;

(d) expanding or maintaining Th17 cells;

(e) enhancing Th1 and/or Th9 differentiation; and

(f) any combination of (a)-(f).

In one aspect, the immune response primer polypeptide is an IL-12 familymember. In one embodiment, the IL-12 family member is a polypeptideselected from the group consisting of IL-12, IL-23, IL-12p40 subunit,IL-23p19 subunit, L-27, IL-35, and combinations thereof. In oneembodiment, the immune response primer polypeptide is IL-23. In oneembodiment, the IL-23 polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 5 or SEQ ID NO: 140. In one embodiment, theIL-23 polypeptide is encoded by a nucleotide sequence comprising thenucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 141 or 142.

In other aspects, the immune response primer polypeptide is an IL-1family member. In one embodiment, the IL-1 family member is apolypeptide selected from the group consisting of IL-1a, IL-1β, IL-1Ra,IL-18, IL-33, IL-36Ra, L-36α, IL-36β, L-36γ, IL-37, IL-38, andcombinations thereof. In one embodiment, the immune response primerpolypeptide is an IL-36-gamma polypeptide or an IL-18 polypeptide. Inone embodiment, the immune response primer polypeptide is IL-36-gammapolypeptide. In one embodiment, the IL-36-gamma polypeptide comprisesthe amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 16. In one embodiment, theIL-36-gamma polypeptide is encoded by a nucleotide sequence comprisingthe nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 143 or 144. In oneembodiment, the immune response primer polypeptide is IL-18. In oneembodiment, the IL-18 polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequenceshown in SEQ ID NO: 147, 149, 151 or 153. In one embodiment, the IL-18polypeptide is encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:148 and 155-162.

In one aspect the disclosure provides a composition (e.g., an immunemodulatory composition) comprising at least two polynucleotides (e.g.,two mRNAs) encoding a first immune response primer polypeptide and asecond immune response primer polypeptide, wherein the first immuneresponse primer polypeptide is an IL-12 family member and the secondimmune response primer polypeptide is an IL-1 family member. In oneembodiment, the first immune response primer polypeptide is an IL-23polypeptide and the second immune response primer polypeptide is anIL-36-gamma polypeptide. In one embodiment, the first immune responseprimer polypeptide is an IL-23 polypeptide and the second immuneresponse primer polypeptide is an IL-18 polypeptide.

In another aspect, the disclosure provides a composition (e.g., animmune modulatory composition) comprising at least three polynucleotides(e.g., three mRNAs) encoding at least one polynucleotide encoding afirst immune response primer polypeptide, at least one polynucleotideencoding a second immune response primer polypeptide (different from thefirst), and at least one polynucleotide encoding an immune responseco-stimulatory signal polypeptide. In some aspects, the immune responseco-stimulatory signal polypeptide has at least one activity selectedfrom the group consisting of:

(a) activating, stimulating, promoting or enhancing T cellproliferation, T cell survival, T cell recruitment, or combinationthereof; and/or

(b) activating, stimulating, promoting or enhancing NK cellproliferation, NK cell survival, NK cell recruitment, or combinationthereof.

In some aspects, the immune response co-stimulatory signal polypeptidehas at least one activity selected from the group consisting of:

(c) promoting or enhancing T cell expansion and/or function;

(d) promoting or enhancing Th1, Th2 and/or Th9 cell development;

(e) inhibiting or suppressing Treg development and/or activity;

(f) promoting or enhancing development and/or activity of memory cells;and

(g) any combination of (c)-(f).

In one embodiment, the immune response co-stimulatory signal polypeptideis selected from the group consisting of OX40L, CD80, IL-15, andcombinations thereof. In one embodiment, the immune responseco-stimulatory signal polypeptide is selected from the group consistingof OX40L, CD80, IL-15, and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, theimmune response co-stimulatory signal polypeptide is OX40L. In oneembodiment, the OX40L polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequenceshown in SEQ ID NO: 21. In one embodiment, the OX40L polypeptide isencoded by a nucleotide sequence comprising the nucleotide sequenceshown in SEQ ID NO: 145 or 146.

In one aspect, the disclosure provides a composition (e.g., an immunemodulatory composition) comprising at least three polynucleotides (e.g.,three mRNAs) encoding a first immune response primer polypeptide, asecond immune response primer polypeptide and an immune responseco-stimulatory signal polypeptide, wherein the first immune responseprimer polypeptide is an IL-23 polypeptide, the second immune responseprimer polypeptide is an IL-18 polypeptide, and the immune responseco-stimulatory signal polypeptide is OX-40L. In another aspect, thedisclosure provides a composition (e.g., an immunomodulatorycomposition) comprising at least three polynucleotides (e.g., threemRNAs) encoding a first immune response primer polypeptide, a secondimmune response primer polypeptide and an immune response co-stimulatorysignal polypeptide, wherein the first immune response primer polypeptideis IL-23 polypeptide, the second immune response primer polypeptide isIL-36-gamma polypeptide, and the immune response co-stimulatory signalpolypeptide is OX-40L. In other embodiments, the composition furthercomprises a polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) encoding a checkpoint inhibitorpolypeptide.

In other embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition for reducingthe size of a tumor or inhibiting growth of a tumor, the compositioncomprising at least two polynucleotides (e.g., two mRNAs) encoding atleast a first and a second polypeptide, wherein the at least twopolynucleotides are selected from the group consisting of:

(i) a polynucleotide encoding an IL-23 polypeptide,

(ii) a polynucleotide encoding an IL-36gamma polypeptide;

(iii) a polynucleotide encoding an IL-18 polypeptide;

(iv) a polynucleotide encoding an OX40L polypeptide;

(v) a polynucleotide encoding a CD80 polypeptide; and

(vi) a polynucleotide encoding an anti-CTLA4 antibody; and,

(vii) a combination thereof.

In one embodiment, the at least two polynucleotides are selected fromthe group consisting of:

(i) a polynucleotide encoding an IL-23 polypeptide,

(ii) a polynucleotide encoding an IL-36gamma polypeptide;

(iii) a polynucleotide encoding an IL-18 polypeptide;

(iv) a polynucleotide encoding an OX40L polypeptide; and

(v) a combination thereof.

In yet another embodiment, the at least two polynucleotides are selectedfrom the group consisting of:

(i) a polynucleotide encoding an IL-23 polypeptide,

(ii) a polynucleotide encoding an IL-36gamma polypeptide;

(iii) a polynucleotide encoding an OX40L polypeptide; and

(iv) a combination thereof.

In another embodiment, the at least two polynucleotides are selectedfrom the group consisting of:

(i) a polynucleotide encoding an IL23 polypeptide and a polynucleotideencoding an IL36gamma polypeptide;

(ii) a polynucleotide encoding an IL23 polypeptide and a polynucleotideencoding an OX40L polypeptide;

(iii) a polynucleotide encoding IL36gamma polypeptide and polynucleotideencoding an OX40L polypeptide;

(iv) a polynucleotide encoding an IL23 polypeptide and a polynucleotideencoding an IL18 polypeptide;

(v) a polynucleotide encoding an IL36gamma polypeptide and apolynucleotide encoding an IL18 polypeptide; and

(vi) a polynucleotide encoding an IL18 polypeptide and a polynucleotideencoding an OX40L polypeptide.

In another embodiment, the disclosure provides a composition forreducing the size of a tumor or inhibiting growth of a tumor, thecomposition comprising at least three polynucleotides (e.g., threemRNAs) encoding at least a first, second and third polypeptides, whereinthe at least three polynucleotides are selected from the groupconsisting of:

(i) a polynucleotide encoding an IL23 polypeptide, a polynucleotideencoding an IL36gamma polypeptide, and a polynucleotide encoding anOX40L polypeptide; and

(ii) a polynucleotide encoding an IL23 polypeptide and a polynucleotideencoding an IL18 polypeptide, and a polynucleotide encoding an OX40Lpolypeptide.

In some aspects, the polynucleotide encoding an IL-23 polypeptidecomprises: (i) an IL-12p40 polypeptide; (ii) an IL-23p19 polypeptide; or(iii) both an IL-12p40 polypeptide and an IL-23p19 polypeptide. In oneaspect, the polynucleotide encoding an IL-23 polypeptide comprises anIL-12p40 polypeptide, an IL-23p19 polypeptide and a linker operativelypositioned between the IL-12p40 polypeptide and the IL-23p19polypeptide. In one aspect, the linker is a Gly/Ser linker (e.g., G4S),having an amino acid sequence as shown in any of SEQ ID NOs: 136-139).In one aspect, the polynucleotide encoding an IL-23 polypeptidecomprises the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 140. In otheraspects, the polynucleotide encoding an IL-23 polypeptide comprises thenucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 141.

In some aspects, the polynucleotide encoding an IL-18 polypeptidecomprises a heterologous signal sequence. In one aspect, thepolynucleotide encoding an IL-18 polypeptide comprises the amino acidsequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 147, 149, 151 or 153. In one aspect, thepolynucleotide encoding an IL-18 polypeptide comprises the nucleotidesequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 148 and 155-162.

In some aspects, the polynucleotide encoding an IL-36gamma polypeptidecomprises a heterologous signal sequence. In one aspect, thepolynucleotide encoding an IL36-gamma polypeptide comprises the aminoacid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 16. In one aspect, the polynucleotideencoding an IL-36gamma polypeptide comprises the nucleotide sequenceshown in SEQ ID NO: 143.

In one aspect, the polynucleotide encoding an OX40L polypeptidecomprises the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 21. In oneembodiment, the polynucleotide encoding an OX40L polypeptide comprisesthe nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 145.

In one aspect, the disclosure provides a composition e.g., for reducingthe size of a tumor or inhibiting growth of a tumor, the compositioncomprising at least three polynucleotides (e.g., three mRNAs) encodingat least a first, second and third polypeptides, wherein the at leastthree polynucleotides comprise a first polynucleotide encoding OX40L, asecond polynucleotide encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, and a thirdpolynucleotide encoding IL-36gamma, wherein the first, second and thirdpolynucleotides are present in the composition at a mass ratio ofapproximately 1:1:2, respectively. In one embodiment, the first andsecond polynucleotides, encoding OX40L and IL-23 respectively, arepresent in the composition in approximately equal mass amounts and thethird polynucleotide, encoding IL-36gamma, is present in the compositionat a higher mass amount than the first and third polynucleotides.Additional mass ratios for the composition are disclosed herein.

Other aspects of the disclosure relate to a lipid nanoparticlecomprising any of the foregoing or related compositions. In someaspects, the lipid nanoparticle is formulated with a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier or excipient. In some aspects, the lipid nanoparticleis formulated for intratumoral administration (iTu).

In one aspect the disclosure provides a lipid nanoparticle comprising:

a polynucleotide encoding a human OX40L polypeptide, wherein thepolynucleotide comprises an ORF encoding a human OX40L polypeptide; apolynucleotide encoding a human IL23 polypeptide, wherein thepolynucleotide comprises an ORF encoding a human IL-12p40 polypeptideoperably linked to a human IL-23p19 polypeptide; and a polynucleotideencoding a human L-36 gamma polypeptide, wherein the polynucleotidecomprises an ORF encoding a human L-36 gamma polypeptide.

In some aspects, the human IL-12p40 polypeptide is operably linked tothe human IL-23p19 polypeptide by a peptide linker. In some aspects, theIL-12p40 polypeptide is located at the 5′ terminus of the IL-23p19polypeptide or the linker (e.g., peptide linker). In other aspects, theIL-12p40 polypeptide is located at the 5′ terminus of the IL-23p19polypeptide or the linker (e.g., peptide linker). In some aspects, thelinker is a peptide linker, for example, a Gly/Ser linker (e.g., G6S).In some aspects, Gly/Ser linker comprises (GnS)m, wherein n is 1, 2 3,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, or 20 and m is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,15, or 20. In some aspects, the Gly/Ser linker comprises (GnS)m, andwherein n is 6 and m is 1 (i.e., G6S).

In related aspects, a polynucleotide comprising an ORF encoding a humanIL23 polypeptide or a polynucleotide comprising an ORF encoding a humanIL-36 gamma polypeptide further comprises a signal peptide. In someaspects, the signal peptide is a heterologous signal peptide, forexample a signal peptide derived from human immunoglobulin kappa lightchain variable region, hIGVK4.

In some aspects, the human OX40L polypeptide comprises an amino acidsequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 21. In some aspects, the human IL-12p40polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.In some aspects, the human IL-23p19 polypeptide comprises an amino acidsequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5. In some aspects, the human IL-36gamma polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ IDNO: 16.

In some aspects, the disclosure provides any of the foregoing or relatedpolynucleotides further comprising one or more microRNA (miRNA) bindingsites. In some aspects, the miRNA binding site is a miR-122 binding site(e.g., a miR-122-3p binding site, a miR-122-5p binding site or both). Insome embodiments, the miR binding site is at least one miR-122-5pbinding site. In some embodiments the polynucleotide comprises a 3′ UTRcomprising at least one miR-122-5p binding site. In some aspects, themiR-122-5p binding site comprises the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQID NO: 26. In some aspects, the polynucleotide comprises a 3′ UTRcomprising the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 120. In oneaspect, the polynucleotide comprises a 5′ UTR comprising the nucleotidesequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 27.

In other aspects, the disclosure provides use of any of the foregoing orpreceding compositions or lipid nanoparticles as described herein in themanufacture of a medicament for treating or delaying progression ofcancer in an individual, wherein the medicament comprises thecomposition or lipid nanoparticle and an optional pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier, and wherein the treatment comprises administrationof the medicament in combination with a composition comprising acheckpoint inhibitor polypeptide (e.g., an anti-PD-1 antibody, ananti-PDL-1 antibody, an anti-CTLA4 antibody, or a combination thereof),and an optional pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In some aspects, the disclosure provides a kit comprising a containercomprising a polynucleotide (e.g., an mRNA) composition or a lipidnanoparticle comprising polynucleotides as (e.g., mRNAs) as disclosedherein, and an optional pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and apackage insert comprising instructions for administration of the lipidnanoparticle or pharmaceutical composition for treating or delayingprogression of cancer in an individual. In some aspects, the packageinsert further comprises instructions for administration of thepharmaceutical composition in combination with a composition comprisinga checkpoint inhibitor polypeptide and an optional pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier for treating or delaying progression of cancer in anindividual.

In yet other aspects, the disclosure provides a kit comprising amedicament comprising any of the foregoing or preceding compositions orlipid nanoparticles as described herein and an optional pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier, and a package insert comprising instructions foradministration of the medicament alone or in combination with acomposition comprising a checkpoint inhibitor polypeptide (e.g., ananti-PD-1 antibody, an anti-PDL-1 antibody, an anti-CTLA4 antibody, or acombination thereof), and an optional pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier for treating or delaying progression of cancer in an individual.In some aspects, the kit further comprises a package insert comprisinginstructions for administration of the first medicament and the secondmedicament for treating or delaying progression of cancer in anindividual.

Other aspects of the disclosure relate to a composition comprising anyof the foregoing or preceding lipid nanoparticles as described hereinand an optional pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for use in treatingor delaying progression of cancer in an individual, wherein thetreatment comprises administration of the lipid nanoparticle incombination with a second composition, wherein the second compositioncomprises a checkpoint inhibitor polypeptide (e.g., an anti-PD-1antibody, an anti-PDL-1 antibody, an anti-CTLA4 antibody, or acombination thereof), and an optional pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier.

In some aspects, the checkpoint inhibitor polypeptide inhibits PD1,PD-L1, CTLA4, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, thecheckpoint inhibitor polypeptide is an antibody or a polynucleotideencoding the antibody. In one embodiment, the antibody is an anti-CTLA4antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically bindsCTLA4, an anti-PD 1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof thatspecifically binds PD1, an anti-PD-L1 antibody or antigen-bindingfragment thereof that specifically binds PD-L1, and a combinationthereof. In one embodiment, the anti-PD-L1 antibody is atezolizumab,avelumab, or durvalumab. In one embodiment, the anti-CTLA-4 antibody istremelimumab or ipilimumab. In one embodiment, the anti-PD1 antibody isnivolumab or pembrolizumab.

In various embodiments of the composition, the polynucleotides withinthe composition are mRNA, wherein each mRNA includes at least onechemical modification. In one embodiment, the chemical modification isselected from the group consisting of pseudouridine,N1-methylpseudouridine, 2-thiouridine, 4′-thiouridine, 5-methylcytosine,2-thio-1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudouridine, 2-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine,2-thio-5-aza-uridine, 2-thio-dihydropseudouridine,2-thio-dihydrouridine, 2-thio-pseudouridine,4-methoxy-2-thio-pseudouridine, 4-methoxy-pseudouridine,4-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 4-thio-pseudouridine, 5-aza-uridine,dihydropseudouridine, 5-methyluridine, 5-methyluridine,5-methoxyuridine, and 2′-O-methyl uridine. In some aspects, the mRNAcomprises at least one chemically modified nucleoside, wherein the atleast one chemically modified nucleoside is selected from the groupconsisting of pseudouridine, N1-methylpseudouridine, 5-methylcytosine,5-methoxyuridine, and a combination thereof. In some aspects, the atleast one chemically modified nucleoside is N1-methylpseudouridine. Insome aspects, the polynucleotide is a fully modifiedN1-methylpseudouridine mRNA. Additional chemical modifications aredisclosed herein.

In various embodiments of the composition, the composition is formulatedin a lipid nanoparticle carrier. For example, a composition comprising afirst and second polynucleotide, and optionally a third polynucleotide,as described herein, are formulated such that all polynucleotides withinthe composition are carried by the same lipid nanoparticle carrier. Inone embodiment, the lipid nanoparticle carrier comprises a molar ratioof about 20-60% ionizable amino lipid:5-25% phospholipid:25-55% sterol;and 0.5-15% PEG-modified lipid. In one embodiment, the ionizable aminolipid is selected from the group consisting of for example,2,2-dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminoethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane (DLin-KC2-DMA),dilinoleyl-methyl-4-dimethylaminobutyrate (DLin-MC3-DMA), anddi((Z)-non-2-en-1-yl)9-((4-(dimethylamino)butanoyl)oxy)-heptadecanedioate (L319). In oneembodiment, the ionizable amino lipid is Compound 18.

In other aspects, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a molar ratio ofabout 20-60% ionizable amino lipid:5-25% phospholipid:25-55% sterol; and0.5-15% PEG-modified lipid. In other aspects, the lipid nanoparticlecarrier comprises a molar ratio of about 20-60% Compound 18: 5-25%phospholipid: 25-55% cholesterol; and 0.5-15% PEG-modified lipid. Inother aspects, the lipid nanoparticle carrier comprises a molar ratio ofabout 50% ionizable amino lipid:about 10% phospholipid:about 38.5%cholesterol; and about 1.5% PEG-modified lipid. In other aspects, thelipid nanoparticle carrier comprises a molar ratio of about 50% Compound18:about 10% phospholipid:about 38.5% cholesterol; and about 1.5%PEG-modified lipid. In other aspects, the lipid nanoparticle carriercomprises a molar ratio of about 49.83% ionizable amino lipid:about9.83% phospholipid:about 30.33% cholesterol; and about 2.0% PEG-modifiedlipid. In other aspects, the lipid nanoparticle carrier comprises amolar ratio of about 49.83% Compound 18: about 9.83% phospholipid: about30.33% cholesterol; and about 2.0% PEG-modified lipid.

In another aspect, the invention pertains to a method of reducing ordecreasing a size of a tumor or inhibiting a tumor growth in a subjectin need thereof comprising administering to the subject any of thecompositions described herein. In one embodiment, the composition isadministered intratumorally. In another embodiment, the composition isadministered regionally (i.e., into the region in which the tumor isgrowing), for example the composition can be administeredintraperitoneally for tumors in the peritoneal cavity. In oneembodiment, the tumor is a hepatocellular carcinoma. In anotherembodiment, the tumor is an ovarian tumor, a colon tumor or adisseminated gastric tumor. Other suitable tumors and cancers fortreatment are disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, the IL-23 polypeptide comprises an IL-12p40 subunitcomprising an amino acid sequence at least 50%, at least 60%, at least70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least99%, or 100% identical to a sequence listed in TABLE 1, wherein theamino acid sequence is capable of binding to an IL-23p19 subunit andforming IL-23, which has an IL-23 activity. In other embodiments, theIL-23 polypeptide comprises an IL-23p19 subunit comprising an amino acidsequence at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, atleast 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% identicalto a sequence listed in TABLE 1, wherein the amino acid sequence iscapable of binding to an IL-12p40 subunit and forming IL-23, which hasan IL-23 activity. In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 subunit and theIL-23P19 subunit are on a single polypeptide chain or two differentchains.

In some embodiments, the IL-36-gamma polypeptide comprises an amino acidsequence at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, atleast 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% identicalto a sequence listed in TABLE 1, wherein the amino acid sequence hasIL-36-gamma activity.

In some embodiments, the method of the disclosure further comprisesadministering a third protein or a third polynucleotide encoding thethird protein. In one embodiment, the third protein comprises an OX40Lpolypeptide. In another embodiment, the OX40L polypeptide comprises anamino acid sequence at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to a sequence listed in TABLE 1A, wherein the amino acidsequence has a OX40L activity.

In certain embodiments, the first polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA), thesecond polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA), and/or the third polynucleotide(e.g., mRNA) further comprise a nucleic acid sequence comprising a miRNAbinding site, e.g., miR-122, e.g., aacgccauua ucacacuaaa ua (SEQ ID NO:23) or uggaguguga caaugguguu ug (SEQ ID NO: 25).

The first polynucleotide and/or the second polynucleotide and/or thethird polynucleotide can further comprise a 5′ UTR, a 3′ UTR, a 5′terminal cap, and/or a 3′ polyA tail. In other embodiments, the firstpolynucleotide (e.g., mRNA), the second polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA),and/or the third polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) are codon optimized, invitro transcribed, chimeric, or circular.

In some embodiments, the first polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA), the secondpolynucleotide (e.g., mRNA), and/or the third polynucleotide (e.g.,mRNA) is formulated with a delivery agent, e.g., a lipid nanoparticle.In other embodiments, the delivery agent comprises a compound havingformula (I)

or a salt or stereoisomer thereof, whereinR₁ is selected from the group consisting of C₅₋₃₀ alkyl, C₅₋₂₀ alkenyl,—R*YR″, —YR″, and —R″M′R′;R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from the group consisting of H,C₁₋₁₄ alkyl, C₂₋₁₄ alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and —R*OR″, or R₂ and R₃,together with the atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycle orcarbocycle;R₄ is selected from the group consisting of a C₃₋₆ carbocycle,—(CH₂)_(n)Q, —(CH₂)_(n)CHQR, —CHQR, —CQ(R)₂, and unsubstituted C₁₋₆alkyl, where Q is selected from a carbocycle, heterocycle, —OR,—O(CH₂)_(n)N(R)₂, —C(O)OR, —OC(O)R, —CX₃, —CX₂H, —CXH₂, —CN, —N(R)₂,—C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)S(O)₂R, —N(R)C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(S)N(R)₂,—N(R)R₈, —O(CH₂)_(n)OR, —N(R)C(═NR₉)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(═CHR₉)N(R)₂,—OC(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)OR, —N(OR)C(O)R, —N(OR)S(O)₂R, —N(OR)C(O)OR,—N(OR)C(O)N(R)₂, —N(OR)C(S)N(R)₂, —N(OR)C(═NR₉)N(R)₂,—N(OR)C(═CHR₉)N(R)₂, —C(═NR₉)N(R)₂, —C(═NR₉)R, —C(O)N(R)OR, and—C(R)N(R)₂C(O)OR, and each n is independently selected from 1, 2, 3, 4,and 5;each R₅ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;each R₆ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;M and M′ are independently selected from —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)N(R′)—,—N(R′)C(O)—, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —C(S)S—, —SC(S)—, —CH(OH)—, —P(O)(OR′)O—,—S(O)₂—, —S—S—, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group;R₇ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl,and H;R₈ is selected from the group consisting of C₃₋₆ carbocycle andheterocycle;R₉ is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, NO₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OR,—S(O)₂R, —S(O)₂N(R)₂, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₃₋₆ carbocycle and heterocycle;each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₈alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and H;each R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₃₋₁₄alkyl and C₃₋₁₄ alkenyl;each R* is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₂alkyl and C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl; each Y is independently a C₃₋₆ carbocycle;each X is independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br,and I; andm is selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13; andprovided when R₄ is —(CH₂)_(n)Q, —(CH₂)_(n)CHQR, —CHQR, or —CQ(R)₂, then(i) Q is not —N(R)₂ when n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, or (ii) Q is not 5, 6, or7-membered heterocycloalkyl when n is 1 or 2.

In other embodiments, the delivery agent comprising a compound havingthe formula (I)

or a salt or stereoisomer thereof, whereinR₁ is selected from the group consisting of C₅₋₂₀ alkyl, C₅₋₂₀ alkenyl,—R*YR″, —YR″, and —R″M′R′;R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from the group consisting of H,C₁₋₁₄ alkyl, C₂₋₁₄ alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and —R*OR″, or R₂ and R₃,together with the atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycle orcarbocycle;R₄ is selected from the group consisting of a C₃₋₆ carbocycle,—(CH₂)_(n)Q, —(CH₂)_(n)CHQR, —CHQR, —CQ(R)₂, and unsubstituted C₁₋₆alkyl, where Q is selected from a carbocycle, heterocycle, —OR,—O(CH₂)_(n)N(R)₂, —C(O)OR, —OC(O)R, —CX₃, —CX₂H, —CXH₂, —CN, —N(R)₂,—C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)S(O)₂R, —N(R)C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(S)N(R)₂, and—C(R)N(R)₂C(O)OR, and each n is independently selected from 1, 2, 3, 4,and 5;each R₅ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;each R₆ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;M and M′ are independently selected from —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)N(R′)—,—N(R′)C(O)—, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —C(S)S—, —SC(S)—, —CH(OH)—, —P(O)(OR′)O—,—S(O)₂—, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group;R₇ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl,and H;each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H; each R′ is independently selected from thegroup consisting of C-18 alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and H;each R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₃₋₁₄alkyl and C₃₋₁₄ alkenyl;each R* is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₂alkyl and C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl;each Y is independently a C₃₋₆ carbocycle;each X is independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br,and I; andm is selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13; andprovided when R₄ is —(CH₂)_(n)Q, —(CH₂)_(n)CHQR, —CHQR, or —CQ(R)₂, then(i) Q is not —N(R)₂ when n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, or (ii) Q is not 5, 6, or7-membered heterocycloalkyl when n is 1 or 2.

In some embodiments, the compound is of Formula (IA):

or a salt or stereoisomer thereof, wherein

l is selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5;

m is selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9;

M₁ is a bond or M′;

R₄ is unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, or —(CH₂)_(n)Q, in which n is 1, 2, 3,4, or 5 and Q is OH, —NHC(S)N(R)₂, or —NHC(O)N(R)₂, —NHC(O)N(R)₂,—N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)S(O)₂R, —N(R)R₈, —NHC(═NR₉)N(R)₂, —NHC(═CHR₉)N(R)₂,—OC(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)OR, heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl;

M and M′ are independently selected from —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)N(R′)—,—P(O)(OR′)O—, —S—S—, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group; and

R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from the group consisting of H,C₁₋₁₄ alkyl, and C₂₋₁₄ alkenyl.

In some embodiments, m is 5, 7, or 9.

In some embodiments, the compound is of Formula (IA), or a salt orstereoisomer thereof, wherein

l is selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5;

m is selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9;

M₁ is a bond or M′;

R₄ is unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, or —(CH₂)_(n)Q, in which n is 1, 2, 3,4, or 5 and Q is OH, —NHC(S)N(R)₂, or —NHC(O)N(R)₂;

M and M′ are independently selected from —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)N(R′)—,—P(O)(OR′)O—, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group; and

R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from the group consisting of H,C₁₋₁₄ alkyl, and C₂₋₁₄ alkenyl.

In some embodiments, m is 5, 7, or 9.

In some embodiments, the compound is of Formula (II):

or a salt or stereoisomer thereof, wherein

l is selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5;

M₁ is a bond or M′;

R₄ is unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, or —(CH₂)_(n)Q, in which n is 2, 3, or 4and Q is OH, —NHC(S)N(R)₂, or —NHC(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)S(O)₂R,—N(R)R₈, —NHC(═NR₉)N(R)₂, —NHC(═CHR₉)N(R)₂, —OC(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)OR,heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl;

M and M′ are independently selected from —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)N(R′)—,—P(O)(OR′)O—, —S—S—, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group; and

R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from the group consisting of H,C₁₋₁₄ alkyl, and C₂₋₁₄ alkenyl.

In some embodiments, the compound is of Formula (II), or a salt orstereoisomer thereof, wherein

l is selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5;

M₁ is a bond or M′;

R₄ is unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, or —(CH₂)_(n)Q, in which n is 2, 3, or 4and Q is OH, —NHC(S)N(R)₂, or —NHC(O)N(R)₂;

M and M′ are independently selected from —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)N(R′)—,—P(O)(OR′)O—, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group; and

R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from the group consisting of H,C₁₋₁₄ alkyl, and C₂₋₁₄ alkenyl.

In some embodiments, M₁ is M′.

In some embodiments, M and M′ are independently —C(O)O— or —OC(O)—.

In some embodiments, l is 1, 3, or 5.

In some embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consistingof Compound 1 to Compound 232, salts and stereoisomers thereof, and anycombination thereof. In some embodiments, the compound is selected fromthe group consisting of Compound 1 to Compound 147, salts andstereoisomers thereof, and any combination thereof.

In certain embodiments, the delivery agent comprises the compound of theFormula (IIa),

or a salt or stereoisomer thereof.

In certain embodiments, the delivery agent comprises the compound of theFormula (IIb),

or a salt or stereoisomer thereof.

In certain embodiments, the delivery agent comprises the compound of theFormula (IIc) or (IIe),

or a salt or stereoisomer thereof.

In some embodiments, R₄ is as described herein. In some embodiments, R₄is selected from —(CH₂)_(n)Q and —(CH₂)_(n)CHQR.

In certain embodiments, the delivery agent comprises the compound of theFormula (IId),

or a salt or stereoisomer thereof,wherein n is selected from 2, 3, and 4, and m, R′, R″, and R₂ through R₆are as described herein. For example, each of R₂ and R₃ may beindependently selected from the group consisting of C₅₋₁₄ alkyl andC₅₋₁₄ alkenyl.

In some embodiments, the compound is of the Formula (IId), or a salt orstereoisomer thereof, wherein R₂ and R₃ are independently selected fromthe group consisting of C₅₋₁₄ alkyl and C₅₋₁₄ alkenyl, n is selectedfrom 2, 3, and 4, and R′, R″, R₅, R₆ and m are as defined herein.

In some embodiments, R₂ is C₈ alkyl.

In some embodiments, R₃ is C₅ alkyl, C₆ alkyl, C₇ alkyl, C₈ alkyl, or C₉alkyl.

In some embodiments, m is 5, 7, or 9.

In some embodiments, each R₅ is H.

In some embodiments, each R₆ is H.

In other embodiments, the delivery agent further comprises aphospholipid, a structural lipid, a PEG lipid, an ionizable lipid,and/or a quaternary amine compound.

The disclosure further comprises a composition comprising the firstpolynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) disclosed herein, the second polynucleotide(e.g., mRNA) disclosed herein, the third polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA)enclosed herein, or combinations thereof, wherein the firstpolynucleotide, the second polynucleotide, and/or the thirdpolynucleotide are formulated in the delivery agent disclosed herein.

The disclosure further comprises a composition comprising the firstpolynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) disclosed herein, the second polynucleotide(e.g., mRNA) disclosed herein, and the third polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA)disclosed herein, wherein the first polynucleotide, the secondpolynucleotide, and the third polynucleotide are formulated in thedelivery agent disclosed herein.

The present disclosure also discloses a kit comprising the compositiondisclosed herein and instructions to use according to the methoddisclosed herein.

In some embodiments of the method of the present disclosure, thecompositions of the present disclosure, or the kit of the presentdisclosure, the administration of the polynucleotides to a subject inneed thereof results in (i) increase in granulocyte level in one or moresamples obtained from the subject after administration of doublet ortriplet relative to a threshold level or relative to the level afteradministration of a single polynucleotide encoding an IL-23, anIL-36-gamma, or an OX40L polypeptide; (ii) increase in cross-presentingdendritic cell level in one or more samples obtained from the subjectafter administration of doublet or triplet relative to a threshold levelor relative to the level after administration of a single polynucleotideencoding an IL-23, an IL-36-gamma, or an OX40L polypeptide; (iii)increase in effector to suppressor T cell ratio in one or more samplesobtained from the subject after administration of doublet or tripletrelative to a threshold level or relative to the ratio afteradministration of a single polynucleotide encoding an OX40L polypeptide;(iv) increase in effector memory T cell level in one or more samplesobtained from the subject after administration of doublet or tripletrelative to a threshold level or relative to the level afteradministration of a single polynucleotide encoding an OX40L polypeptide;(v) increase in PDL1 expression level in one or more samples obtainedfrom the subject after administration of doublet or triplet relative toa threshold level or relative to the level after administration of asingle polynucleotide encoding an IL-23, an IL-36-gamma, or an OX40Lpolypeptide; or (vi) a combination thereof.

The present disclosure also provides a method of reducing or decreasinga size of a tumor or inhibiting a tumor growth in a subject in needthereof comprising administering to the subject a composition comprising(a) two polynucleotides in combination (doublet), wherein the firstpolynucleotide encodes a first protein comprising an interleukin-23polypeptide (IL-23), and the second polynucleotide encodes a secondprotein comprising an interleukin-36-gamma polypeptide (IL-36-gamma);or, (b) three polynucleotides in combination (triplet), where the firstpolynucleotide encodes a first protein comprising an IL-23 polypeptide,the second polynucleotide encodes a second protein comprising anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, and the third polynucleotide encodes a thirdprotein comprising an OX40L polypeptide (OX40L), wherein theadministration of the doublet or triplet to the subject results in (i)increase in granulocyte level in one or more samples obtained from thesubject after administration of doublet or triplet relative to athreshold level or relative to the level after administration of asingle polynucleotide encoding an IL-23, an IL-36-gamma, or an OX40Lpolypeptide; (ii) increase in cross-presenting dendritic cell level inone or more samples obtained from the subject after administration ofdoublet or triplet relative to a threshold level or relative to thelevel after administration of a single polynucleotide encoding an IL-23,an IL-36-gamma, or an OX40L polypeptide; (iii) increase in effector tosuppressor T cell ratio in one or more samples obtained from the subjectafter administration of doublet or triplet relative to a threshold levelor relative to the ratio after administration of a single polynucleotideencoding an OX40L polypeptide; (iv) increase in effector memory T celllevel in one or more samples obtained from the subject afteradministration of doublet or triplet relative to a threshold level orrelative to the level after administration of a single polynucleotideencoding an OX40L polypeptide; (v) increase in PDL1 expression level inone or more samples obtained from the subject after administration ofdoublet or triplet relative to a threshold level or relative to thelevel after administration of a single polynucleotide encoding an IL-23,an IL-36-gamma, or an OX40L polypeptide; or (vi) a combination thereof.In some aspects, wherein the increase in granulocyte level isquantitated as (i) granulocytes as percent of CD45+ cells, or (ii)granulocytes per mg of tumor. In some aspects, the cross-presentingdendritic cells are CD103+ cells. In some aspects, the increase incross-presenting dendritic cell level is quantitated as (i)cross-presenting dendritic cells per mg of tumor, (ii) cross-presentingCD103+ dendritic cells in tumor draining lymph node (TdLN), or (iii)cross-presenting CD103+ dendritic cells as percentage of CD45+ cells. Insome aspects, the effector to suppressor T cell ratio is quantitated asCD8:Treg ratio. In some aspects, the effector memory T cells are CD4+and/or CD8+ cells. In some aspects, PDL1 expression level is quantitatedas (i) number of positive CD11b+ cells, or (ii) PDL1 expression inCD11b+ cells.

The present disclosure also provides a method to increase granulocytelevels in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to thesubject a composition comprising (a) two polynucleotides in combination(doublet), wherein first polynucleotide encodes a first proteincomprising an IL-23 polypeptide, and the second polynucleotide encodes asecond protein comprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide; or, (b) threepolynucleotides in combination (triplet), where first polynucleotideencodes a first protein comprising an IL-23 polypeptide, the secondpolynucleotide encodes a second protein comprising an IL-36-gammapolypeptide, and the third polynucleotide encodes a third proteincomprising an OX40L polypeptide, wherein granulocyte levels are measuredin one or more samples obtained from the subject. In some aspects, theincrease in granulocyte level is measured as (i) granulocytes as percentof CD45+ cells, and/or (ii) granulocytes per mg of tumor, relative to athreshold level or relative to the level after administration of asingle polynucleotide encoding IL-23 or a single polynucleotide encodingIL-36-gamma.

The present disclosure also provides a method to increasecross-presenting dendritic cell levels in a subject in need thereofcomprising administering to the subject a composition comprising (a) twopolynucleotides in combination (doublet), wherein first polynucleotideencodes a first protein comprising an IL-23 polypeptide, and the secondpolynucleotide encodes a second protein comprising an IL-36-gammapolypeptide; or, (b) three polynucleotides in combination (triplet),where first polynucleotide encodes a first protein comprising an IL-23polypeptide, the second polynucleotide encodes a second proteincomprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, and the third polynucleotideencodes a third protein comprising an OX40L polypeptide, whereincross-presenting dendritic cell levels are measured in one or moresamples obtained from the subject. In some aspects, the cross-presentingdendritic cells are CD 103+ cells. In some aspects, the increase incross-presenting CD103+ dendritic cell level is measured as (i)cross-presenting CD103+ dendritic cells per mg of tumor, (ii)cross-presenting CD103+ dendritic cells in TdLN, (iii) cross-presentingCD103+ dendritic cells as percentage of CD45+ cells, or (iv) acombination thereof, relative to a threshold level or relative to thelevel after administration of a single polynucleotide encoding IL-23, asingle polynucleotide encoding IL-36-gamma, or a single polynucleotideencoding OX40L.

The present disclosure also provides a method to increase the effectorto suppressor T cell ratio in a subject in need thereof comprisingadministering to the subject a composition comprising (a) twopolynucleotides in combination (doublet), wherein first polynucleotideencodes a first protein comprising an IL-23 polypeptide, and the secondpolynucleotide encodes a second protein comprising an IL-36-gammapolypeptide; or, (b) three polynucleotides in combination (triplet),where first polynucleotide encodes a first protein comprising an IL-23polypeptide, the second polynucleotide encodes a second proteincomprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, and the third polynucleotideencodes a third protein comprising an OX40L polypeptide, wherein theeffector to suppressor T cell ratio is measured in one or more samplesobtained from the subject. In some aspects, the effector to suppressor Tcell ratio is measured as CD8:Treg ratio.

The present disclosure also provides a method to increase effectormemory T cells levels in a subject in need thereof comprisingadministering to the subject a composition comprising (a) twopolynucleotides in combination (doublet), wherein first polynucleotideencodes a first protein comprising an IL-23 polypeptide, and the secondpolynucleotide encodes a second protein comprising an IL-36-gammapolypeptide; or, (b) three polynucleotides in combination (triplet),where first polynucleotide encodes a first protein comprising an IL-23polypeptide, the second polynucleotide encodes a second proteincomprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, and the third polynucleotideencodes a third protein comprising an OX40L polypeptide, wherein theeffector memory T cells levels are measured in one or more samplesobtained from the subject. In some aspects, the effector memory T cellsare CD4+ and/or CD8+ cells. In some aspects, the increase in effectormemory T cells levels is measured as effector memory T cells within thetumor relative to a threshold level or relative to the level afteradministration of a single polynucleotide encoding OX40L.

The present disclosure also provides a method to increase PDL1 positivecells levels in a subject in need thereof comprising administering tothe subject a composition comprising (a) two polynucleotides incombination (doublet), wherein first polynucleotide encodes a firstprotein comprising an IL-23 polypeptide, and the second polynucleotideencodes a second protein comprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide; or, (b)three polynucleotides in combination (triplet), where firstpolynucleotide encodes a first protein comprising an IL-23 polypeptide,the second polynucleotide encodes a second protein comprising anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, and the third polynucleotide encodes a thirdprotein comprising an OX40L polypeptide, wherein the PDL1 positive cellslevels are measured in one or more samples obtained from the subject. Insome aspects, the PDL1 positive cells are CD11b+ cells.

In some aspects of the methods disclosed herein, the sample obtainedfrom the subject is selected, for example, from tumoral tissue, tumorinfiltrate, blood, plasma, or a combination thereof. A person of skillin the art would understand that any of the cells measured in themethods disclosed herein (e.g., granulocytes, cross-presenting dendriticcells, effector T cells, suppressor T cells, PDL1 positive cells, etc.),and parameters corresponding to those measurements (e.g., absolute orrelative levels of cells, ratios to other cells, level of specificsubtypes, activation levels, presence/absence of markers, etc.) can bemeasured in any tissue sample where those cells are present usingmethods known in the art without undue experimentation.

In some aspects of the methods disclosed herein, the one or more controlsamples is a sample or samples obtained from a healthy subject or asubject with a tumor. In some aspects, the threshold level is apredetermined value or a value obtained from one or more samples.

The present disclosure also provides a method of determining whether totreat a subject having a tumor disease with a composition comprising (a)two polynucleotides in combination (doublet), wherein firstpolynucleotide encodes a first protein comprising an IL-23 polypeptide,and the second polynucleotide encodes a second protein comprising anIL-36-gamma polypeptide; or, (b) three polynucleotides in combination(triplet), where first polynucleotide encodes a first protein comprisingan IL-23 polypeptide, the second polynucleotide encodes a second proteincomprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, and the third polynucleotideencodes a third protein comprising an OX40L polypeptide; the methodcomprising (1) administering to the submitted an initial dose of doubletor triplet, and (2) treating the subject if after administration of theinitial dose of doublet or triplet the subject is determined to have anincrease in (a) level of granulocytes, (b) level of cross-presentingdendritic cells, (c) effector to suppressor T cell ratio, (d) level ofeffector memory T cells, (e) level of PDL1 positive cells, (f) PDL1expression, or (g) a combination thereof, with respect to a thresholdlevel.

The present disclosure also provides a method of selecting a subjectdiagnosed with a tumor as a candidate for treatment with a compositioncomprising (a) two polynucleotides in combination (doublet), whereinfirst polynucleotide encodes a first protein comprising an IL-23polypeptide, and the second polynucleotide encodes a second proteincomprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide; or, (b) three polynucleotides incombination (triplet), where first polynucleotide encodes a firstprotein comprising an IL-23 polypeptide, the second polynucleotideencodes a second protein comprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, and thethird polynucleotide encodes a third protein comprising an OX40Lpolypeptide; the method comprising (1) administering to the subject aninitial dose of doublet or triplet, and (2) selecting the subject fortreatment if after administration of the initial dose of doublet ortriplet the subject is determined to have an increase in (a) level ofgranulocytes, (b) level of cross-presenting dendritic cells, (c)effector to suppressor T cell ratio, (d) level of effector memory Tcells, (e) level of PDL1 positive cells, (f) PDL1 expression, or (g) acombination thereof, with respect to a threshold level.

The present disclosure also provides a method of measuring the efficacyof a composition to treat a tumor in a subject in need thereof, whereinthe composition comprises (a) two polynucleotides in combination(doublet), wherein first polynucleotide encodes a first proteincomprising an IL-23 polypeptide, and the second polynucleotide encodes asecond protein comprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide; or, (b) threepolynucleotides in combination (triplet), where first polynucleotideencodes a first protein comprising an IL-23 polypeptide, the secondpolynucleotide encodes a second protein comprising an IL-36-gammapolypeptide, and the third polynucleotide encodes a third proteincomprising an OX40L polypeptide; wherein the method comprises measuringin at least one sample taken from the subject (a) level of granulocytes,(b) level of cross-presenting dendritic cells, (c) effector tosuppressor T cell ratio, (d) level of effector memory T cells, (e) levelof PDL1 positive cells, (f) PDL1 expression, or (g) a combinationthereof, wherein an increase in at least one of the measurements withrespect to a threshold level indicates that the subject is responding totreatment with the doublet or triplet.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS/FIGURES

FIGS. 1A and 1B show IL-23 mRNA monotherapy efficacy in the A20 lymphomaanimal model. FIG. 1A shows treatment with NST-FIX control (2.5 μgmRNA). Complete response was observed in 1 of 12 subjects (8.3%). FIG.1B shows treatment with mIL-23 miRless (2.5 μg mRNA). Complete responsewas observed in 5 of 12 subjects (41.6%). Dosing conditions: 2.5 μgmRNA, intratumoral (iTu) administration, Compound 18-based lipidnanoparticles (SM68 LNP). NST-FIX is negative control mRNA.

FIGS. 2A and 2B show IL-23 mRNA monotherapy efficacy in the MC38-C coloncancer animal model. FIG. 2A shows treatment with NST-OX40L (2.5 μgmRNA). FIG. 2B shows treatment with mIL-23 mRNA lacking miR bindingsites in the 3′ UTR, “miRless” (2.5 tg mRNA). Complete response wasobserved in 4 of 10 subjects (40%). Partial response was observed in 2of 10 subjects (20%). Dosing conditions: 2.5 tg mRNA, iTu, Compound18-based LNP. NST-OX40L is negative control mRNA.

FIGS. 3A-3F show that addition of mRNA encoding either IL-36-gamma orIL-18 to IL-23 mRNA therapy increases efficacy in the MC38-C coloncancer model. FIG. 3A shows treatment with mRNA encoding IL-23 andNST-FIX (2.5 tg each mRNA). Complete response was observed in 3 of 10subjects (30%). Partial response was observed in 6 of 10 subjects (60%).FIG. 3B shows treatment with mRNA encoding IL-23 in combination withmRNA encoding IL-36-gamma (2.5 μg each mRNA). Complete response wasobserved in 9 of 10 subjects (90%). Partial response was observed in 1of 10 subjects (10%). FIG. 3C shows treatment with mRNA encoding IL-23in combination with mRNA encoding IL-18 (2.5 μg each mRNA). Completeresponse was observed in 6 of 10 subjects (60%). Partial response wasobserved in 3 of 10 subjects (30%). FIG. 3D shows treatment with NST-FIXcontrol (5 μg mRNA). Dosing conditions: 2.5 μg mRNA each mRNA (5 μg forcontrol), iTu, Compound 18-based LNP. NST-FIX is negative control mRNA.FIG. 3E, FIG. 3F, and FIG. 3G show data corresponding to the sameexperiments presented in FIG. 3A, FIG. 3B, and FIG. 3D, respectively,but extending the time frame of the experiments to day 90.

FIGS. 4A-4C show efficacy of IL-23 and IL-36-gamma or IL-18 combinationmRNA therapy in the A20 lymphoma model. FIG. 4A shows treatment withmRNA encoding IL-23 miRless and NST-FIX (2.5 μg each mRNA). Completeresponse was observed in 8 of 12 subjects (66.6%). Partial response wasobserved in 1 of 12 subjects (80.3%). FIG. 4B shows treatment with mRNAencoding IL-23 miRless in combination with mRNA encoding IL-36-miR-122(2.5 μg each mRNA). Complete response was observed in 10 of 12 subjects(83.3%). FIG. 4C shows treatment with IL-23-encoding “miRless” mRNA andIL-18-encoding “miRless” mRNA (2.5 μg each mRNA). Complete response wasobserved in 6 of 12 subjects (50%). FIG. 4D shows treatment with NST-FIXcontrol (5 μg mRNA). Dosing conditions: 2.5 μg mRNA each RNA (5 μg forcontrol), iTu, Compound 18-based LNP. NST-FIX is negative control mRNA.

FIGS. 5A-5C show early indication of superior efficacy of mRNA encodingIL-36-gamma plus mRNA encoding IL-23 over mRNA encoding IL-23 alone withfixed 5 μg dose of mRNA in the A20 lymphoma model. FIG. 5A showstreatment with mRNA encoding IL-23 (5 μg mRNA). Complete response wasobserved in 1 of 10 subjects (10%). Partial response was observed in 4of 10 subjects (40%). FIG. 5B shows treatment with mRNA encodingIL-36-gamma (5 μg mRNA). Complete response was observed in 2 of 10subjects (20%). Partial response was observed in 1 of 10 subjects(10/%). FIG. 5C shows treatment with mRNA encoding IL-23 and mRNAencoding IL-36-gamma (2.5 μg each mRNA). FIG. 5D shows treatment withNST-FIX mRNA control (5 μg mRNA). Dosing conditions: 2.5 μg mRNA eachmRNA (5 μg for control), iTu, Compound 18-based LNP. NST-FIX is negativecontrol mRNA. IL-23/IL-36-gamma combination is superior to monoconstituents at fixed 5 μg mRNA dose.

FIGS. 6A-6C show a MC38 colon cancer model comparison of immuneinfiltrate. FIG. 6A shows a quantification of the infiltration of CD4+,CD8+ and CD11b+ cells in the MC38 model system in cells per mg oftissue. Results are shown for MC38-M (poorly immunogenic) and MC38-C(strongly immunogenic). FIG. 6B shows a tissue micrograph of a poorlyimmunogenic MC38-M sample) and FIG. 6C shows a tissue micrograph of astrongly immunogenic MC38-C sample.

FIGS. 7A-7D analyzes the efficacy of IL-23 mRNA monotherapy andIL-23/IL-36-gamma or Il-23/IL-18 combination mRNA therapy in the MC38-Mcolon cancer model. FIG. 7A shows treatment with NST-OX40L (2.5 μg mRNA)in Compound 18-based LNPs. No response was observed. FIG. 7B showstreatment with IL-23 mRNA “miRless” (2.5 μg mRNA) in Compound 18-basedLNPs. Only one partial response was observed (1 of 10, 10%). MC38-M is arelatively insensitive model in which OX40L, anti-PD-1 antibody, andIL-23 monotherapies are ineffective. FIG. 7C shows treatment with mRNAsencoding IL-23 and IL-36-gamma (2.5 μg each mRNA). Complete responseswere observed in 2 of 10 subjects (20%). Partial responses were observedin 5 of 10 subjects (50%). Thus, IL-23/IL-36-gamma mRNA combinationtherapy is efficacious in poorly immunogenic MC38-M colon cancer. FIG.7E shows that treatment with mRNAs encoding IL-23 and IL-18 (2.5 μg eachmRNA). Only one partial response was observed (1 of 10, 10%). FIG. 7Dshows treatment with NST-FIX control (5 μg mRNA).

FIG. 8 analyzes the efficacy of OX40L mRNA monotherapy in the A20 tumormodel. mRNA encoding OX40L (2.5 μg mRNA) was formulated in Compound18-based LNPs. Two complete responses were observed.

FIGS. 9A-9C show OX40L mRNA “miRless” or anti-PD-1 monotherapy efficacyin MC38-M (poorly immunogenic) colon cancer model. FIG. 9A showstreatment with OX40L mRNA “miRless” (2.5 μg mRNA) in Compound 18-basedLNPs. FIG. 9B shows treatment with anti-PD-1 antibody (5 mg/kg 2×/weekIP dosing). FIG. 9C shows a microphotography of MC38-M colon cancermodel tissue.

FIGS. 10A-10H show the effect of monotherapy, binary combinationtherapy; and triple combination therapy (including single and multi-doseadministration at varying dosage levels) using mRNAs encoding IL-23,IL-36-gamma, and OX40L, wherein each mRNA comprises an miR122 bindingsite. FIG. 10A shows monotherapy treatment with IL-23_miR-122. Nocomplete responses were observed, but eight escapers. FIG. 10B showscombination treatment with IL-23_miR-122 and IL-36-gamma_miR-122. Threecomplete responses were observed (25%). Six escapers were observed. FIG.10C shows treatment with IL-23_miR-122, IL-36-gamma_miR-122 andOX40L_miR-122 triple combination therapy. Three complete responses wereobserved (25%). Four escapers were observed. For each sample: 5 μg totalmRNA/dose was administered intratumorally (iTu). When non-translatedcontrol mRNA and IL-36gamma_miR-122 alone were administered, all miceprogressed by day 26 (data not shown). FIG. 10D, FIG. 10E, and FIG. 10Fshow data corresponding to the same experiments presented in FIG. 10A,FIG. 10B, and FIG. 10C, respectively, but extending the time frame ofthe experiments to day 70. FIG. 10G shows treatment with IL-23_miR-122and IL-36-gamma_miR-122 doublet therapy at a single dose (8 μg) andIL-23_miR-122, IL-36-gamma_miR-122, and OX40L_miR-122 triplet therapy ata single dose or multiple doses (12 μg) in MC38 luciferase cellsrelative to a mock control. FIG. 10H shows survival through day 47following treatment with a single 8 μg dose of IL-23_miR-122 andIL-36-gamma_miR-122 doublet therapy, a single 12 μg dose ofIL-23_miR-122, IL-36-gamma_miR-122, and OX40L_miR-122 triplet therapy,or multiple 12 μg doses of IL-23_miR-122, IL-36-gamma_miR-122, andOX40L_miR-122 triplet therapy. Treatment-related deaths were observedwith multiple 12 μg doses of IL-23_miR-122, IL-36-gamma_miR-122, andOX40L_miR-122 triplet therapy.

FIG. 11 shows the bioactivity (e.g., induction of murine Interleukin 17(mIL-17) expression from primary mouse splenocytes) of IL-23 proteinproduced from an mRNA compared to recombinant IL-23 protein. The solidupper line shows mIL-17 (pg/ml) secreted from primary mouse splenocytesafter adding murine IL-23 (mIL-23) obtained from HeLa cells transfectedwith an mRNA encoding mIL-23; the solid lower line shows mIL-17 (pg/ml)expression after adding human IL-23 (hIL-23) obtained from HeLa cellstransfected with an mRNA encoding hIL-23. The dotted black line showsmIL-17 secreted from mouse primary splenocytes after adding recombinanthIL-23; and the dotted gray line shows mIL-17 expression fromsplenocytes after adding recombinant mIL-23. The IL-23 protein levelsused in the experiment were 0.1 ng/ml, 1 ng/ml, 3.3 ng/ml, 10 ng/ml and100 ng/ml.

FIG. 12A shows murine Interleukin 6 (mIL6) (ng/ml) production in bonemarrow derived dendritic cells as induced by murine IL-36gamma (mIL-36γ)protein. The first panel (NT) is a negative control. The second panelshows mIL6 expression after adding recombinant mIL-36γ. The third panelshows mIL6 expression after adding mIL-36γ obtained from HeLa cellstransfected with mRNA encoding mIL-36γ. The fourth panel (mock) shows amock control. FIG. 12B shows Interleukin 8 (IL8) expression (OD450) inA431 cells by recombinant human IL-36-gamma and supernatants from B16F10cells transfected with three mRNAs encoding hIL-36-gamma.

FIGS. 13A-13E show the costimulatory biological activity of OX40Lexpressed on the surface of cells treated with OX40L mRNA. FIG. 13Ashows a schematic drawing of the T-cell activation assay.OX40L-expressing B16F10 cells or HeLa cells were co-cultured with CD4⁺T-cells and anti-mouse CD3 antibody (B16F10 cells) or Dynabeads humanT-activator (HeLa cells). IL-2 production was measured using ELISA as acorrelate of T-cell activation. FIG. 13B shows results of the T-cellactivation assay as measured by mouse IL-2. FIG. 13C shows results ofthe T-cell activation assay as measured by human IL-2. The y-axis showsmIL-2 expression in ng/ml. FIG. 13D shows the data from FIG. 13C withschematic diagram showing the addition of OX40L expressing cells to thenaïve T-cell activation assay. FIG. 13E shows a T-cell activation assayusing pre-stimulated T-cells cultured in the presence or absence ofOX40L expressing HeLa cells and in the presence or absence of anti-humanCD3 antibody.

FIGS. 14A-14D show the different types of immune cells that infiltratethe tumor microenvironment in A20 tumors following administration of apolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide. FIG.14A shows the percentage of NK cells in the tumor infiltrate 24 hoursafter treatment, as detected by the DX5 marker. FIG. 14B shows thepercentage of CD4⁺ T-cells in the tumor infiltrate 14 days aftertreatment, as detected by the CD4 marker. FIG. 14C shows the percentageof CD8⁺ T-cells in the tumor infiltrate 14 days after treatment, asdetected by the CD8 marker. FIG. 14D shows the percentage of CD8⁺T-cells in the tumor infiltrate of MC38 tumors 24 and 72 hours after afirst and second dose of a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anOX40L polypeptide.

FIGS. 15A and 15B show in vivo anti-tumor efficacy of mOX40L_miR-122delivered intratumorally. FIG. 15A shows tumor growth in animals treatedintratumorally with control mRNA (“NST-OX40L”) (arrows mark injectiondays). FIG. 15B shows tumor growth in animals treated intratumorallywith mOX40L_miR-122 mRNA (“OX40L-miR-122”) (arrows mark injection days).

FIGS. 16A-16F show in vivo anti-tumor efficacy of combination therapycomprising a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40Lpolypeptide and a miR-122 binding site and an anti-PD-1 antibody. FIG.16A shows tumor growth in animals treated with intratumoral injectionsof control mRNA (“NST_mOX40L_122”) and control antibody (“Rat IgG2a”).FIG. 16B shows tumor growth in animals treated with intratumoralinjections of mOX40L_miR-122 (“mOX40L_122”) and control antibody (“RatIgG2a”). FIG. 16C shows tumor growth in animals treated withintratumoral injections of control mRNA (“NST_mOX40L_122”) and anti-PD-1antibody (“anti-PD-1”). FIG. 16D shows tumor growth in animals treatedwith intratumoral injections of mOX40L_miR-122 (“mOX40L_122”) andanti-PD-1 antibody (“anti-PD-1”). FIG. 16E shows tumor growth in animalstreated with intratumoral injections of anti-PD-1 antibody and PBS. FIG.16F shows tumor growth in animals treated with PBS and control antibody(“Rat IgG2a”). CR=complete responder.

FIG. 17 shows survival curves for animals treated intratumorally withcombination therapy comprising control mRNA and control antibody(“NST_mOX40L_122+Rat IgG2a”), mOX40L_miR-122 and control antibody(“mOX40L_122+Rat IgG2a”), control mRNA and anti-PD-1 antibody(“NST_mOX40L_122+anti-PD-1”), mOX40L_miR-122 and anti-PD-1 antibody(“mOX40L_122+anti-PD-1”), anti-PD-1 antibody and PBS (“PBS+anti-PD-1”),and PBS and control antibody (“PBS+Rat IgG2a”).

FIGS. 18A and 18B show a memory immune response in animals treated withcombination therapy comprising a polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an OX40L polypeptide and a miR-122 binding site and ananti-PD-1 antibody. Animals were initially treated with intratumoralinjections of mOX40L_miR-122 and anti-PD-1 antibody as shown in FIG.16D. Four animals identified as complete responders (CR) werere-challenged with MC38 tumor cells. FIG. 18A shows tumor growth innaïve animals challenged with MC38 tumor cells. FIG. 18B shows tumorgrowth in the four CR animals re-challenged with MC38 tumor cells.

FIG. 19A-19G show in vivo tumor efficacy in both primary treated anduntreated distal tumors with double mRNA therapy (combination of mRNAsencoding IL-23 and IL-36) and triplet mRNA therapy (combination of mRNAsencoding IL-23, IL-36, and OX40L). FIG. 19A shows a schematicdescription of the MC38-S dual flank model used in the experiments. Atumor implanted in one flank is treated, and the effect is measured inboth the primary treated tumor and the untreated tumor in the otherflank. FIG. 19B shows the effect of the negative control mRNA(non-translating mRNA encoding for OX40L) on the primary treated tumor.FIG. 19C shows the effect of the negative control mRNA on the untreatedtumor. FIG. 19D shows the effect of the double mRNA therapy (mRNAencoding IL-23 and mRNA encoding IL-36-gamma) on the primary treatedtumor. FIG. 19E shows the effect of the double mRNA therapy (mRNAencoding IL-23 and mRNA encoding IL-36-gamma) on the distal untreatedtumor. FIG. 19F shows the effect of the triplet mRNA therapy (mRNAencoding IL-23, mRNA encoding IL-36-gamma, and mRNA encoding OX40L) onthe primary treated tumor. FIG. 19G shows the effect of the triplet mRNAtherapy (mRNA encoding IL-23, mRNA encoding IL-36-gamma, and mRNAencoding OX40L) on the distal untreated tumor. In each case, the totaldose of mRNA injected in the tumor (control, double, or triplet) was 5micrograms. mRNAs were administered intratumorally in a single dose.

FIG. 20A-20D show that triplet mRNA therapy combined with an anti-PD-L1antibody has improved efficacy in a difficult to treat B16F10-AP3 tumormodel. FIG. 20A shows tumor growth in animals treated with negativecontrol. FIG. 20B shows tumor growth in animals treated with ananti-PD-L1 antibody. FIG. 20C shows tumor growth in animals treated withtriplet mRNA therapy (mRNA encoding IL-23, mRNA encoding IL-36-gamma,and mRNA encoding OX40L). FIG. 20D shows tumor growth in animals treatedwith triplet mRNA therapy (mRNA encoding IL-23, mRNA encodingIL-36-gamma, and mRNA encoding OX40L) plus the anti-PD-L1 antibody.

FIG. 21A and FIG. 21B show a memory immune response in animals treatedwith doublet mRNA therapy (mRNA encoding IL-23 plus mRNA encodingIL-36-gamma). Animals were initially treated with 5 ug total mRNA (2.5ug of mRNA encoding IL-23 and 2.5 ug of mRNA encoding IL-36-gamma)administered intratumorally Q7D. Ten animals identified as completeresponders (CR) were re-challenged with MC38-S tumor cells. FIG. 21Ashows tumor growth in naïve animals challenged with MC38-S tumor cells.FIG. 21B shows tumor growth in the ten CR animals re-challenged withMC38-S tumor cells.

FIG. 22A and FIG. 22B show an increase in Ly6G+ granulocytes in responseto treatment of MC38 tumors with doublet mRNA therapy (mRNA encodingIL-23 plus mRNA encoding IL-36-gamma). FIG. 22A shows the level ofgranulocytes as percentage of CD45+ cells 24 hours, 72 hours, 7 days,and 14 days after treatment. FIG. 22B shows the level of granulocytes asgranulocytes per mg of tumor 24 hours, 72 hours, 7 days, and 14 daysafter treatment. The measurements presented correspond to treatment withcontrols (“NoRx” and “NST”), IL-23 and IL-36-gamma monotherapies (“IL23”and “IL36”), and doublet mRNA combination therapy (“Combo,”corresponding to mice receiving a single dose of the combinationtherapy, and “Combo 2 dose” corresponding to mice receiving two doses ofthe combination therapy). The vertical bars represent mean with S.D. Thehorizontal bars above the data represent statistical significance.

FIG. 23 shows an increase in Ly6G+ granulocytes as percentage of CD45+cells 24 hours, 72 hours and 7 days after treatment of MC38 tumors withtriplet mRNA combination therapy (mRNA encoding IL-23 plus mRNA encodingIL-36-gamma plus mRNA encoding OX40L). The vertical bars represent meanwith S.D. The horizontal bars above the data represent statisticalsignificance.

FIG. 24A and FIG. 24B show an increase in CD103+ dendritic cells (DC) inresponse to treatment of MC38 tumors with doublet mRNA therapy (mRNAencoding IL-23 plus mRNA encoding IL-36-gamma). FIG. 24A shows the levelof CD 103+ dendritic cells as percentage of CD45+ cells 7 days aftertreatment. FIG. 24B shows the level of CD 103+ dendritic cells as CD103+ dendritic cells per mg of tumor 7 days after treatment. Themeasurements presented correspond to treatment with controls (“NoRx” and“NST”), IL-23 and IL-36-gamma monotherapies (“IL23” and “IL36”), anddoublet mRNA combination therapy (“Combo”). The vertical bars representmean with S.D. The horizontal bars above the data represent statisticalsignificance.

FIG. 25A and FIG. 25B show an increase in CD103+ dendritic cells (DC) inresponse to treatment of MC38 tumors with doublet mRNA therapy (mRNAencoding IL-23 plus mRNA encoding IL-36-gamma) or triplet mRNA therapy(mRNA encoding IL-23 plus mRNA encoding IL-36-gamma plus mRNA encodingOX40L). FIG. 25A shows the level of CD103+ dendritic cells as CD8+ cellper mg of tumor 7 days after treatment. FIG. 25B shows the level of CD8+dendritic cells in the tumor draining lymph node (TdLN) 7 days aftertreatment. The measurements presented correspond to treatment withcontrols (“Naive” and “NST”), OX40L monotherapy (“OX40L”), and doubletand triplet mRNA combination therapies (“Doublet” and “Triplet,”respectively). The vertical bars represent mean with S.D. The horizontalbars above the data represent statistical significance.

FIGS. 26A-26D show increase in CD11b+ dendritic cells in MC38 tumors anddraining lymph node in response to treatment with triplet mRNA therapy(mRNA encoding IL-23 plus mRNA encoding IL-36-gamma plus mRNA encodingOX40L). FIG. 26A shows the level of CD11+ cDC2 cells as cells per mg oftumor 7 days after treatment. FIG. 26B shows the level of CD11+ cDC2dendritic cells in the tumor draining lymph node (TdLN) 7 days aftertreatment. FIG. 26C shows CD86 activation on CD11b+ cDC2 in the draininglymph node 24h and 72h post intratumoral administration of triplet mRNAtherapy measured as percentage of CD24 cDC2 cells. FIG. 26D shows CD86activation on CD11b+ cDC2 in the draining lymph node 24h and 72h postintratumoral administration of triplet mRNA therapy measured as meanfluorescence intensity (MFI). The vertical bars represent mean with S.D.The horizontal bars above the data represent statistical significance.

FIG. 27A and FIG. 27B show CD86 activation on CD8 cDC1 in the draininglymph node 24h and 72h post intratumoral administration of triplet mRNAtherapy to MC38 tumors measured as percentage of CD8 cDC1 cells (FIG.27A) or as mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) (FIG. 27B). The verticalbars represent mean with S.D. The horizontal bars above the datarepresent statistical significance.

FIGS. 28A-28D show an increase in inflammatory dendritic cells (iDCs) inMC38 tumors and draining lymph nodes in response to treatment withtriplet mRNA therapy (mRNA encoding IL-23 plus mRNA encoding IL-36-gammaplus mRNA encoding OX40L). FIG. 28A shows the level of iDCs in tumor ascells per mg of tumor 7 days after treatment. FIG. 28B shows the levelof iDCs in the tumor draining lymph node (TdLN) 7 days after treatment.FIG. 28C shows CD86 activation on iDCs in the draining lymph node 24hand 72h post intratumoral administration of triplet mRNA therapymeasured as percentage of iDCs. FIG. 28D shows CD86 activation on iDCsin the draining lymph node 24h and 72h post intratumoral administrationof triplet mRNA therapy measured as mean fluorescence intensity (MFI).The vertical bars represent mean with S.D. The horizontal bars above thedata represent statistical significance.

FIG. 29 shows an increase in the ratio of effector CD8 (Killer) T cellsto regulatory T cells (Treg) in response to treatment of MC38 tumorswith doublet mRNA therapy (mRNA encoding IL-23 plus mRNA encodingIL-36-gamma) and triplet mRNA therapy (mRNA encoding IL-23 plus mRNAencoding IL-36-gamma plus mRNA encoding OX40L). Measurements were taken72 hours and 7 days after treatment. The measurements presentedcorrespond to treatment with controls (“NST”), OX40L monotherapy(“OX40L”), and doublet and triplet mRNA combination therapies (“Doublet”and “Triplet,” respectively). The vertical bars represent mean with S.D.The horizontal bars above the data represent statistical significance.

FIG. 30A and FIG. 30B show an increase in central and effector CD4 andCD8 cells in response to treatment of MC38 tumors with doublet mRNAtherapy (mRNA encoding IL-23 plus mRNA encoding IL-36-gamma) or tripletmRNA therapy (mRNA encoding IL-23 plus mRNA encoding IL-36-gamma plusmRNA encoding OX40L). FIG. 30A shows the level of CD4 cells as CD4 cellsper mg of tumor 7 days and 10 days after treatment. FIG. 30B shows thelevel of CD8 cells as CD8 cells per mg of tumor 7 days and 10 days aftertreatment. The measurements presented correspond to treatment withcontrols (“NST”), OX40L monotherapy (“OX40L”), and doublet and tripletmRNA combination therapies (“Doublet” and “Triplet,” respectively). Thebars show levels of naïve, central memory, and effector memory CD4 andCD8 cells.

FIG. 31 presents survival curves showing the effect of CD cell depletionon the efficacy of treatment of MC38 tumors with triplet mRNA therapy(mRNA encoding IL-23 plus mRNA encoding IL-36-gamma plus mRNA encodingOX40L). CD4 and CD8 cell levels were depleted by administering anti-CD4and anti-CD8 antibodies to mice with MC38 tumors. The arrow indicatesthe administration of the triplet therapy. CD cell depleting doses ofantibodies (indicated by circles) were administered prior and after theadministration of the triplet therapy.

FIGS. 32A and 32B show the expression of PD-L1 in cancer cells of micewith MC38 tumors in response to the administration of triplet mRNAtherapy. FIG. 32A shows the percentage of cancer cells (CD45−, FSchi,MHCII-) positive for PD-L1 7 days after treatment with triplet mRNAtherapy. FIG. 32B shows the level of PD-L1 expression in cancer cells(CD45−, FSchi, MHCII-) measured as MFI (mean fluorescence intensity).The vertical bars represent mean with S.D. The horizontal bars above thedata represent statistical significance.

FIG. 33A and FIG. 33B show the expression of PD-L1 in mice with MC38tumors in response to the administration of IL-23 or IL-36-gammamonotherapies or doublet mRNA therapy (mRNA encoding IL-23 plus mRNAencoding IL-36-gamma). FIG. 33A shows the percentage of CD11b+ cellspositive for PD-L1. FIG. 33B shows the strength of PD-L1 expression inCD11b+ cells, measured as MFI (mean fluorescence intensity). Themeasurements presented correspond to treatment with controls (“NoRx” and“NST”), IL-23 and IL-36-gamma monotherapies (“IL23” and “IL36”), anddoublet mRNA combination therapy (“Combo”). The vertical bars representmean with S.D. The horizontal bars above the data represent statisticalsignificance. All the measurements were done 7 days after tumor cellswere implanted.

FIG. 34A and FIG. 34B show the expression of PD-L1 in mice with MC38tumors in response to the administration of OX40L monotherapy or doublet(mRNA encoding IL-23 plus mRNA encoding IL-36-gamma) or triplet (mRNAencoding IL-23 plus mRNA encoding IL-36-gamma plus mRNA encoding OX40L)mRNA therapies. FIG. 34A shows the percentage of CD11b+ cells positivefor PD-L1. FIG. 34B shows the strength of PD-L1 expression in CD11b+cells, measured as MFI (mean fluorescence intensity). The measurementspresented correspond to treatment with controls (“NoRx”), OX40Lmonotherapy (“OX40L”), and doublet and triplet mRNA combinationtherapies (“doublet” and “triplet,” respectively). The vertical barsrepresent mean with S.D. The horizontal bars above the data representstatistical significance. All the measurements were done 7 days aftertumor cells implant were implanted

FIGS. 35A-35D show in vivo anti-tumor efficacy of triplet mRNA therapycombined with an anti PD-L1 antibody (10° F.9G2) in immunosuppressiveMC38 tumors. FIG. 35A shows tumor growth in animals treated withintratumoral injections of control antibody. FIG. 35B shows tumor growthin animals treated with intratumoral injections of anti PD-L1 antibody(10° F.9G2) alone. FIG. 35C shows tumor growth in animals treated withintratumoral injections of triplet mRNA therapy.

FIG. 35D shows tumor growth in animals treated with intratumoralinjections of triple mRNA therapy plus anti PD-L1 antibody (1° F.9G2).Vertical dashed lines indicate day of administration of the controlantibody, the anti PD-L1 antibody, the triplet mRNA therapy, or thetriplet mRNA therapy plus anti PD-L1 antibody.

FIG. 36A and FIG. 36B show the in vivo anti-tumor efficacy of tripletmRNA combination therapy (mRNA encoding IL-23 plus mRNA encodingIL-36-gamma plus mRNA encoding OX40L) in the syngenic H22(hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)) model. FIG. 36A shows tumor growth inanimals treated with intratumoral injections of control mRNA(“NST-FIX”). FIG. 36B shows tumor growth in animals treated withintratumoral injections of triplet mRNA combination therapy.

FIG. 37 shows mean tumor volume (mm³) for each group of mice treatedaccording to the design outlined in Table 11. The dashed arrows show thelack of efficacy of OX40L administered in Group 8, and the synergisticeffect of the combination of OX40L with IL-23 in Group 5.

FIG. 38A shows mean tumor volume (mm³) for groups of mice treated withtriplet combinations comprising mouse OX40L, mouse IL-23, and mouseIL-36-gamma. Different amounts of mRNA encoding mouse IL-36-gamma wereused in each triplet. The total amount of mRNA in each triplet dose waskept constant by adding the appropriate amount of NST control mRNA.

FIG. 38B shows mean tumor volume (mm³) for groups of mice treated withtriplet combinations comprising mouse OX40L, mouse IL-23, and humanIL-36-gamma. Different amounts of mRNA encoding human IL-36-gamma wereused in each triplet. The total amount of mRNA in each triplet dose waskept constant by adding the appropriate amount of NST control mRNA.

FIG. 39A-39O show tumor volume (mm³) for each group of mice treatedaccording to the study design outlined in Table 11. The dates when mRNAswere administered are indicated by vertical dashed lines. Each drawingindicates the number of animals per group (n), the number of completeresponders (CR), and the number of animals with tumors below 100 mm³ involume at the end of the study. Each drawing also indicates thecomposition administered to each animal and the ratio between each mRNAin the composition.

FIG. 40 shows changes in body weight (%) for each group of mice treatedaccording to the study design outlined in Table 11. The drawing showsthe mean body weight values for each group.

FIG. 41A-41O show changes in body weight (%) for each group of micetreated according to the study design outlined in Table 11. The drawingshows the individual changes in body weight values for each animal ineach group.

FIG. 42 presents survival curves showing the effect of the treatment ofMC38 tumors according to the design outlined in Table 11. The dashedarrows show (i) the lack of efficacy of OX40L administered in Group 8,(ii) the moderate efficacy of IL-23 in Group 9, (iii) the synergisticeffect of the combination of OX40L with IL-23 in Group 5, and (iv) thehighest efficacy observed, which corresponded to Group 1(mOX40L/mIL-23/mIL-36-gamma 1:1:1).

FIG. 43A shows mean tumor volume (mm³) for mice bearing MC38-S tumorsand treated with triplet combinations comprising IL-23, IL-36-gamma andOX40L.

FIG. 43B shows mean tumor volume (mm³) for mice bearing MC38-S tumorsand treated with doublet combinations comprising IL-23 and OX40L. Thetotal amount of mRNA in the dose, as compared to mice treated as in FIG.43A, was kept constant by adding the appropriate amount of NST controlmRNA.

FIG. 44 is a diagram illustrating the abscopal effect for cancertreatment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A particularly exciting approach to treating cancer involves theprevention or treatment of disease with substances that stimulate theimmune response, known as immunotherapy. Immunotherapy, also referred toin the art as immuno-oncology, has begun to revolutionize cancertreatment, by introducing therapies that target not the tumor, but thehost immune system. These therapies possess unique pharmacologicalresponse profiles, and thus represent therapies that might cure manydistinct types of cancer. Cancers of the lungs, kidney, bladder and skinare among those that derive substantial efficacy from treatment withimmuno-oncology in terms of survival or tumor response, with melanomapossibly showing the greatest benefits. Immunotherapy often featurescheckpoint inhibitor treatment with an exciting new class of biologicdrugs known as checkpoint inhibitor antibodies.

The present disclosure features methods and compositions for treatingcancer, in particular, immunotherapeutic methods and compositions. Insome aspects, the disclosure features methods and compositions fortreating cancer using a combination therapy that features two or morepolynucleotides (e.g., mRNAs) encoding a first immune response primerpolypeptide and a second, different, immune response primer polypeptide,and, optionally, a polynucleotide encoding an immune responseco-stimulatory signal polypeptide and, optionally, a polynucleotideencoding a checkpoint inhibitor polypeptide or a polypeptide comprisinga checkpoint inhibitor polypeptide. In some aspects, the disclosureprovides an immunomodulatory composition comprising a polynucleotideencoding an Interleukin-23 (IL-23) polypeptide, a polynucleotideencoding an Interleukin-36 gamma (IL-36 gamma) polypeptide and,optionally, a polynucleotide encoding an OX40L polypeptide. In otheraspects, the disclosure provides an immunomodulatory compositioncomprising a polynucleotide encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, apolynucleotide encoding an Interleukin 18 (IL-18) polypeptide and,optionally, a polynucleotide encoding an OX40L polypeptide.

In some aspects, the disclosure relates to methods of treating cancerusing a combination approach that features mRNAs encoding IL-23, IL-36or IL-18 and/or OX40L. Without being bound in theory, it is believedthat priming of an anti-cancer immune response is possible byadministering, e.g., intratumorally, mRNAs encoding an IL-12 familymember (e.g., IL-23) and/or IL-1 family member (e.g., IL-36 or IL-18).IL-23 is important in the stimulation of, for example, T-cells, naturalkiller cells, macrophages, and or dendritic cells. IL-36 is important inthe stimulation of, for example, T-cells, natural killer cells,granulocytes, and/or dendritic cells. IL-18, together with IL-12,induces cell-mediated immunity and is important in the stimulation of,for example, T-cells, natural killer cells, and/or macrophages. mRNAencoding IL-36, or mRNA encoding IL-18, in combination with mRNAencoding IL-23 is believed to provide a first stimulation signal to theimmune system, for example, within the tumor environment, e.g., viaintratumoral injection of said mRNAs. Administration of mRNA encoding animmune response co-stimulatory signal polypeptide, for example, OX40L isbelieved to provide a second stimulation signal, when provided incombination with mRNAs encoding IL-23 and IL-36, due at least in part,to the ability of OX40L to stimulate T cells.

In some aspects, the immune therapeutic methods disclosed herein can (1)transform the tumor microenvironment (TME) to optimize immunogenicity,and/or (2) enhance T cell responses to elicit abscopal control andanti-cancer memory. The abscopal effect, i.e., treating a tumor locallyyet acting globally is illustrated in FIG. 44.

Some aspects of the disclosure feature treatment with mRNA encodingIL-23 in combination with mRNA encoding IL-36. Other aspects of thedisclosure feature treatment with mRNA encoding IL-23 in combinationwith mRNA encoding IL-18. Exemplary aspects feature treatment with lipidnanoparticle- (LNP-) encapsulated mRNAs. Exemplary aspects featureintratumoral administration of mRNAs in ionizable amino lipid-basedLNPs.

Other aspects of the disclosure feature compositions and methods ofreducing or decreasing the size of a tumor or inhibiting the growth of atumor in a subject in need thereof by administering to the subject aneffective amount of a combination comprising mRNAs encoding IL-23,IL-36-gamma or IL-18, and OX40L. In some aspects, the mRNA combinationcomprises a first polynucleotide encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, a secondpolynucleotide encoding a second protein comprising an IL-36-gammapolypeptide or an IL-18 polypeptide, and a third polynucleotide encodinga third protein comprising an OX40L polypeptide. One aspect of thepresent disclosure is directed to pharmaceutical compositions comprisingtwo or more polynucleotides (e.g., mRNAs) encoding an IL-23 polypeptide,a polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide or anIL-18 polypeptide, and a polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) encoding an OX40Lpolypeptide.

In another aspect, the composition is a lipid composition comprising anionizable amino lipid, such as a compound of formula (I) as disclosedbelow, e.g., Compounds 18, 25, 26 or 48. In some aspects of the presentdisclosure, the lipid composition of the pharmaceutical compositioncomprises additional lipids/components. For example, the lipidcomposition can include one or more phospholipids, e.g., MSPC or DSPC.The lipid composition can also comprise a quaternary amine compound suchas DOTAP.

In another aspect, the present application provides a lipid composition(e.g., a lipid nanoparticle (LNP)) comprising: (1) a compound having theformula (I); (2) optionally a helper lipid (e.g. a phospholipid); (3)optionally a structural lipid (e.g. a sterol); (4) optionally a lipidconjugate (e.g. a PEG-lipid); and (5) optionally a quaternary aminecompound.

The headings provided herein are not limitations of the various aspectsor aspects of the disclosure, which can be defined by reference to thespecification as a whole. Accordingly, the terms defined immediatelybelow are more fully defined by reference to the specification in itsentirety. Before describing the present disclosure in detail, it is tobe understood that this disclosure is not limited to specificcompositions or process steps, as such can vary.

I. Definitions

In order that the present disclosure can be more readily understood,certain terms are first defined. As used in this application, except asotherwise expressly provided herein, each of the following terms shallhave the meaning set forth below. Additional definitions are set forththroughout the application.

The disclosure includes embodiments in which exactly one member of thegroup is present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a givenproduct or process. The disclosure includes embodiments in which morethan one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, orotherwise relevant to a given product or process.

In this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a”,“an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearlydictates otherwise. The terms “a” (or “an”), as well as the terms “oneor more,” and “at least one” can be used interchangeably herein. Incertain aspects, the term “a” or “an” means “single.” In other aspects,the term “a” or “an” includes “two or more” or “multiple.”

Furthermore, “and/or” where used herein is to be taken as specificdisclosure of each of the two specified features or components with orwithout the other. Thus, the term “and/or” as used in a phrase such as“A and/or B” herein is intended to include “A and B,” “A or B,” “A”(alone), and “B” (alone). Likewise, the term “and/or” as used in aphrase such as “A, B, and/or C” is intended to encompass each of thefollowing aspects: A, B, and C; A, B, or C; A or C; A or B; B or C; Aand C; A and B; B and C; A (alone); B (alone); and C (alone).

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this disclosure is related. For example, the ConciseDictionary of Biomedicine and Molecular Biology, Juo, Pei-Show, 2nd ed.,2002, CRC Press; The Dictionary of Cell and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed.,1999, Academic Press; and the Oxford Dictionary Of Biochemistry AndMolecular Biology, Revised, 2000, Oxford University Press, provide oneof skill with a general dictionary of many of the terms used in thisdisclosure.

Wherever aspects are described herein with the language “comprising,”otherwise analogous aspects described in terms of “consisting of” and/or“consisting essentially of” are also provided.

Units, prefixes, and symbols are denoted in their Systeme Internationalde Unites (SI) accepted form. Numeric ranges are inclusive of thenumbers defining the range. Where a range of values is recited, it is tobe understood that each intervening integer value, and each fractionthereof, between the recited upper and lower limits of that range isalso specifically disclosed, along with each subrange between suchvalues. The upper and lower limits of any range can independently beincluded in or excluded from the range, and each range where either,neither or both limits are included is also encompassed within thedisclosure. Where a value is explicitly recited, it is to be understoodthat values which are about the same quantity or amount as the recitedvalue are also within the scope of the disclosure. Where a combinationis disclosed, each subcombination of the elements of that combination isalso specifically disclosed and is within the scope of the disclosure.Conversely, where different elements or groups of elements areindividually disclosed, combinations thereof are also disclosed. Whereany element of a disclosure is disclosed as having a plurality ofalternatives, examples of that disclosure in which each alternative isexcluded singly or in any combination with the other alternatives arealso hereby disclosed; more than one element of a disclosure can havesuch exclusions, and all combinations of elements having such exclusionsare hereby disclosed.

Nucleotides are referred to by their commonly accepted single-lettercodes. Unless otherwise indicated, nucleic acids are written left toright in 5′ to 3′ orientation. Nucleotides are referred to herein bytheir commonly known one-letter symbols recommended by the IUPAC-IUBBiochemical Nomenclature Commission. Accordingly, A represents adenine,C represents cytosine, G represents guanine, T represents thymine, and Urepresents uracil.

Amino acids are referred to herein by either their commonly known threeletter symbols or by the one-letter symbols recommended by the IUPAC-IUBBiochemical Nomenclature Commission. Unless otherwise indicated, aminoacid sequences are written left to right in amino to carboxyorientation.

About: The term “about” as used in connection with a numerical valuethroughout the specification and the claims denotes an interval ofaccuracy, familiar and acceptable to a person skilled in the art. Ingeneral, such interval of accuracy is +10%.

Where ranges are given, endpoints are included. Furthermore, unlessotherwise indicated or otherwise evident from the context andunderstanding of one of ordinary skill in the art, values that areexpressed as ranges can assume any specific value or subrange within thestated ranges in different embodiments of the disclosure, to the tenthof the unit of the lower limit of the range, unless the context clearlydictates otherwise.

Administered in combination: As used herein, the term “administered incombination,” “combined administration,” or “combination therapy” meansthat two or more agents are administered to a subject at the same timeor within an interval such that there can be an overlap of an effect ofeach agent on the patient. In some embodiments, they are administeredwithin about 60, 30, 15, 10, 5, or 1 minute of one another. In someembodiments, the administrations of the agents are spaced sufficientlyclosely together such that a combinatorial (e.g., a synergistic) effectis achieved.

Amino acid substitution: The term “amino acid substitution” refers toreplacing an amino acid residue present in a parent or referencesequence (e.g., a wild type sequence) with another amino acid residue.An amino acid can be substituted in a parent or reference sequence(e.g., a wild type polypeptide sequence), for example, via chemicalpeptide synthesis or through recombinant methods known in the art.Accordingly, a reference to a “substitution at position X” refers to thesubstitution of an amino acid present at position X with an alternativeamino acid residue. In some aspects, substitution patterns can bedescribed according to the schema AnY, wherein A is the single lettercode corresponding to the amino acid naturally or originally present atposition n, and Y is the substituting amino acid residue. In otheraspects, substitution patterns can be described according to the schemaAn(YZ), wherein A is the single letter code corresponding to the aminoacid residue substituting the amino acid naturally or originally presentat position X, and Y and Z are alternative substituting amino acidresidue.

In the context of the present disclosure, substitutions (even when theyreferred to as amino acid substitution) are conducted at the nucleicacid level, i.e., substituting an amino acid residue with an alternativeamino acid residue is conducted by substituting the codon encoding thefirst amino acid with a codon encoding the second amino acid.

Animal: As used herein, the term “animal” refers to any member of theanimal kingdom. In some embodiments, “animal” refers to humans at anystage of development. In some embodiments, “animal” refers to non-humananimals at any stage of development. In certain embodiments, thenon-human animal is a mammal (e.g., a rodent, a mouse, a rat, a rabbit,a monkey, a dog, a cat, a sheep, cattle, a primate, or a pig). In someembodiments, animals include, but are not limited to, mammals, birds,reptiles, amphibians, fish, and worms. In some embodiments, the animalis a transgenic animal, genetically-engineered animal, or a clone.

Approximately: As used herein, the term “approximately,” as applied toone or more values of interest, refers to a value that is similar to astated reference value. In certain embodiments, the term “approximately”refers to a range of values that fall within 25%, 20%, 19%, 18%, 17%,16%, 15%, 14%, 13%, 12%, 11%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%,or less in either direction (greater than or less than) of the statedreference value unless otherwise stated or otherwise evident from thecontext (except where such number would exceed 100% of a possiblevalue).

Associated with: As used herein with respect to a disease, the term“associated with” means that the symptom, measurement, characteristic,or status in question is linked to the diagnosis, development, presence,or progression of that disease. As association may, but need not, becausatively linked to the disease.

When used with respect to two or more moieties, the terms “associatedwith,” “conjugated,” “linked,” “attached,” and “tethered,” when usedwith respect to two or more moieties, means that the moieties arephysically associated or connected with one another, either directly orvia one or more additional moieties that serves as a linking agent, toform a structure that is sufficiently stable so that the moieties remainphysically associated under the conditions in which the structure isused, e.g., physiological conditions. An “association” need not bestrictly through direct covalent chemical bonding. It may also suggestionic or hydrogen bonding or a hybridization based connectivitysufficiently stable such that the “associated” entities remainphysically associated.

Biocompatible: As used herein, the term “biocompatible” means compatiblewith living cells, tissues, organs or systems posing little to no riskof injury, toxicity or rejection by the immune system.

Biodegradable: As used herein, the term “biodegradable” means capable ofbeing broken down into innocuous products by the action of livingthings.

Sequence Optimization: The term “sequence optimization” refers to aprocess or series of processes by which nucleobases in a referencenucleic acid sequence are replaced with alternative nucleobases,resulting in a nucleic acid sequence with improved properties, e.g.,improved protein expression or decreased immunogenicity.

In general, the goal in sequence optimization is to produce a synonymousnucleotide sequence than encodes the same polypeptide sequence encodedby the reference nucleotide sequence. Thus, there are no amino acidsubstitutions (as a result of codon optimization) in the polypeptideencoded by the codon optimized nucleotide sequence with respect to thepolypeptide encoded by the reference nucleotide sequence.

Codon substitution: The terms “codon substitution” or “codonreplacement” in the context of sequence optimization refer to replacinga codon present in a reference nucleic acid sequence with another codon.A codon can be substituted in a reference nucleic acid sequence, forexample, via chemical peptide synthesis or through recombinant methodsknown in the art. Accordingly, references to a “substitution” or“replacement” at a certain location in a nucleic acid sequence (e.g., anmRNA) or within a certain region or subsequence of a nucleic acidsequence (e.g., an mRNA) refer to the substitution of a codon at suchlocation or region with an alternative codon.

As used herein, the terms “coding region” and “region encoding” andgrammatical variants thereof, refer to an Open Reading Frame (ORF) in apolynucleotide that upon expression yields a polypeptide or protein.

Compound: As used herein, the term “compound,” is meant to include allstereoisomers and isotopes of the structure depicted. As used herein,the term “stereoisomer” means any geometric isomer (e.g., cis- andtrans-isomer), enantiomer, or diastereomer of a compound. The presentdisclosure encompasses any and all stereoisomers of the compoundsdescribed herein, including stereomerically pure forms (e.g.,geometrically pure, enantiomerically pure, or diastereomerically pure)and enantiomeric and stereoisomeric mixtures, e.g., racemates.Enantiomeric and stereomeric mixtures of compounds and means ofresolving them into their component enantiomers or stereoisomers arewell-known. “Isotopes” refers to atoms having the same atomic number butdifferent mass numbers resulting from a different number of neutrons inthe nuclei. For example, isotopes of hydrogen include tritium anddeuterium. Further, a compound, salt, or complex of the presentdisclosure can be prepared in combination with solvent or watermolecules to form solvates and hydrates by routine methods.

Conservative amino acid substitution: A “conservative amino acidsubstitution” is one in which the amino acid residue is replaced with anamino acid residue having a similar side chain. Families of amino acidresidues having similar side chains have been defined in the art,including basic side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, or histidine),acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid or glutamic acid), unchargedpolar side chains (e.g., glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine,threonine, tyrosine, or cysteine), nonpolar side chains (e.g., alanine,valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, ortryptophan), beta-branched side chains (e.g., threonine, valine,isoleucine) and aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine,tryptophan, or histidine). Thus, if an amino acid in a polypeptide isreplaced with another amino acid from the same side chain family, theamino acid substitution is considered to be conservative. In anotheraspect, a string of amino acids can be conservatively replaced with astructurally similar string that differs in order and/or composition ofside chain family members.

Non-conservative amino acid substitutions include those in which (i) aresidue having an electropositive side chain (e.g., Arg, His or Lys) issubstituted for, or by, an electronegative residue (e.g., Glu or Asp),(ii) a hydrophilic residue (e.g., Ser or Thr) is substituted for, or by,a hydrophobic residue (e.g., Ala, Leu, Ile, Phe or Val), (iii) acysteine or proline is substituted for, or by, any other residue, or(iv) a residue having a bulky hydrophobic or aromatic side chain (e.g.,Val, His, Ile or Trp) is substituted for, or by, one having a smallerside chain (e.g., Ala or Ser) or no side chain (e.g., Gly).

Other amino acid substitutions can be readily identified by workers ofordinary skill. For example, for the amino acid alanine, a substitutioncan be taken from any one of D-alanine, glycine, beta-alanine,L-cysteine and D-cysteine. For lysine, a replacement can be any one ofD-lysine, arginine, D-arginine, homo-arginine, methionine, D-methionine,ornithine, or D-ornithine. Generally, substitutions in functionallyimportant regions that can be expected to induce changes in theproperties of isolated polypeptides are those in which (i) a polarresidue, e.g., serine or threonine, is substituted for (or by) ahydrophobic residue, e.g., leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, oralanine; (ii) a cysteine residue is substituted for (or by) any otherresidue; (iii) a residue having an electropositive side chain, e.g.,lysine, arginine or histidine, is substituted for (or by) a residuehaving an electronegative side chain, e.g., glutamic acid or asparticacid; or (iv) a residue having a bulky side chain, e.g., phenylalanine,is substituted for (or by) one not having such a side chain, e.g.,glycine. The likelihood that one of the foregoing non-conservativesubstitutions can alter functional properties of the protein is alsocorrelated to the position of the substitution with respect tofunctionally important regions of the protein: some non-conservativesubstitutions can accordingly have little or no effect on biologicalproperties.

Conserved: As used herein, the term “conserved” refers to nucleotides oramino acid residues of a polynucleotide sequence or polypeptidesequence, respectively, that are those that occur unaltered in the sameposition of two or more sequences being compared. Nucleotides or aminoacids that are relatively conserved are those that are conserved amongstmore related sequences than nucleotides or amino acids appearingelsewhere in the sequences.

In some embodiments, two or more sequences are said to be “completelyconserved” if they are 100% identical to one another. In someembodiments, two or more sequences are said to be “highly conserved” ifthey are at least 70% identical, at least 80% identical, at least 90%identical, or at least 95% identical to one another. In someembodiments, two or more sequences are said to be “highly conserved” ifthey are about 70% identical, about 80% identical, about 90% identical,about 95%, about 98%, or about 99% identical to one another. In someembodiments, two or more sequences are said to be “conserved” if theyare at least 30% identical, at least 40% identical, at least 50%identical, at least 60% identical, at least 70% identical, at least 80%identical, at least 90% identical, or at least 95% identical to oneanother. In some embodiments, two or more sequences are said to be“conserved” if they are about 30% identical, about 40% identical, about50% identical, about 60% identical, about 70% identical, about 80%identical, about 90% identical, about 95% identical, about 98%identical, or about 99% identical to one another. Conservation ofsequence may apply to the entire length of an polynucleotide orpolypeptide or may apply to a portion, region or feature thereof.

Contacting: As used herein, the term “contacting” means establishing aphysical connection between two or more entities. For example,contacting a mammalian cell with a nanoparticle composition means thatthe mammalian cell and a nanoparticle are made to share a physicalconnection. Methods of contacting cells with external entities both invivo and ex vivo are well known in the biological arts. For example,contacting a nanoparticle composition and a mammalian cell disposedwithin a mammal may be performed by varied routes of administration(e.g., intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, and subcutaneous) andmay involve varied amounts of nanoparticle compositions. Moreover, morethan one mammalian cell may be contacted by a nanoparticle composition.

Controlled Release: As used herein, the term “controlled release” refersto a pharmaceutical composition or compound release profile thatconforms to a particular pattern of release to effect a therapeuticoutcome.

Covalent Derivative: The term “covalent derivative” when referring topolypeptides include modifications of a native or starting protein withan organic proteinaceous or non-proteinaceous derivatizing agent, and/orpost-translational modifications. Covalent modifications aretraditionally introduced by reacting targeted amino acid residues of theprotein with an organic derivatizing agent that is capable of reactingwith selected side-chains or terminal residues, or by harnessingmechanisms of post-translational modifications that function in selectedrecombinant host cells. The resultant covalent derivatives are useful inprograms directed at identifying residues important for biologicalactivity, for immunoassays, or for the preparation of anti-proteinantibodies for immunoaffinity purification of the recombinantglycoprotein. Such modifications are within the ordinary skill in theart and are performed without undue experimentation.

Cyclic or Cyclized: As used herein, the term “cyclic” refers to thepresence of a continuous loop. Cyclic molecules need not be circular,only joined to form an unbroken chain of subunits. Cyclic molecules suchas the engineered RNA or mRNA of the present disclosure can be singleunits or multimers or comprise one or more components of a complex orhigher order structure.

Cytotoxic: As used herein, “cytotoxic” refers to killing or causinginjurious, toxic, or deadly effect on a cell (e.g., a mammalian cell(e.g., a human cell)), bacterium, virus, fungus, protozoan, parasite,prion, or a combination thereof.

Delivering: As used herein, the term “delivering” means providing anentity to a destination. For example, delivering a polynucleotide to asubject may involve administering a nanoparticle composition includingthe polynucleotide to the subject (e.g., by an intravenous,intramuscular, intradermal, or subcutaneous route). Administration of ananoparticle composition to a mammal or mammalian cell may involvecontacting one or more cells with the nanoparticle composition.

Delivery Agent: As used herein, “delivery agent” refers to any substancethat facilitates, at least in part, the in vivo, in vitro, or ex vivodelivery of a polynucleotide to targeted cells.

Destabilized: As used herein, the term “destable,” “destabilize,” or“destabilizing region” means a region or molecule that is less stablethan a starting, wild-type or native form of the same region ormolecule.

Detectable label: As used herein, “detectable label” refers to one ormore markers, signals, or moieties that are attached, incorporated orassociated with another entity that is readily detected by methods knownin the art including radiography, fluorescence, chemiluminescence,enzymatic activity, absorbance and the like. Detectable labels includeradioisotopes, fluorophores, chromophores, enzymes, dyes, metal ions,ligands such as biotin, avidin, streptavidin and haptens, quantum dots,and the like. Detectable labels can be located at any position in thepeptides or proteins disclosed herein. They can be within the aminoacids, the peptides, or proteins, or located at the N- or C-termini.

Diastereomer: As used herein, the term “diastereomer,” meansstereoisomers that are not mirror images of one another and arenon-superimposable on one another.

Digest: As used herein, the term “digest” means to break apart intosmaller pieces or components. When referring to polypeptides orproteins, digestion results in the production of peptides.

Distal: As used herein, the term “distal” means situated away from thecenter or away from a point or region of interest.

Domain: As used herein, when referring to polypeptides, the term“domain” refers to a motif of a polypeptide having one or moreidentifiable structural or functional characteristics or properties(e.g., binding capacity, serving as a site for protein-proteininteractions).

Dosing regimen: As used herein, a “dosing regimen” or a “dosing regimen”is a schedule of administration or physician determined regimen oftreatment, prophylaxis, or palliative care.

Effective Amount: As used herein, the term “effective amount” of anagent is that amount sufficient to effect beneficial or desired results,for example, clinical results, and, as such, an “effective amount”depends upon the context in which it is being applied. For example, inthe context of administering an agent that treats a tumor, an effectiveamount of an agent is, for example, an amount sufficient to reduce ordecrease a size of a tumor or to inhibit a tumor growth, as compared tothe response obtained without administration of the agent. The term“effective amount” can be used interchangeably with “effective dose,”“therapeutically effective amount,” or “therapeutically effective dose.”

Enantiomer: As used herein, the term “enantiomer” means each individualoptically active form of a compound of the disclosure, having an opticalpurity or enantiomeric excess (as determined by methods standard in theart) of at least 80% (i.e., at least 90% of one enantiomer and at most10% of the other enantiomer), at least 90%, or at least 98%.

Encapsulate: As used herein, the term “encapsulate” means to enclose,surround or encase.

Encapsulation Efficiency: As used herein, “encapsulation efficiency”refers to the amount of a polynucleotide that becomes part of ananoparticle composition, relative to the initial total amount ofpolynucleotide used in the preparation of a nanoparticle composition.For example, if 97 mg of polynucleotide are encapsulated in ananoparticle composition out of a total 100 mg of polynucleotideinitially provided to the composition, the encapsulation efficiency maybe given as 97%. As used herein, “encapsulation” may refer to complete,substantial, or partial enclosure, confinement, surrounding, orencasement.

Encoded protein cleavage signal: As used herein, “encoded proteincleavage signal” refers to the nucleotide sequence that encodes aprotein cleavage signal.

Engineered: As used herein, embodiments of the disclosure are“engineered” when they are designed to have a feature or property,whether structural or chemical, that varies from a starting point, wildtype or native molecule.

Enhanced Delivery: As used herein, the term “enhanced delivery” meansdelivery of more (e.g., at least 1.5 fold more, at least 2-fold more, atleast 3-fold more, at least 4-fold more, at least 5-fold more, at least6-fold more, at least 7-fold more, at least 8-fold more, at least 9-foldmore, at least 10-fold more) of a polynucleotide by a nanoparticle to atarget tissue of interest (e.g., mammalian liver) compared to the levelof delivery of a polynucleotide by a control nanoparticle to a targettissue of interest (e.g., MC3, KC2, or DLinDMA). The level of deliveryof a nanoparticle to a particular tissue may be measured by comparingthe amount of protein produced in a tissue to the weight of said tissue,comparing the amount of polynucleotide in a tissue to the weight of saidtissue, comparing the amount of protein produced in a tissue to theamount of total protein in said tissue, or comparing the amount ofpolynucleotide in a tissue to the amount of total polynucleotide in saidtissue. It will be understood that the enhanced delivery of ananoparticle to a target tissue need not be determined in a subjectbeing treated, it may be determined in a surrogate such as an animalmodel (e.g., a rat model).

Exosome: As used herein, “exosome” is a vesicle secreted by mammaliancells or a complex involved in RNA degradation.

Expression: As used herein, “expression” of a nucleic acid sequencerefers to one or more of the following events: (1) production of an RNAtemplate from a DNA sequence (e.g., by transcription); (2) processing ofan RNA transcript (e.g., by splicing, editing, 5′ cap formation, and/or3′ end processing); (3) translation of an RNA into a polypeptide orprotein; and (4) post-translational modification of a polypeptide orprotein.

Ex Vivo: As used herein, the term “ex vivo” refers to events that occuroutside of an organism (e.g., animal, plant, or microbe or cell ortissue thereof). Ex vivo events may take place in an environmentminimally altered from a natural (e.g., in vivo) environment.

Feature: As used herein, a “feature” refers to a characteristic, aproperty, or a distinctive element. When referring to polypeptides,“features” are defined as distinct amino acid sequence-based componentsof a molecule. Features of the polypeptides encoded by thepolynucleotides of the present disclosure include surfacemanifestations, local conformational shape, folds, loops, half-loops,domains, half-domains, sites, termini or any combination thereof.

Formulation: As used herein, a “formulation” includes at least apolynucleotide and one or more of a carrier, an excipient, and adelivery agent.

Fragment: A “fragment,” as used herein, refers to a portion. Forexample, fragments of proteins can comprise polypeptides obtained bydigesting full-length protein isolated from cultured cells. In someembodiments, a fragment is a subsequences of a full-length protein(e.g., one of the subunits of IL-23) wherein N-terminal, and/orC-terminal, and/or internal subsequences have been deleted. In somepreferred aspects of the present disclosure, the fragments of a proteinof the present disclosure are functional fragments.

Functional: As used herein, a “functional” biological molecule is abiological molecule in a form in which it exhibits a property and/oractivity by which it is characterized. Thus, a functional fragment of apolynucleotide of the present disclosure is a polynucleotide capable ofexpressing a functional interleukin fragment. As used herein, afunctional fragment of an interleukin refers to a fragment of a wildtype interleukin (i.e., a fragment of a naturally occurring form of theinterleukin), or a mutant or variant thereof, wherein the fragmentretains a least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, atleast about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, atleast about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, or atleast about 95% of the biological activity of the correspondingfull-length protein.

Helper Lipid: As used herein, the term “helper lipid” refers to acompound or molecule that includes a lipidic moiety (for insertion intoa lipid layer, e.g., lipid bilayer) and a polar moiety (for interactionwith physiologic solution at the surface of the lipid layer). Typicallythe helper lipid is a phospholipid. A function of the helper lipid is to“complement” the amino lipid and increase the fusogenicity of thebilayer and/or to help facilitate endosomal escape, e.g., of nucleicacid delivered to cells. Helper lipids are also believed to be a keystructural component to the surface of the LNP.

Homology: As used herein, the term “homology” refers to the overallrelatedness between polymeric molecules, e.g. between nucleic acidmolecules (e.g. DNA molecules and/or RNA molecules) and/or betweenpolypeptide molecules. Generally, the term “homology” implies anevolutionary relationship between two molecules. Thus, two moleculesthat are homologous will have a common evolutionary ancestor. In thecontext of the present disclosure, the term homology encompasses both toidentity and similarity.

In some embodiments, polymeric molecules are considered to be“homologous” to one another if at least 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%,55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the monomers inthe molecule are identical (exactly the same monomer) or are similar(conservative substitutions). The term “homologous” necessarily refersto a comparison between at least two sequences (polynucleotide orpolypeptide sequences).

Identity: As used herein, the term “identity” refers to the overallmonomer conservation between polymeric molecules, e.g., betweenpolynucleotide molecules (e.g. DNA molecules and/or RNA molecules)and/or between polypeptide molecules. Calculation of the percentidentity of two polynucleotide sequences, for example, can be performedby aligning the two sequences for optimal comparison purposes (e.g.,gaps can be introduced in one or both of a first and a second nucleicacid sequences for optimal alignment and non-identical sequences can bedisregarded for comparison purposes). In certain embodiments, the lengthof a sequence aligned for comparison purposes is at least 30%, at least40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least90%, at least 95%, or 100% of the length of the reference sequence. Thenucleotides at corresponding nucleotide positions are then compared.When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the same nucleotideas the corresponding position in the second sequence, then the moleculesare identical at that position. The percent identity between the twosequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared bythe sequences, taking into account the number of gaps, and the length ofeach gap, which needs to be introduced for optimal alignment of the twosequences. The comparison of sequences and determination of percentidentity between two sequences can be accomplished using a mathematicalalgorithm. When comparing DNA and RNA, thymine (T) and uracil (U) can beconsidered equivalent.

Suitable software programs are available from various sources, and foralignment of both protein and nucleotide sequences. One suitable programto determine percent sequence identity is bl2seq, part of the BLASTsuite of program available from the U.S. government's National Centerfor Biotechnology Information BLAST web site (blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov).B12seq performs a comparison between two sequences using either theBLASTN or BLASTP algorithm. BLASTN is used to compare nucleic acidsequences, while BLASTP is used to compare amino acid sequences. Othersuitable programs are, e.g., Needle, Stretcher, Water, or Matcher, partof the EMBOSS suite of bioinformatics programs and also available fromthe European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI) at www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/psa.

Sequence alignments can be conducted using methods known in the art suchas MAFFT, Clustal (ClustalW, Clustal X or Clustal Omega), MUSCLE, etc.

Different regions within a single polynucleotide or polypeptide targetsequence that aligns with a polynucleotide or polypeptide referencesequence can each have their own percent sequence identity. It is notedthat the percent sequence identity value is rounded to the nearesttenth. For example, 80.11, 80.12, 80.13, and 80.14 are rounded down to80.1, while 80.15, 80.16, 80.17, 80.18, and 80.19 are rounded up to80.2. It also is noted that the length value will always be an integer.

In certain aspects, the percentage identity “% ID” of a first amino acidsequence (or nucleic acid sequence) to a second amino acid sequence (ornucleic acid sequence) is calculated as % ID=100×(Y/Z), where Y is thenumber of amino acid residues (or nucleobases) scored as identicalmatches in the alignment of the first and second sequences (as alignedby visual inspection or a particular sequence alignment program) and Zis the total number of residues in the second sequence. If the length ofa first sequence is longer than the second sequence, the percentidentity of the first sequence to the second sequence will be higherthan the percent identity of the second sequence to the first sequence.

One skilled in the art will appreciate that the generation of a sequencealignment for the calculation of a percent sequence identity is notlimited to binary sequence-sequence comparisons exclusively driven byprimary sequence data. It will also be appreciated that sequencealignments can be generated by integrating sequence data with data fromheterogeneous sources such as structural data (e.g., crystallographicprotein structures), functional data (e.g., location of mutations), orphylogenetic data. A suitable program that integrates heterogeneous datato generate a multiple sequence alignment is T-Coffee, available atwww.tcoffee.org, and alternatively available, e.g., from the EBI. Itwill also be appreciated that the final alignment used to calculatepercent sequence identity can be curated either automatically ormanually.

Immune checkpoint inhibitor: An “immune checkpoint inhibitor” or simply“checkpoint inhibitor” refers to a molecule that prevents immune cellsfrom being turned off by cancer cells. As used herein, the termcheckpoint inhibitor refers to polypeptides (e.g., antibodies) orpolynucleotides encoding such polypeptides (e.g., mRNAs) that neutralizeor inhibit inhibitory checkpoint molecules such as cytotoxicT-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed death 1 receptor(PD-1), or PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1).

Immune response: The term “immune response” refers to the action of, forexample, lymphocytes, antigen presenting cells, phagocytic cells,granulocytes, and soluble macromolecules produced by the above cells orthe liver (including antibodies, cytokines, and complement) that resultsin selective damage to, destruction of, or elimination from the humanbody of invading pathogens, cells or tissues infected with pathogens,cancerous cells, or, in cases of autoimmunity or pathologicalinflammation, normal human cells or tissues.

Immune response co-stimulatory signal: The term “immune responseco-stimulatory signal” refers to an immuno-stimulatory molecule thatpromotes T cell and/or NK cell recruitment, proliferation, activation,survival, or a combination thereof. In some aspects, the immune responseco-stimulatory signal is a polypeptide that enhances T-cell expansion,function and memory formation (e.g., OX40L). In some aspects, theco-stimulatory signal promotes Th1, Th2 and/or Th9 development,suppresses Treg development or activity, enhances the expansion and/orsurvival of CD4 and/or CD8 T cells and/or promotes memory cells. Inspecific aspects, the immune response co-stimulatory signal polypeptideis selected from the group consisting of: OX40L, CD80, and IL-15. Insome specific aspects, the immune response co-stimulatory signalpolypeptide is selected from the group consisting of OX40L and CD80.

Immune response primer: The term “immune response primer” refers to animmuno-stimulatory molecule that enhances antigen presentation and/orrecognition. In some aspects, an immune response primer is a polypeptidethat primes dendritic cells, promotes dendritic cell maturation,promotes antigen presenting cell cytokine/chemokine production, expandsand/or maintains Th17 cells, enhances T cell proliferation and/orenhances Th1 and/or Th9 differentiation. In some aspects, the immuneresponse primer is a member of the IL-12 family (e.g., IL-12, IL-23,IL-12p40 subunit, IL-23p19 subunit, IL-27, IL-35). In other aspects, theimmune response primer is a member of the IL-1 family (e.g., IL-1α,IL-10, IL-1Ra, IL-18, IL-33, IL-36Ra, IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ, IL-37,IL-38). In some aspects, the immune response primer is a polypeptideselected from the group consisting of: IL-23, IL-12p40 subunit, IL-23p19subunit, IL-12, IL-36-gamma, and IL-18.

Inflammatory response: “Inflammatory response” refers to immuneresponses involving specific and non-specific defense systems. Aspecific defense system reaction is a specific immune system reaction toan antigen. Examples of specific defense system reactions includeantibody responses. A non-specific defense system reaction is aninflammatory response mediated by leukocytes generally incapable ofimmunological memory, e.g., macrophages, eosinophils and neutrophils. Insome aspects, an immune response includes the secretion of inflammatorycytokines, resulting in elevated inflammatory cytokine levels.

Inflammatory cytokines: The term “inflammatory cytokine” refers tocytokines that are elevated in an inflammatory response. Examples ofinflammatory cytokines include interleukin-6 (IL-6), CXCL1 (chemokine(C-X-C motif) ligand 1; also known as GROα, interferon-γ (IFNγ), tumornecrosis factor α (TNFα), interferon γ-induced protein 10 (IP-10), orgranulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF). The term inflammatorycytokines includes also other cytokines associated with inflammatoryresponses known in the art, e.g., interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-8(IL-8), interleukin-12 (IL-12), interleukin-13 (IL-13), interferon α(IFN-α), etc.

In Vitro: As used herein, the term “in vitro” refers to events thatoccur in an artificial environment, e.g., in a test tube or reactionvessel, in cell culture, in a Petri dish, etc., rather than within anorganism (e.g., animal, plant, or microbe).

In Vivo: As used herein, the term “in vivo” refers to events that occurwithin an organism (e.g., animal, plant, or microbe or cell or tissuethereof).

Insertional and deletional variants: “Insertional variants” whenreferring to polypeptides are those with one or more amino acidsinserted immediately adjacent to an amino acid at a particular positionin a native or starting sequence. “Immediately adjacent” to an aminoacid means connected to either the alpha-carboxy or alpha-aminofunctional group of the amino acid. “Deletional variants” when referringto polypeptides are those with one or more amino acids in the native orstarting amino acid sequence removed. Ordinarily, deletional variantswill have one or more amino acids deleted in a particular region of themolecule.

Intact: As used herein, in the context of a polypeptide, the term“intact” means retaining an amino acid corresponding to the wild typeprotein, e.g., not mutating or substituting the wild type amino acid.Conversely, in the context of a nucleic acid, the term “intact” meansretaining a nucleobase corresponding to the wild type nucleic acid,e.g., not mutating or substituting the wild type nucleobase.

Ionizable amino lipid: The term “ionizable amino lipid” includes thoselipids having one, two, three, or more fatty acid or fatty alkyl chainsand a pH-titratable amino head group (e.g., an alkylamino ordialkylamino head group). An ionizable amino lipid is typicallyprotonated (i.e., positively charged) at a pH below the pKa of the aminohead group and is substantially not charged at a pH above the pKa. Suchionizable amino lipids include, but are not limited to DLin-MC3-DMA(MC3) and (13Z,165Z)—N,N-dimethyl-3-nonydocosa-13-16-dien-1-amine(L608).

In Vitro: As used herein, the term “in vitro” refers to events thatoccur in an artificial environment, e.g., in a test tube or reactionvessel, in cell culture, in a Petri dish, etc., rather than within anorganism (e.g., animal, plant, or microbe).

In Vivo: As used herein, the term “in vivo” refers to events that occurwithin an organism (e.g., animal, plant, or microbe or cell or tissuethereof).

Isolated: As used herein, the term “isolated” refers to a substance orentity that has been separated from at least some of the components withwhich it was associated (whether in nature or in an experimentalsetting). Isolated substances (e.g., nucleotide sequence or proteinsequence) can have varying levels of purity in reference to thesubstances from which they have been associated. Isolated substancesand/or entities can be separated from at least about 10%, about 20%,about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about90%, or more of the other components with which they were initiallyassociated. In some embodiments, isolated agents are more than about80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%,about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or more thanabout 99% pure. As used herein, a substance is “pure” if it issubstantially free of other components. The term “substantiallyisolated” means that the compound is substantially separated from theenvironment in which it was formed or detected. Partial separation caninclude, for example, a composition enriched in the compound of thepresent disclosure. Substantial separation can include compositionscontaining at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%,at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at leastabout 97%, or at least about 99% by weight of the compound of thepresent disclosure, or salt thereof.

A polynucleotide, vector, polypeptide, cell, or any compositiondisclosed herein which is “isolated” is a polynucleotide, vector,polypeptide, cell, or composition which is in a form not found innature. Isolated polynucleotides, vectors, polypeptides, or compositionsinclude those which have been purified to a degree that they are nolonger in a form in which they are found in nature. In some aspects, apolynucleotide, vector, polypeptide, or composition which is isolated issubstantially pure.

Isomer: As used herein, the term “isomer” means any tautomer,stereoisomer, enantiomer, or diastereomer of any compound of thedisclosure. It is recognized that the compounds of the disclosure canhave one or more chiral centers and/or double bonds and, therefore,exist as stereoisomers, such as double-bond isomers (i.e., geometric E/Zisomers) or diastereomers (e.g., enantiomers (i.e., (+) or (−)) orcis/trans isomers). According to the disclosure, the chemical structuresdepicted herein, and therefore the compounds of the disclosure,encompass all of the corresponding stereoisomers, that is, both thestereomerically pure form (e.g., geometrically pure, enantiomericallypure, or diastereomerically pure) and enantiomeric and stereoisomericmixtures, e.g., racemates. Enantiomeric and stereoisomeric mixtures ofcompounds of the disclosure can typically be resolved into theircomponent enantiomers or stereoisomers by well-known methods, such aschiral-phase gas chromatography, chiral-phase high performance liquidchromatography, crystallizing the compound as a chiral salt complex, orcrystallizing the compound in a chiral solvent. Enantiomers andstereoisomers can also be obtained from stereomerically orenantiomerically pure intermediates, reagents, and catalysts bywell-known asymmetric synthetic methods.

Linker: As used herein, a “linker” refers to a group of atoms, e.g.,10-1,000 atoms, and can be comprised of the atoms or groups such as, butnot limited to, carbon, amino, alkylamino, oxygen, sulfur, sulfoxide,sulfonyl, carbonyl, and imine. The linker can be attached to a modifiednucleoside or nucleotide on the nucleobase or sugar moiety at a firstend, and to a payload, e.g., a detectable or therapeutic agent, at asecond end. The linker can be of sufficient length as to not interferewith incorporation into a nucleic acid sequence. The linker can be usedfor any useful purpose, such as to form polynucleotide multimers (e.g.,through linkage of two or more chimeric polynucleotides molecules or IVTpolynucleotides) or polynucleotides conjugates, as well as to administera payload, as described herein. Examples of chemical groups that can beincorporated into the linker include, but are not limited to, alkyl,alkenyl, alkynyl, amido, amino, ether, thioether, ester, alkylene,heteroalkylene, aryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which can be optionallysubstituted, as described herein. Examples of linkers include, but arenot limited to, unsaturated alkanes, polyethylene glycols (e.g.,ethylene or propylene glycol monomeric units, e.g., diethylene glycol,dipropylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tripropylene glycol,tetraethylene glycol, or tetraethylene glycol), and dextran polymers andderivatives thereof. Other examples include, but are not limited to,cleavable moieties within the linker, such as, for example, a disulfidebond (—S—S—) or an azo bond (—N═N—), which can be cleaved using areducing agent or photolysis. Non-limiting examples of a selectivelycleavable bond include an amido bond can be cleaved for example by theuse of tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP), or other reducing agents,and/or photolysis, as well as an ester bond can be cleaved for exampleby acidic or basic hydrolysis.

Methods of Administration: As used herein, “methods of administration”may include intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous, orother methods of delivering a composition to a subject. A method ofadministration may be selected to target delivery (e.g., to specificallydeliver) to a specific region or system of a body.

Modified: As used herein “modified” refers to a changed state orstructure of a molecule of the disclosure. Molecules can be modified inmany ways including chemically, structurally, and functionally. In someembodiments, the mRNA molecules of the present disclosure are modifiedby the introduction of non-natural nucleosides and/or nucleotides, e.g.,as it relates to the natural ribonucleotides A, U, G, and C.Noncanonical nucleotides such as the cap structures are not considered“modified” although they differ from the chemical structure of the A, C,G, U ribonucleotides.

Nanoparticle Composition: As used herein, a “nanoparticle composition”is a composition comprising one or more lipids. Nanoparticlecompositions are typically sized on the order of micrometers or smallerand may include a lipid bilayer. Nanoparticle compositions encompasslipid nanoparticles (LNPs), liposomes (e.g., lipid vesicles), andlipoplexes. For example, a nanoparticle composition may be a liposomehaving a lipid bilayer with a diameter of 500 nm or less.

Naturally occurring: As used herein, “naturally occurring” meansexisting in nature without artificial aid.

Non-human vertebrate: As used herein, a “non-human vertebrate” includesall vertebrates except Homo sapiens, including wild and domesticatedspecies. Examples of non-human vertebrates include, but are not limitedto, mammals, such as alpaca, banteng, bison, camel, cat, cattle, deer,dog, donkey, gayal, goat, guinea pig, horse, llama, mule, pig, rabbit,reindeer, sheep water buffalo, and yak.

Nucleic acid sequence: The terms “nucleic acid sequence,” “nucleotidesequence,” or “polynucleotide sequence” are used interchangeably andrefer to a contiguous nucleic acid sequence. The sequence can be eithersingle stranded or double stranded DNA or RNA, e.g., an mRNA.

The term “nucleic acid,” in its broadest sense, includes any compoundand/or substance that comprises a polymer of nucleotides. These polymersare often referred to as polynucleotides. Exemplary nucleic acids orpolynucleotides of the disclosure include, but are not limited to,ribonucleic acids (RNAs), deoxyribonucleic acids (DNAs), threose nucleicacids (TNAs), glycol nucleic acids (GNAs), peptide nucleic acids (PNAs),locked nucleic acids (LNAs, including LNA having a β-D-riboconfiguration, α-LNA having an α-L-ribo configuration (a diastereomer ofLNA), 2′-amino-LNA having a 2′-amino functionalization, and2′-amino-α-LNA having a 2′-amino functionalization), ethylene nucleicacids (ENA), cyclohexenyl nucleic acids (CeNA) or hybrids orcombinations thereof.

The phrase “nucleotide sequence encoding” refers to the nucleic acid(e.g., an mRNA or DNA molecule) coding sequence which encodes apolypeptide. The coding sequence can further include initiation andtermination signals operably linked to regulatory elements including apromoter and polyadenylation signal capable of directing expression inthe cells of an individual or mammal to which the nucleic acid isadministered. The coding sequence can further include sequences thatencode signal peptides.

Off-target: As used herein, “off target” refers to any unintended effecton any one or more target, gene, or cellular transcript.

Open reading frame: As used herein, “open reading frame” or “ORF” refersto a sequence which does not contain a stop codon in a given readingframe.

Operably linked: As used herein, the phrase “operably linked” refers toa functional connection between two or more molecules, constructs,transcripts, entities, moieties or the like.

Optionally substituted: Herein a phrase of the form “optionallysubstituted X” (e.g., optionally substituted alkyl) is intended to beequivalent to “X, wherein X is optionally substituted” (e.g., “alkyl,wherein said alkyl is optionally substituted”). It is not intended tomean that the feature “X” (e.g., alkyl) per se is optional.

Part: As used herein, a “part” or “region” of a polynucleotide isdefined as any portion of the polynucleotide that is less than theentire length of the polynucleotide.

Patient: As used herein, “patient” refers to a subject who may seek orbe in need of treatment, requires treatment, is receiving treatment,will receive treatment, or a subject who is under care by a trainedprofessional for a particular disease or condition.

Pharmaceutically acceptable: The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” isemployed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions,and/or dosage forms that are, within the scope of sound medicaljudgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beingsand animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response,or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonablebenefit/risk ratio.

Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients: The phrase “pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipient,” as used herein, refers any ingredient other thanthe compounds described herein (for example, a vehicle capable ofsuspending or dissolving the active compound) and having the propertiesof being substantially nontoxic and non-inflammatory in a patient.Excipients can include, for example: antiadherents, antioxidants,binders, coatings, compression aids, disintegrants, dyes (colors),emollients, emulsifiers, fillers (diluents), film formers or coatings,flavors, fragrances, glidants (flow enhancers), lubricants,preservatives, printing inks, sorbents, suspensing or dispersing agents,sweeteners, and waters of hydration. Exemplary excipients include, butare not limited to: butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), calcium carbonate,calcium phosphate (dibasic), calcium stearate, croscarmellose,crosslinked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, citric acid, crospovidone, cysteine,ethylcellulose, gelatin, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, lactose, magnesium stearate, maltitol, mannitol,methionine, methylcellulose, methyl paraben, microcrystalline cellulose,polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, povidone, pregelatinizedstarch, propyl paraben, retinyl palmitate, shellac, silicon dioxide,sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium citrate, sodium starch glycolate,sorbitol, starch (corn), stearic acid, sucrose, talc, titanium dioxide,vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin C, and xylitol.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts: The present disclosure also includespharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds described herein. Asused herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to derivativesof the disclosed compounds wherein the parent compound is modified byconverting an existing acid or base moiety to its salt form (e.g., byreacting the free base group with a suitable organic acid). Examples ofpharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to,mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines; alkalior organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids; and thelike. Representative acid addition salts include acetate, acetic acid,adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzenesulfonic acid, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate,camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate,dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, fumarate, glucoheptonate,glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptonate, hexanoate, hydrobromide,hydrochloride, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate,lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate,methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate,oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate,phosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate,tartrate, thiocyanate, toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts,and the like. Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal saltsinclude sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like, aswell as nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations,including, but not limited to ammonium, tetramethylammonium,tetraethylammonium, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine,triethylamine, ethylamine, and the like. The pharmaceutically acceptablesalts of the present disclosure include the conventional non-toxic saltsof the parent compound formed, for example, from non-toxic inorganic ororganic acids. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the presentdisclosure can be synthesized from the parent compound that contains abasic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, suchsalts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of thesecompounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acidin water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two;generally, nonaqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol,isopropanol, or acetonitrile are used. Lists of suitable salts are foundin Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17^(th) ed., Mack PublishingCompany, Easton, Pa., 1985, p. 1418, Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties,Selection, and Use, P. H. Stahl and C. G. Wermuth (eds.), Wiley-VCH,2008, and Berge et al., Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 66, 1-19(1977), each of which is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety.

Pharmaceutically acceptable solvate: The term “pharmaceuticallyacceptable solvate,” as used herein, means a compound of the disclosurewherein molecules of a suitable solvent are incorporated in the crystallattice. A suitable solvent is physiologically tolerable at the dosageadministered. For example, solvates can be prepared by crystallization,recrystallization, or precipitation from a solution that includesorganic solvents, water, or a mixture thereof. Examples of suitablesolvents are ethanol, water (for example, mono-, di-, and tri-hydrates),N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO),N,N′-dimethylformamide (DMF), N,N′-dimethylacetamide (DMAC),1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMEU),1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-(1H)-pyrimidinone (DMPU), acetonitrile(ACN), propylene glycol, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, 2-pyrrolidone,benzyl benzoate, and the like. When water is the solvent, the solvate isreferred to as a “hydrate.”

Pharmacokinetic: As used herein, “pharmacokinetic” refers to any one ormore properties of a molecule or compound as it relates to thedetermination of the fate of substances administered to a livingorganism. Pharmacokinetics is divided into several areas including theextent and rate of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.This is commonly referred to as ADME where: (A) Absorption is theprocess of a substance entering the blood circulation; (D) Distributionis the dispersion or dissemination of substances throughout the fluidsand tissues of the body; (M) Metabolism (or Biotransformation) is theirreversible transformation of parent compounds into daughtermetabolites; and (E) Excretion (or Elimination) refers to theelimination of the substances from the body. In rare cases, some drugsirreversibly accumulate in body tissue.

Physicochemical: As used herein, “physicochemical” means of or relatingto a physical and/or chemical property.

Polynucleotide: The term “polynucleotide” as used herein refers topolymers of nucleotides of any length, including ribonucleotides,deoxyribonucleotides, analogs thereof, or mixtures thereof. This termrefers to the primary structure of the molecule. Thus, the term includestriple-, double- and single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (“DNA”), aswell as triple-, double- and single-stranded ribonucleic acid (“RNA”).It also includes modified, for example by alkylation, and/or by capping,and unmodified forms of the polynucleotide. More particularly, the term“polynucleotide” includes polydeoxyribonucleotides (containing2-deoxy-D-ribose), polyribonucleotides (containing D-ribose), includingtRNA, rRNA, hRNA, siRNA and mRNA, whether spliced or unspliced, anyother type of polynucleotide which is an N- or C-glycoside of a purineor pyrimidine base, and other polymers containing normucleotidicbackbones, for example, polyamide (e.g., peptide nucleic acids “PNAs”)and polymorpholino polymers, and other synthetic sequence-specificnucleic acid polymers providing that the polymers contain nucleobases ina configuration which allows for base pairing and base stacking, such asis found in DNA and RNA. In particular aspects, the polynucleotidecomprises an mRNA. In other aspect, the mRNA is a synthetic mRNA. Insome aspects, the synthetic mRNA comprises at least one unnaturalnucleobase. In some aspects, all nucleobases of a certain class havebeen replaced with unnatural nucleobases (e.g., all uridines in apolynucleotide disclosed herein can be replaced with an unnaturalnucleobase, e.g., 5-methoxyuridine). In some aspects, the polynucleotide(e.g., a synthetic RNA or a synthetic DNA) comprises only naturalnucleobases, i.e., A,C, T and U in the case of a synthetic DNA, or A, C,T, and U in the case of a synthetic RNA.

The skilled artisan will appreciate that the T bases in the codon mapsdisclosed herein are present in DNA, whereas the T bases would bereplaced by U bases in corresponding RNAs. For example, acodon-nucleotide sequence disclosed herein in DNA form, e.g., a vectoror an in-vitro translation (IVT) template, would have its T basestranscribed as U based in its corresponding transcribed mRNA. In thisrespect, both codon-optimized DNA sequences (comprising T) and theircorresponding RNA sequences (comprising U) are consideredcodon-optimized nucleotide sequence of the present disclosure. A skilledartisan would also understand that equivalent codon-maps can begenerated by replaced one or more bases with non-natural bases. Thus,e.g., a TTC codon (DNA map) would correspond to a UUC codon (RNA map),which in turn would correspond to a ‘IP’C codon (RNA map in which U hasbeen replaced with pseudouridine).

Standard A-T and G-C base pairs form under conditions which allow theformation of hydrogen bonds between the N3-H and C4-oxy of thymidine andthe N1 and C6-NH₂, respectively, of adenosine and between the C2-oxy, N3and C4-NH₂, of cytidine and the C2-NH₂, N′—H and C6-oxy, respectively,of guanosine. Thus, for example, guanosine(2-amino-6-oxy-9-β-D-ribofuranosyl-purine) can be modified to formisoguanosine (2-oxy-6-amino-9-β-D-ribofuranosyl-purine). Suchmodification results in a nucleoside base which will no longereffectively form a standard base pair with cytosine. However,modification of cytosine (1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-2-oxy-4-amino-pyrimidine)to form isocytosine (1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-2-amino-4-oxy-pyrimidine-)results in a modified nucleotide which will not effectively base pairwith guanosine but will form a base pair with isoguanosine (U.S. Pat.No. 5,681,702 to Collins et al.). Isocytosine is available from SigmaChemical Co. (St. Louis, Mo.); isocytidine can be prepared by the methoddescribed by Switzer et al. (1993) Biochemistry 32:10489-10496 andreferences cited therein; 2′-deoxy-5-methyl-isocytidine can be preparedby the method of Tor et al. (1993) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115:4461-4467, andreferences cited therein; and isoguanine nucleotides can be preparedusing the method described by Switzer et al., 1993, supra, and Mantschet al. (1993) Biochem. 14:5593-5601, or by the method described in U.S.Pat. No. 5,780,610 to Collins et al. Other nonnatural base pairs can besynthesized by the method described in Piccirilli et al. (1990) Nature343:33-37, for the synthesis of 2,6-diaminopyrimidine and its complement(1-methylpyrazolo-[4,3]pyrimidine-5,7-(4H,6H)-dione. Other such modifiednucleotide units which form unique base pairs are known, such as thosedescribed in Leach et al. (1992) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114:3675-3683 andSwitzer et al., supra.

Nucleic acid sequence: The terms “nucleic acid sequence,” “nucleotidesequence,” or “polynucleotide” are used interchangeably and refer to acontiguous nucleic acid sequence. The sequence can be either singlestranded or double stranded DNA or RNA, e.g., an mRNA.

The phrase “nucleotide sequence encoding” and variants thereof refers tothe nucleic acid (e.g., an mRNA or DNA molecule) coding sequence thatcomprises a nucleotide sequence which encodes a polypeptide orfunctional fragment thereof as set forth herein. The coding sequence canfurther include initiation and termination signals operably linked toregulatory elements including a promoter and polyadenylation signalcapable of directing expression in the cells of an individual or mammalto which the nucleic acid is administered. The coding sequence canfurther include sequences that encode signal peptides.

Polypeptide: The terms “polypeptide,” “peptide,” and “protein” are usedinterchangeably herein to refer to polymers of amino acids of anylength. The polymer can comprise modified amino acids. The terms alsoencompass an amino acid polymer that has been modified naturally or byintervention; for example, disulfide bond formation, glycosylation,lipidation, acetylation, phosphorylation, or any other manipulation ormodification, such as conjugation with a labeling component. Alsoincluded within the definition are, for example, polypeptides containingone or more analogs of an amino acid (including, for example, unnaturalamino acids such as homocysteine, ornithine, p-acetylphenylalanine,D-amino acids, and creatine), as well as other modifications known inthe art.

The term, as used herein, refers to proteins, polypeptides, and peptidesof any size, structure, or function. Polypeptides include gene products,naturally occurring polypeptides, synthetic polypeptides, homologs,orthologs, paralogs, fragments and other equivalents, variants, andanalogs of the foregoing. A polypeptide can be a single polypeptide orcan be a multi-molecular complex such as a dimer, trimer or tetramer.They can also comprise single chain or multichain polypeptides. Mostcommonly disulfide linkages are found in multichain polypeptides. Theterm polypeptide can also apply to amino acid polymers in which one ormore amino acid residues are an artificial chemical analogue of acorresponding naturally occurring amino acid. In some embodiments, a“peptide” can be less than or equal to 50 amino acids long, e.g., about5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 amino acids long.

Polypeptide variant: As used herein, the term “polypeptide variant”refers to molecules that differ in their amino acid sequence from anative or reference sequence. The amino acid sequence variants canpossess substitutions, deletions, and/or insertions at certain positionswithin the amino acid sequence, as compared to a native or referencesequence. Ordinarily, variants will possess at least about 50% identity,at least about 60% identity, at least about 70% identity, at least about80% identity, at least about 90% identity, at least about 95% identity,at least about 99% identity to a native or reference sequence. In someembodiments, they will be at least about 80%, or at least about 90%identical to a native or reference sequence.

Polypeptide per unit drug (PUD): As used herein, a PUD or product perunit drug, is defined as a subdivided portion of total daily dose,usually 1 mg, pg, kg, etc., of a product (such as a polypeptide) asmeasured in body fluid or tissue, usually defined in concentration suchas pmol/mL, mmol/mL, etc. divided by the measure in the body fluid.

Preventing: As used herein, the term “preventing” refers to partially orcompletely delaying onset of an infection, disease, disorder and/orcondition; partially or completely delaying onset of one or moresymptoms, features, or clinical manifestations of a particularinfection, disease, disorder, and/or condition; partially or completelydelaying onset of one or more symptoms, features, or manifestations of aparticular infection, disease, disorder, and/or condition; partially orcompletely delaying progression from an infection, a particular disease,disorder and/or condition; and/or decreasing the risk of developingpathology associated with the infection, the disease, disorder, and/orcondition.

Prodrug: The present disclosure also includes prodrugs of the compoundsdescribed herein. As used herein, “prodrugs” refer to any substance,molecule or entity that is in a form predicate for that substance,molecule or entity to act as a therapeutic upon chemical or physicalalteration. Prodrugs may by covalently bonded or sequestered in some wayand that release or are converted into the active drug moiety prior to,upon or after administered to a mammalian subject. Prodrugs can beprepared by modifying functional groups present in the compounds in sucha way that the modifications are cleaved, either in routine manipulationor in vivo, to the parent compounds. Prodrugs include compounds whereinhydroxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, or carboxyl groups are bonded to any groupthat, when administered to a mammalian subject, cleaves to form a freehydroxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, or carboxyl group respectively. Preparationand use of prodrugs is discussed in T. Higuchi and V. Stella, “Pro-drugsas Novel Delivery Systems,” Vol. 14 of the A.C.S. Symposium Series, andin Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, ed. Edward B. Roche, AmericanPharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987, both of which arehereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Proliferate: As used herein, the term “proliferate” means to grow,expand or increase or cause to grow, expand or increase rapidly.“Proliferative” means having the ability to proliferate.“Anti-proliferative” means having properties counter to or inapposite toproliferative properties.

Prophylactic: As used herein, “prophylactic” refers to a therapeutic orcourse of action used to prevent the spread of disease.

Prophylaxis: As used herein, a “prophylaxis” refers to a measure takento maintain health and prevent the spread of disease. An “immuneprophylaxis” refers to a measure to produce active or passive immunityto prevent the spread of disease.

Protein cleavage site: As used herein, “protein cleavage site” refers toa site where controlled cleavage of the amino acid chain can beaccomplished by chemical, enzymatic or photochemical means.

Protein cleavage signal: As used herein “protein cleavage signal” refersto at least one amino acid that flags or marks a polypeptide forcleavage.

Protein of interest: As used herein, the terms “proteins of interest” or“desired proteins” include those provided herein and fragments, mutants,variants, and alterations thereof.

Proximal: As used herein, the term “proximal” means situated nearer tothe center or to a point or region of interest.

Pseudouridine: As used herein, pseudouridine refers to the C-glycosideisomer of the nucleoside uridine. A “pseudouridine analog” is anymodification, variant, isoform or derivative of pseudouridine. Forexample, pseudouridine analogs include but are not limited to1-carboxymethyl-pseudouridine, 1-propynyl-pseudouridine,1-taurinomethyl-pseudouridine, 1-taurinomethyl-4-thio-pseudouridine,1-methylpseudouridine (m¹ψ), 1-methyl-4-thio-pseudouridine (m¹s⁴ψ),4-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 3-methyl-pseudouridine (m³ψ),2-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudouridine,2-thio-1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudouridine, dihydropseudouridine,2-thio-dihydropseudouridine, 2-methoxyuridine, 2-methoxy-4-thio-uridine,4-methoxy-pseudouridine, 4-methoxy-2-thio-pseudouridine,N1-methyl-pseudouridine,1-methyl-3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)pseudouridine (acp³ψ), and2′-O-methyl-pseudouridine (ψm).

Purified: As used herein, “purify,” “purified,” “purification” means tomake substantially pure or clear from unwanted components, materialdefilement, admixture or imperfection.

Reference Nucleic Acid Sequence: The term “reference nucleic acidsequence” or “reference nucleic acid” or “reference nucleotide sequence”or “reference sequence” refers to a starting nucleic acid sequence(e.g., a RNA, e.g., a mRNA sequence) that can be sequence optimized. Insome embodiments, the reference nucleic acid sequence is a wild typenucleic acid sequence, a fragment or a variant thereof. In someembodiments, the reference nucleic acid sequence is a previouslysequence optimized nucleic acid sequence.

Repeated transfection: As used herein, the term “repeated transfection”refers to transfection of the same cell culture with a polynucleotide aplurality of times. The cell culture can be transfected at least twice,at least 3 times, at least 4 times, at least 5 times, at least 6 times,at least 7 times, at least 8 times, at least 9 times, at least 10 times,at least 11 times, at least 12 times, at least 13 times, at least 14times, at least 15 times, at least 16 times, at least 17 times at least18 times, at least 19 times, at least 20 times, at least 25 times, atleast 30 times, at least 35 times, at least 40 times, at least 45 times,at least 50 times or more.

Salts: In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition for intratumoraldelivery disclosed herein and comprises salts of some of their lipidconstituents. The term “salt” includes any anionic and cationic complex.Non-limiting examples of anions include inorganic and organic anions,e.g., fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, oxalate (e.g., hemioxalate),phosphate, phosphonate, hydrogen phosphate, dihydrogen phosphate, oxide,carbonate, bicarbonate, nitrate, nitrite, nitride, bisulfite, sulfide,sulfite, bisulfate, sulfate, thiosulfate, hydrogen sulfate, borate,formate, acetate, benzoate, citrate, tartrate, lactate, acrylate,polyacrylate, fumarate, maleate, itaconate, glycolate, gluconate,malate, mandelate, tiglate, ascorbate, salicylate, polymethacrylate,perchlorate, chlorate, chlorite, hypochlorite, bromate, hypobromite,iodate, an alkylsulfonate, an arylsulfonate, arsenate, arsenite,chromate, dichromate, cyanide, cyanate, thiocyanate, hydroxide,peroxide, permanganate, and mixtures thereof.

Sample. As used herein, the term “sample” or “biological sample” refersto a subset of its tissues, cells or component parts (e.g., body fluids,including but not limited to blood, mucus, lymphatic fluid, synovialfluid, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, amniotic fluid, amniotic cord blood,urine, vaginal fluid and semen). A sample further can include ahomogenate, lysate or extract prepared from a whole organism or a subsetof its tissues, cells or component parts, or a fraction or portionthereof, including but not limited to, for example, plasma, serum,spinal fluid, lymph fluid, the external sections of the skin,respiratory, intestinal, and genitourinary tracts, tears, saliva, milk,blood cells, tumors, organs. A sample further refers to a medium, suchas a nutrient broth or gel, which may contain cellular components, suchas proteins or nucleic acid molecule.

Signal Sequence: As used herein, the phrases “signal sequence,” “signalpeptide,” and “transit peptide” are used interchangeably and refer to asequence that can direct the transport or localization of a protein to acertain organelle, cell compartment, or extracellular export. The termencompasses both the signal sequence polypeptide and the nucleic acidsequence encoding the signal sequence. Thus, references to a signalsequence in the context of a nucleic acid refer in fact to the nucleicacid sequence encoding the signal sequence polypeptide.

Signal transduction pathway: A “signal transduction pathway” refers tothe biochemical relationship between a variety of signal transductionmolecules that play a role in the transmission of a signal from oneportion of a cell to another portion of a cell. As used herein, thephrase “cell surface receptor” includes, for example, molecules andcomplexes of molecules capable of receiving a signal and thetransmission of such a signal across the plasma membrane of a cell.

Similarity: As used herein, the term “similarity” refers to the overallrelatedness between polymeric molecules, e.g. between polynucleotidemolecules (e.g. DNA molecules and/or RNA molecules) and/or betweenpolypeptide molecules. Calculation of percent similarity of polymericmolecules to one another can be performed in the same manner as acalculation of percent identity, except that calculation of percentsimilarity takes into account conservative substitutions as isunderstood in the art.

Specific delivery: As used herein, the term “specific delivery,”“specifically deliver,” or “specifically delivering” means delivery ofmore (e.g., at least 1.5 fold more, at least 2-fold more, at least3-fold more, at least 4-fold more, at least 5-fold more, at least 6-foldmore, at least 7-fold more, at least 8-fold more, at least 9-fold more,at least 10-fold more) of a polynucleotide by a nanoparticle to a targettissue of interest (e.g., mammalian liver) compared to an off-targettissue (e.g., mammalian spleen). The level of delivery of a nanoparticleto a particular tissue may be measured by comparing the amount ofprotein produced in a tissue to the weight of said tissue, comparing theamount of polynucleotide in a tissue to the weight of said tissue,comparing the amount of protein produced in a tissue to the amount oftotal protein in said tissue, or comparing the amount of polynucleotidein a tissue to the amount of total polynucleotide in said tissue. Forexample, for renovascular targeting, a polynucleotide is specificallyprovided to a mammalian kidney as compared to the liver and spleen if1.5, 2-fold, 3-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold, 15 fold, or 20 fold morepolynucleotide per 1 g of tissue is delivered to a kidney compared tothat delivered to the liver or spleen following systemic administrationof the polynucleotide. It will be understood that the ability of ananoparticle to specifically deliver to a target tissue need not bedetermined in a subject being treated, it may be determined in asurrogate such as an animal model (e.g., a rat model).

Stable: As used herein “stable” refers to a compound that issufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purityfrom a reaction mixture, and in some cases capable of formulation intoan efficacious therapeutic agent.

Stabilized: As used herein, the term “stabilize,” “stabilized,”“stabilized region” means to make or become stable.

Stereoisomer: As used herein, the term “stereoisomer” refers to allpossible different isomeric as well as conformational forms that acompound may possess (e.g., a compound of any formula described herein),in particular all possible stereochemically and conformationallyisomeric forms, all diastereomers, enantiomers and/or conformers of thebasic molecular structure. Some compounds of the present disclosure mayexist in different tautomeric forms, all of the latter being includedwithin the scope of the present disclosure.

Subject: By “subject” or “individual” or “animal” or “patient” or“mammal,” is meant any subject, particularly a mammalian subject, forwhom diagnosis, prognosis, or therapy is desired. Mammalian subjectsinclude, but are not limited to, humans, domestic animals, farm animals,zoo animals, sport animals, pet animals such as dogs, cats, guinea pigs,rabbits, rats, mice, horses, cattle, cows; primates such as apes,monkeys, orangutans, and chimpanzees; canids such as dogs and wolves;felids such as cats, lions, and tigers; equids such as horses, donkeys,and zebras; bears, food animals such as cows, pigs, and sheep; ungulatessuch as deer and giraffes; rodents such as mice, rats, hamsters andguinea pigs; and so on. In certain embodiments, the mammal is a humansubject. In other embodiments, a subject is a human patient. In aparticular embodiment, a subject is a human patient in need of a cancertreatment.

Substantially: As used herein, the term “substantially” refers to thequalitative condition of exhibiting total or near-total extent or degreeof a characteristic or property of interest. One of ordinary skill inthe biological arts will understand that biological and chemicalphenomena rarely, if ever, go to completion and/or proceed tocompleteness or achieve or avoid an absolute result. The term“substantially” is therefore used herein to capture the potential lackof completeness inherent in many biological and chemical phenomena.

Substantially equal: As used herein as it relates to time differencesbetween doses, the term means plus/minus 2%.

Substantially simultaneous: As used herein and as it relates toplurality of doses, the term means within 2 seconds.

Suffering from: An individual who is “suffering from” a disease,disorder, and/or condition has been diagnosed with or displays one ormore symptoms of the disease, disorder, and/or condition.

Susceptible to: An individual who is “susceptible to” a disease,disorder, and/or condition has not been diagnosed with and/or may notexhibit symptoms of the disease, disorder, and/or condition but harborsa propensity to develop a disease or its symptoms. In some embodiments,an individual who is susceptible to a disease, disorder, and/orcondition (for example, cancer) can be characterized by one or more ofthe following: (1) a genetic mutation associated with development of thedisease, disorder, and/or condition; (2) a genetic polymorphismassociated with development of the disease, disorder, and/or condition;(3) increased and/or decreased expression and/or activity of a proteinand/or nucleic acid associated with the disease, disorder, and/orcondition; (4) habits and/or lifestyles associated with development ofthe disease, disorder, and/or condition; (5) a family history of thedisease, disorder, and/or condition; and (6) exposure to and/orinfection with a microbe associated with development of the disease,disorder, and/or condition. In some embodiments, an individual who issusceptible to a disease, disorder, and/or condition will develop thedisease, disorder, and/or condition. In some embodiments, an individualwho is susceptible to a disease, disorder, and/or condition will notdevelop the disease, disorder, and/or condition.

Sustained release: As used herein, the term “sustained release” refersto a pharmaceutical composition or compound release profile thatconforms to a release rate over a specific period of time.

Synthetic: The term “synthetic” means produced, prepared, and/ormanufactured by the hand of man. Synthesis of polynucleotides or othermolecules of the present disclosure can be chemical or enzymatic.

Targeted cells: As used herein, “targeted cells” refers to any one ormore cells of interest. The cells may be found in vitro, in vivo, insitu, or in the tissue or organ of an organism. The organism may be ananimal, preferably a mammal, more preferably a human and most preferablya patient.

Target tissue: As used herein “target tissue” refers to any one or moretissue types of interest in which the delivery of a polynucleotide wouldresult in a desired biological and/or pharmacological effect. Examplesof target tissues of interest include specific tissues, organs, andsystems or groups thereof. In particular applications, a target tissuemay be a kidney, a lung, a spleen, vascular endothelium in vessels(e.g., intra-coronary or intra-femoral), or tumor tissue (e.g., viaintratumoral injection). An “off-target tissue” refers to any one ormore tissue types in which the expression of the encoded protein doesnot result in a desired biological and/or pharmacological effect. Inparticular applications, off-target tissues may include the liver andthe spleen.

Targeting sequence: As used herein, the phrase “targeting sequence”refers to a sequence that can direct the transport or localization of aprotein or polypeptide.

Terminus: As used herein the terms “termini” or “terminus,” whenreferring to polypeptides, refers to an extremity of a peptide orpolypeptide. Such extremity is not limited only to the first or finalsite of the peptide or polypeptide but can include additional aminoacids in the terminal regions. The polypeptide based molecules of thedisclosure can be characterized as having both an N-terminus (terminatedby an amino acid with a free amino group (NH₂)) and a C-terminus(terminated by an amino acid with a free carboxyl group (COOH)).Proteins of the disclosure are in some cases made up of multiplepolypeptide chains brought together by disulfide bonds or bynon-covalent forces (multimers, oligomers). These sorts of proteins willhave multiple N- and C-termini. Alternatively, the termini of thepolypeptides can be modified such that they begin or end, as the casecan be, with a non-polypeptide based moiety such as an organicconjugate.

Therapeutic Agent: The term “therapeutic agent” refers to an agent that,when administered to a subject, has a therapeutic, diagnostic, and/orprophylactic effect and/or elicits a desired biological and/orpharmacological effect. For example, in some embodiments, a mRNAencoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide can be a therapeutic agent.

Therapeutically effective amount: As used herein, the term“therapeutically effective amount” means an amount of an agent to bedelivered (e.g., nucleic acid, drug, therapeutic agent, diagnosticagent, prophylactic agent, etc.) that is sufficient, when administeredto a subject suffering from or susceptible to an infection, disease,disorder, and/or condition, to treat, improve symptoms of, diagnose,prevent, and/or delay the onset of the infection, disease, disorder,and/or condition.

Therapeutically effective outcome: As used herein, the term“therapeutically effective outcome” means an outcome that is sufficientin a subject suffering from or susceptible to an infection, disease,disorder, and/or condition, to treat, improve symptoms of, diagnose,prevent, and/or delay the onset of the infection, disease, disorder,and/or condition.

Total daily dose: As used herein, a “total daily dose” is an amountgiven or prescribed in 24 hr. period. The total daily dose can beadministered as a single unit dose or a split dose.

Transcription factor: As used herein, the term “transcription factor”refers to a DNA-binding protein that regulates transcription of DNA intoRNA, for example, by activation or repression of transcription. Sometranscription factors effect regulation of transcription alone, whileothers act in concert with other proteins. Some transcription factor canboth activate and repress transcription under certain conditions. Ingeneral, transcription factors bind a specific target sequence orsequences highly similar to a specific consensus sequence in aregulatory region of a target gene. Transcription factors may regulatetranscription of a target gene alone or in a complex with othermolecules.

Transcription: As used herein, the term “transcription” refers tomethods to introduce exogenous nucleic acids into a cell. Methods oftransfection include, but are not limited to, chemical methods, physicaltreatments and cationic lipids or mixtures.

Transfection: As used herein, “transfection” refers to the introductionof a polynucleotide into a cell wherein a polypeptide encoded by thepolynucleotide is expressed (e.g., mRNA) or the polypeptide modulates acellular function (e.g., siRNA, miRNA). As used herein, “expression” ofa nucleic acid sequence refers to translation of a polynucleotide (e.g.,an mRNA) into a polypeptide or protein and/or post-translationalmodification of a polypeptide or protein.

Treating, treatment, therapy: As used herein, the term “treating” or“treatment” or “therapy” refers to partially or completely alleviating,ameliorating, improving, relieving, delaying onset of, inhibitingprogression of, reducing severity of, and/or reducing incidence of oneor more symptoms or features of a hyper-proliferative disease, e.g.,cancer. For example, “treating” cancer can refer to inhibiting survival,growth, and/or spread of a tumor. Treatment can be administered to asubject who does not exhibit signs of a disease, disorder, and/orcondition and/or to a subject who exhibits only early signs of adisease, disorder, and/or condition for the purpose of decreasing therisk of developing pathology associated with the disease, disorder,and/or condition.

Tumor Microenvironment”: As used herein, “tumor microenvironment” refersto the cellular compositions within a tumor with respect to the presenceor absence of infiltrating immune and/or inflammatory cells, as well asthe type(s) of such cells within the tumor. In one aspect, a tumormicroenvironment is an “inflamed tumor microenvironment”, which refersto the presence of immune and/or inflammatory cells infiltrated into thetumor, with the predominant cell type being granulocytes. In anotheraspect, a tumor microenvironment is an “immunosuppressive tumormicroenvironment”, which refers to the presence of immune and/orinflammatory cells infiltrated into the tumor, with the predominant celltypes being monocytic cells and macrophages. In another aspect, a tumormicroenvironment is an “immunologically barren tumor microenvironment”,which refers to an absence of significant infilatration into the tumorof immune and/or inflammatory cells.

Unmodified: As used herein, “unmodified” refers to any substance,compound or molecule prior to being changed in any way. Unmodified can,but does not always, refer to the wild type or native form of abiomolecule. Molecules can undergo a series of modifications wherebyeach modified molecule can serve as the “unmodified” starting moleculefor a subsequent modification.

Uracil: Uracil is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid ofRNA, and it is represented by the letter U. Uracil can be attached to aribose ring, or more specifically, a ribofuranose via a β-N₁-glycosidicbond to yield the nucleoside uridine. The nucleoside uridine is alsocommonly abbreviated according to the one letter code of its nucleobase,i.e., U. Thus, in the context of the present disclosure, when a monomerin a polynucleotide sequence is U, such U is designated interchangeablyas a “uracil” or a “uridine.”

Uridine Content: The terms “uridine content” or “uracil content” areinterchangeable and refer to the amount of uracil or uridine present ina certain nucleic acid sequence. Uridine content or uracil content canbe expressed as an absolute value (total number of uridine or uracil inthe sequence) or relative (uridine or uracil percentage respect to thetotal number of nucleobases in the nucleic acid sequence).

Uridine-Modified Sequence: The terms “uridine-modified sequence” refersto a sequence optimized nucleic acid (e.g., a synthetic mRNA sequence)with a different overall or local uridine content (higher or loweruridine content) or with different uridine patterns (e.g., gradientdistribution or clustering) with respect to the uridine content and/oruridine patterns of a candidate nucleic acid sequence. In the content ofthe present disclosure, the terms “uridine-modified sequence” and“uracil-modified sequence” are considered equivalent andinterchangeable.

A “high uridine codon” is defined as a codon comprising two or threeuridines, a “low uridine codon” is defined as a codon comprising oneuridine, and a “no uridine codon” is a codon without any uridines. Insome embodiments, a uridine-modified sequence comprises substitutions ofhigh uridine codons with low uridine codons, substitutions of highuridine codons with no uridine codons, substitutions of low uridinecodons with high uridine codons, substitutions of low uridine codonswith no uridine codons, substitution of no uridine codons with lowuridine codons, substitutions of no uridine codons with high uridinecodons, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, a high uridinecodon can be replaced with another high uridine codon. In someembodiments, a low uridine codon can be replaced with another lowuridine codon. In some embodiments, a no uridine codon can be replacedwith another no uridine codon. A uridine-modified sequence can beuridine enriched or uridine rarefied.

Uridine Enriched: As used herein, the terms “uridine enriched” andgrammatical variants refer to the increase in uridine content (expressedin absolute value or as a percentage value) in an sequence optimizednucleic acid (e.g., a synthetic mRNA sequence) with respect to theuridine content of the corresponding candidate nucleic acid sequence.Uridine enrichment can be implemented by substituting codons in thecandidate nucleic acid sequence with synonymous codons containing lessuridine nucleobases. Uridine enrichment can be global (i.e., relative tothe entire length of a candidate nucleic acid sequence) or local (i.e.,relative to a subsequence or region of a candidate nucleic acidsequence).

Uridine Rarefied: As used herein, the terms “uridine rarefied” andgrammatical variants refer to a decrease in uridine content (expressedin absolute value or as a percentage value) in an sequence optimizednucleic acid (e.g., a synthetic mRNA sequence) with respect to theuridine content of the corresponding candidate nucleic acid sequence.Uridine rarefication can be implemented by substituting codons in thecandidate nucleic acid sequence with synonymous codons containing lessuridine nucleobases. Uridine rarefication can be global (i.e., relativeto the entire length of a candidate nucleic acid sequence) or local(i.e., relative to a subsequence or region of a candidate nucleic acidsequence).

Variant: The term variant as used in present disclosure refers to bothnatural variants (e.g, polymorphisms, isoforms, etc) and artificialvariants in which at least one amino acid residue in a native orstarting sequence (e.g., a wild type sequence) has been removed and adifferent amino acid inserted in its place at the same position. Thesevariants can be described as “substitutional variants.” Thesubstitutions can be single, where only one amino acid in the moleculehas been substituted, or they can be multiple, where two or more aminoacids have been substituted in the same molecule. If amino acids areinserted or deleted, the resulting variant would be an “insertionalvariant” or a “deletional variant” respectively.

II. Combinations Comprising Polynucleotides Encoding Immune ModulatoryPolypeptides

The present disclosure provides compositions (“compositions of thedisclosure”) for the treatment of cancer. In one embodiment, thecompositions comprise, in a single formulation, at least twopolynucleotides (e.g., mRNAs) or at least three polynucleotides (e.g.,mRNAs), each of the compositions selected from a first polynucleotideencoding IL-23, a second polynucleotide encoding IL-36-gamma (or,alternatively, IL-18), and/or a third polynucleotide encoding OX40L.Accordingly, the present disclosure provides, for example, (i) a firstpolynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) encoding a first protein comprising an IL-23polypeptide, (ii) a second polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) encoding a secondprotein comprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide (or an IL-18 polypeptide),and (iii) a third polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) encoding a third proteincomprising an OX40L polypeptide, wherein the first polynucleotide, thesecond polynucleotide, and the third polypeptide are used in variouscombinations. In one aspect, the composition comprises the firstpolynucleotide, the second polynucleotide, and the third polynucleotide.The term “polynucleotides of the disclosure” refers to the firstpolynucleotide, the second polynucleotide, and the third polynucleotidedisclosed herein.

As used herein, the term “combinations of the disclosure” comprises,e.g., the combination of (i) a first polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA)encoding a first protein comprising an IL-23 polypeptide, and a secondpolynucleotide encoding a second protein comprising an IL-36-gammapolypeptide or IL-18 polypeptide; (ii) a first polynucleotide (e.g.,mRNA) encoding a first protein comprising an IL-23 polypeptide, and athird polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) encoding a third protein comprising anOX40L polypeptide; (iii) a second polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) encoding asecond protein comprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide or IL-18polypeptide, and a third polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) encoding a thirdprotein comprising an OX40L polypeptide; or (iv) a first polynucleotide(e.g., mRNA) encoding a first protein comprising an IL-23 polypeptide, asecond polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) encoding a second protein comprisingan IL-36-gamma polypeptide or an IL-18 polypeptide, and a thirdpolynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) encoding a third protein comprising an OX40Lpolypeptide. It is to be understood that the term “combinations of thedisclosure” is not limited to the physical combination of a firstpolynucleotide, a second polynucleotide, and/or a third polynucleotide,but also encompasses the separate administration of both thesepolynucleotides concurrently or sequentially.

Therefore, in another embodiment, the composition of the presentdisclosure comprises a polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) encoding a singlepolypeptide, IL-23, IL-36-gamma or IL-18, or OX40L, but each of thecomposition (e.g., a composition comprising a first polynucleotideencoding IL-23, a composition comprising a second polynucleotideencoding IL-36-gamma or IL-18, and a third polynucleotide encodingOX40L) can be used in combination in the methods described herein.

One skilled in the art would also appreciate that alternativeembodiments of the present disclosure include a combination therapy ofIL-23, IL-36-gamma or IL-18, and/or OX40 as polynucleotides and/orproteins. For example, the present disclosure encompasses combinationtherapy of(i) a first polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) encoding IL-23 and asecond protein comprising IL-36-gamma or IL-18; a first proteincomprising IL-23 and a second polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) encoding asecond protein which comprises IL-36 gamma IL-18; or (iii) a firstprotein comprising IL-23 and a second protein comprising IL-36 gamma orIL-18. Likewise, the present disclosure further encompasses combinationtherapy of a IL-23 polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) or a first proteincomprising an IL-23 polypeptide, an IL-36-gamma polynucleotide or anIL-18 polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) or a second protein comprising anIL-36-gamma polypeptide or an IL-18 polypeptide, an OX40L polynucleotide(e.g., mRNA) or a third protein comprising an OX40L polypeptide, orcombinations thereof.

Polynucleotides Encoding IL-23

IL-23 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays an important role ininnate and adaptive immunity. Croxford et al. (2012) Eur. J. Immunol.42:2263-2273. IL-23 functions primarily as a 60 kDa heterodimericprotein consisting of disulfide-linked p19 and p40 subunits. IL-23 isstructurally and functionally similar to the pro-inflammatory cytokineIL-12. IL-23 contains the same p40 subunit as IL-12, but includes thep19 subunit rather than IL-12's p35. Oppman et al. (2000) Immunity13:715-725. The precursor form of the p19 subunit (NCBI ReferenceSequence: NP_057668; NM_016584; Uniprot: Q9NPF7; also referred to asIL-23A and IL-23 subunit alpha) is 189 amino acids in length, while itsmature form is 170 amino acids long. The precursor form of the p40subunit (NCBI Reference Sequence: NM_002187; Uniprot:P29460; alsoreferred to as IL-12B, natural killer cell stimulatory factor 2, andcytotoxic lymphocyte maturation factor 2) is 328 amino acids in length,while its mature form is 306 amino acids long.

Many different immune cells, including dendritic cells and macrophages,produce IL-23 upon antigenic stimuli. One difference between IL-12 andIL-23 is that IL-12 is associated with the development and activity ofTh1 T cell populations, while IL-23 is associated with the developmentand activity of Th17 T cell populations. See Vignali et al. (2014) Nat.Immunol. 13:722-728.

Although some early studies implicated IL-23 for anti-tumor therapy(Belladonna et al. (2002) J. Immunol. 168:5448-5454), more recentstudies indicate a potential pro-tumorigenic function for IL-23. See,e.g., Croxford et al. (2012) Eur. J. Immunol. 42:2263-2273. Langowski etal. (2007) Trends Immunol. 28:207-212; Langowski et al. (2006) Nature442:461-465; Teng et al. (2010) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA107:8328-8333; Teng et al. (2012) Cancer Res. 72:3987-3996. Langowski(2006) observed an increase of IL-23 in human tumors. See also Ngiow etal. (2013) Trends Immunol. 34:548-555; Wilke et al. (2011)Carcinogenesis 32:643-649; Xu et al. (2010) Clin. Dev. Immunol. 2010.For example, Wang et al. (2015) Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 33 (Suppl. 92):S87-S90 teaches that elevated expression of IL-23 has a pathogenicfunction in cancer. IL-23 has a causal role in tumor development andprogression and has been linked to adverse prognostic outcome and rapidprogression to metastatic disease, suggesting that inhibition of IL-23expression may be useful for therapy and prevention of cancer,particularly colorectal cancer. Teng et al. (2015) Nature Medicine 21:719-29 teaches that IL-23 indirectly or directly promotes tumorigenesis,growth, and metastasis, and indicates that inhibition of IL-23expression could be used for therapy and prevention of cancer.

As used in the present disclosure, the term “IL-23 polypeptide” refersto, e.g., a IL-12p40 subunit of L-23, to an IL-23p19 subunit of IL-23,or to a fusion protein comprising an IL-12p40 subunit polypeptide and anIL-23p19 subunit polypeptide. In some aspects, the fusion proteincomprises from N-terminus to C-terminus:

(a) an IL-12p40 subunit comprising the IL-12p40 signal peptide, apeptide linker, and a mature IL-23p19 subunit, or(b) an IL-23p19 subunit comprising the IL-23p19 signal peptide, apeptide linker, and a mature IL-12p40.

In one particular aspect, the L-23 polypeptide comprises, consists of,or consists essentially of a human or murine IL-23 polypeptide of Table1 (e.g., a precursor or mature IL-12p40 or IL-23p19) or a combinationthereon. In one particular aspect, the polynucleotide encoding the IL-23polypeptide comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of anIL-23-encoding polynucleotide of Table 1.

In some embodiments, the IL-23 polypeptide comprises an amino acidsequence at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, atleast 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or100% identical to an IL-23 amino acid sequence listed in Table 1 or anamino acid sequence encoded by a nucleotide sequence listed in Table 1,wherein the L-23 polypeptide has at least 10% of the activity (e.g.,binding to its receptor) of the corresponding wild type IL-23polypeptide. In a particular embodiment, the L-23 polypeptide comprisesan amino acid sequence at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, atleast 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, atleast 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 5 or SEQ ID NO:140 and has at least 10% of the activity (e.g., binding to its receptor)of the corresponding wild type L-23 polypeptide. In another particularembodiment, the L-23 polypeptide consists essentially of SEQ ID NO: 1,SEQ ID NO: 5 or SEQ ID NO: 140 and has at least 10% of the activity(e.g., binding to its receptor) of the corresponding wild type IL-23polypeptide.

In other embodiments, the IL-23 polypeptide encoded by a polynucleotideof the disclosure comprises an amino acid sequence listed in Table 1 orshown in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 5 or 140 with one or more conservativesubstitutions, wherein the conservative substitutions do notsignificantly affect the binding activity of the IL-23 polypeptide toits receptor, i.e., the IL-23 polypeptide binds to the IL-23 receptorafter the substitutions.

In some embodiments, a nucleotide sequence (i.e., mRNA) encoding anIL-23 polypeptide comprises a sequence at least 50%, at least 60%, atleast 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, atleast 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to an IL-23 polypeptideencoding nucleic acid sequence listed in Table 1. In a particularembodiment, the nucleotide sequence (i.e., mRNA) encoding an IL-23polypeptide comprises a sequence at least 50%, at least 60%, at least70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:71, SEQID NO: 141 or SEQ ID NO: 142. In another particular embodiment, thenucleotide sequence (i.e., mRNA) encoding an IL-23 polypeptide consistsessentially of SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO:71, SEQ ID NO: 141 or SEQ ID NO:142. It should be understood that the nucleotide sequence (i.e., mRNA,e.g., SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:71 or SEQ ID NO: 141) encoding an IL-23polypeptide open reading frame (ORF) can be one element within a largerconstruct, e.g., further including a 5′ terminal cap, 5′UTR (e.g., SEQID NOs: 27 or 44), 3′UTR (e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 119 or 120), and/or polyAtail.

Polynucleotides Encoding IL-12 Polypeptides

In some aspects, the first polynucleotide encodes a first proteincomprising an IL-12 polypeptide. As used in the present disclosure, theterm “IL-12 polypeptide” refers to, e.g., a IL-12p40 subunit of IL-12(i.e., IL12B), to an IL-12p35 subunit of IL-12 (i.e., IL12Aa), or to afusion protein comprising an IL-12p40 subunit polypeptide and anIL-12p35 subunit polypeptide. In some aspects, the fusion proteincomprises an IL12B polypeptide selected from:

(i) the full-length IL12B polypeptide (e.g., having the same oressentially the same length as wild-type IL12B);(ii) a functional fragment of the full-length IL12B polypeptide (e.g., atruncated (e.g., deletion of carboxy, amino terminal, or internalregions) sequence shorter than an IL12B wild-type; but still retainingIL12B enzymatic activity);(iii) a variant thereof (e.g., full length or truncated IL12B proteinsin which one or more amino acids have been replaced, e.g., variants thatretain all or most of the IL12B activity of the polypeptide with respectto the wild type IL12B polypeptide (such as, e.g., V33I, V298F, or anyother natural or artificial variants known in the art); or(iv) a fusion protein comprising (i) a full length IL12B wild-type, afunctional fragment or a variant thereof, and (ii) a heterologousprotein; and/oran IL12A polypeptide selected from:(i) the full-length IL12A polypeptide (e.g., having the same oressentially the same length as wild-type IL12A);(ii) a functional fragment of the full-length IL12A polypeptide (e.g., atruncated (e.g., deletion of carboxy, amino terminal, or internalregions) sequence shorter than an IL12A wild-type; but still retainingIL12A enzymatic activity);(iii) a variant thereof (e.g., full length or truncated IL12A proteinsin which one or more amino acids have been replaced, e.g., variants thatretain all or most of the IL12A activity of the polypeptide with respectto the wtIL12A polypeptide (such as natural or artificial variants knownin the art); or(iv) a fusion protein comprising (i) a full length IL12A wild-type, afunctional fragment or a variant thereof, and (ii) a heterologousprotein.

In one particular aspect, the IL-12 polypeptide comprises, consists of,or consists essentially of a human or murine IL-12 polypeptide of Table1 (e.g., a precursor or mature IL-12p40 or IL-12p35) or a combinationthereon. In one particular aspect, the polynucleotide encoding the IL-12polypeptide comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of anIL-23-encoding polynucleotide of Table 1.

In some embodiments, the IL-12 polypeptide comprises an amino acidsequence at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, atleast 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or100% identical to an IL-12 amino acid sequence listed in Table 1 or anamino acid sequence encoded by a nucleotide sequence listed in Table 1,wherein the IL-12 polypeptide has at least 10% of the activity (e.g.,binding to its receptor) of the corresponding wild type IL-12polypeptide.

In other embodiments, the IL-12 polypeptide encoded by a polynucleotideof the disclosure comprises an amino acid sequence listed in Table 1with one or more conservative substitutions, wherein the conservativesubstitutions do not significantly affect the binding activity of theIL-12 polypeptide to its receptor, i.e., the IL-12 polypeptide binds tothe IL-12 receptor after the substitutions.

In some embodiments, a nucleotide sequence (i.e., mRNA) encoding anIL-12 polypeptide comprises a sequence at least 50%, at least 60%, atleast 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, atleast 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to an IL-12 polypeptideencoding nucleic acid sequence listed in Table 1. In a particularembodiment, the nucleotide sequence (i.e., mRNA) encoding an IL-12polypeptide comprises a sequence at least 50%, at least 60%, at least70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO:183. It should beunderstood that the nucleotide sequence (i.e., mRNA) encoding an IL-12polypeptide open reading frame (ORF) can be one element within a largerconstruct, e.g., further including a 5′ terminal cap, 5′UTR (e.g., SEQID NOs: 27 or 44), 3′UTR (e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 119 or 120), and/or polyAtail.

Polynucleotides Encoding IL-36-Gamma Polypeptides

In some aspects, the first polynucleotide encoding a first proteincomprising an IL-23 polypeptide can be combined with a polynucleotideencoding a second comprising an IL-36 polypeptide.

IL-36-gamma is a member of the Interleukin-1 family of cytokines. Likeother members of the interleukin-1 family of cytokines, IL-36-gammarequires N-terminal cleavage for full bioactivity. IL-36-gamma does nothave a signal sequence and, therefore, is not secreted through theendoplasmic reticulum Golgi pathway. See Gresnigt and van de Veerdonk(2013) Seminars in Immunology 25:458-465). It is unclear how IL-36-gammais released from cells to act on, e.g., immune cells, other epithelialcells, and fibroblasts (Gabay et al. (2015) Journal of Leukocyte Biology97:645-652). In exemplary aspects of the invention, a polynucleotideencoding IL-36, e.g., IL-36-gamma, includes a sequence encoding aheterologous signal peptide. Without being bound in theory, it isbelieved that polynucleotides encoding such “engineered” signalpeptide-interleukin chimeric proteins provide for the generation ofactive protein when expressed in vivo, in the absence of inflammasomeactivation.

In one embodiment, the heterologous signal peptide is derived from animmunoglobulin heavy or light chain. In an exemplary embodiment, theheterologous signal peptide is derived from an immunoglobulin lightchain, e.g., from the variable region of said light chan. In anexemplary embodiment, the heterologous signal peptide is derived fromhuman immunoglobulin kappa light chain variable region, hIGVK4. Inexemplary aspects, a polynucleotide of the invention encodes aheterologous signal peptide, operably linked to sequence encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide.

In one particular aspect, the IL-36-gamma polypeptide comprises,consists of, or consists essentially of an IL-36-gamma polypeptide ofTable 1. In one particular aspect, the polynucleotide encoding theIL-36-gamma polypeptide comprises, consists of, or consists essentiallyof an IL-36-gamma-encoding polynucleotide of Table 1.

In some embodiments, the IL-36-gamma polypeptide comprises an amino acidsequence at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, atleast 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or100% identical to an IL-36-gamma amino acid sequence listed in Table 1or an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleotide sequence listed inTable 1, wherein the IL-36-gamma polypeptide has at least 10% of theactivity (e.g., binding to its receptor) of the corresponding wild typeIL-36-gamma polypeptide. In a particular embodiment, the IL-36-gammapolypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 50%, at least 60%,at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, atleast 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 16 and has atleast 10% of the activity (e.g., binding to its receptor) of thecorresponding wild type IL-36-gamma polypeptide. In another particularembodiment, the IL-36-gamma polypeptide consists essentially of SEQ IDNO: 16 and has at least 10% of the activity (e.g., binding to itsreceptor) of the corresponding wild type IL-36-gamma polypeptide.

In other embodiments, the IL-36-gamma polypeptide encoded by apolynucleotide of the disclosure comprises an amino acid sequence listedin Table 1 or shown in SEQ ID NO: 16 with one or more conservativesubstitutions, wherein the conservative substitutions do notsignificantly affect the binding activity of the IL-36-gamma polypeptideto its receptor, i.e., the IL-36-gamma polypeptide binds to theIL-36-gamma receptor after the substitutions.

In some embodiments, a nucleotide sequence (i.e., mRNA) encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide comprises a sequence at least 50%, at least 60%,at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, atleast 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to a IL-36-gamma polypeptideencoding nucleic acid sequence listed in Table 1. In a particularembodiment, the nucleotide sequence (i.e., mRNA) encoding an IL-36-gammapolypeptide comprises a sequence at least 50%, at least 60%, at least70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:94, SEQID NO: 143 or SEQ ID NO: 144. In another particular embodiment, thenucleotide sequence (i.e., mRNA) encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptideconsists essentially of SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:94, SEQ ID NO: 143 ORSEQ ID NO: 144. It should be understood that the nucleotide sequence(i.e., mRNA, e.g., SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO:94 or SEQ ID NO: 143)encoding an IL-23 polypeptide open reading frame (ORF) can be oneelement within a larger construct, e.g., further including a 5′ terminalcap, 5′UTR (e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 27 or 44), 3′UTR (e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 119 or120), and/or polyA tail.

Polynucleotides Encoding IL-18 Polypeptides

In some aspects, the first polynucleotide encoding a first proteincomprising an IL-23 polypeptide can be combined with a secondpolynucleotide encoding a second protein, wherein the second proteincomprises an IL-18 polypeptide.

IL-18, also known as interferon-gamma inducing factor (IGIF) and IFN-γinducing factor, is a member of the Interleukin-1 family of cytokines.IL-18 has two known isoforms, Isoform 1 and Isoform 2. Isoform 2 differsfrom Isoform 1 in that it is missing residues 27-30. Like other membersof the interleukin-1 family of cytokines, IL-18 requires N-terminalcleavage for full bioactivity (Dinarello et al. (2013) Frontiers inImmunology 4:289). IL-18 does not have a signal sequence and, therefore,is not secreted through the endoplasmic reticulum Golgi pathway. SeeGresnigt and van de Veerdonk (2013) Seminars in Immunology 25:458-465).

IL-18 is a pro-inflammatory agonist that signals through the IL-18α andIL-18β co-receptors to induce a signaling cascade activating NFκB andMAPKs (Dinarello et al. (2013). As in the case of IL-23, there areconflicting reports regarding the potential use of IL-18 for anticancertherapy. Ma et al. (2016) Clin. Cancer Res. 22:2969-2680 teaches thatco-treatment with IL-18 enhances the antitumor activity elicited byanti-PD-L1 and/or anti-CTLA-4. However, Fabbi et al. (2015) J. Leukoc.Biol. 97:665-675 teaches that IL-18 may play divergent roles in cancer,having anticancer activities in some cases and tumor-promotingactivities in other cases. Fabbi indicates that although the preclinicalstudies and some clinical trials suggest that IL-18 has anti-tumoractivities, other studies indicate that IL-18 may exert proinvasive,proangiogenic, and immune-regulatory activities in different tumormodels. For example, Term et al. (2011) Cancer Res. 71: 5393-9 teachesthat IL-18 is an immunosuppressive cytokine in cancer, and that IL-18produced by tumor cells promotes the development of NK-controlledmetastases in a PD-1-dependent manner. Kang et al. (2009) Carcinogenesis30:1987-86 teaches that IL-18 increases metastases and immune escape ofstomach cancer.

In exemplary aspects of the invention, a polynucleotide encoding IL-18includes a sequence encoding a heterologous signal peptide. Withoutbeing bound in theory, it is believed that polynucleotides encoding such“engineered” signal peptide-interleukin chimeric proteins provide forthe generation of active protein when expressed in vivo, in the absenceof inflammasome activation.

In one embodiment, the heterologous signal peptide is derived from animmunoglobulin heavy or light chain. In an exemplary embodiment, theheterologous signal peptide is derived from an immunoglobulin lightchain, e.g., from the variable region of said light chain.

In an exemplary embodiment, the heterologous signal peptide is derivedfrom human immunoglobulin kappa light chain variable region, hIGVK4. Inexemplary aspects, a polynucleotide of the invention encodes aheterologous signal peptide, operably linked to sequence encoding anIL-18 polypeptide.

In one particular aspect, the IL-18 polypeptide comprises, consists of,or consists essentially of an IL-18 polypeptide of Table 1. In oneparticular aspect, the polynucleotide encoding the IL-18 polypeptidecomprises, consists of, or consists essentially of an IL-18-encodingpolynucleotide of Table 1.

In some embodiments, the IL-18 polypeptide comprises an amino acidsequence at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, atleast 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or100% identical to an IL-18 amino acid sequence listed in Table 1 or anamino acid sequence encoded by a nucleotide sequence listed in Table 1,wherein the IL-18 polypeptide has at least 10% of the activity (e.g.,binding to its receptor) of the corresponding wild type IL-18polypeptide. In a particular embodiment, the nucleotide sequence (i.e.,mRNA) encoding an IL-18 polypeptide comprises a sequence at least 50%,at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, atleast 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO:148, SEQ ID NO:155, SEQ ID NO: 156, SEQ ID NO: 157, SEQ ID NO: 158, SEQID NO: 159, SEQ ID NO: 160, SEQ ID NO: 161 or SEQ ID NO: 162. In anotherparticular embodiment, the nucleotide sequence (i.e., mRNA) encoding anIL18 polypeptide consists essentially of to SEQ ID NO: 148, SEQ IDNO:155, SEQ ID NO: 156, SEQ ID NO: 157, SEQ ID NO: 158, SEQ ID NO: 159,SEQ ID NO: 160, SEQ ID NO: 161 or SEQ ID NO: 162. It should beunderstood that the nucleotide sequence (i.e., mRNA, e.g., to SEQ ID NO:148, SEQ ID NO:155, SEQ ID NO: 156, SEQ ID NO: 157, SEQ ID NO: 158, SEQID NO: 159, SEQ ID NO: 160, SEQ ID NO: 161 or SEQ ID NO: 162) encodingan IL-18 polypeptide open reading frame (ORF) can be one element withina larger construct, e.g., further including a 5′ terminal cap, 5′UTR(e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 27 or 44), 3′UTR (e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 119 or 120),and/or polyA tail.

Polynucleotides Encoding OX40L Polypeptides

In some aspects, the first polynucleotide encoding a first proteincomprising an IL-23 polypeptide can be combined with a thirdpolynucleotide encoding a third protein, wherein the third proteincomprises an OX40L polypeptide. In other aspects, the secondpolynucleotide encoding a second protein comprising an IL-36-gammapolypeptide or an IL-18 polypeptide can be combined with a thirdpolynucleotide encoding a third protein, wherein the third proteincomprises an OX40L polypeptide. In certain aspects, the firstpolynucleotide encoding a first protein comprising an IL-23 polypeptideand the second polynucleotide encoding a second protein comprising anIL-36-gamma polypeptide or an IL-18 polypeptide can be combined with athird polynucleotide encoding a third protein, wherein the third proteincomprises an OX40L polypeptide.

Human OX40L was first identified on the surface of human lymphocytesinfected with human T-cell leukemia virus type-I (HTLV-I) by Tanaka etal. (Tanaka et al., International Journal of Cancer (1985),36(5):549-55). OX40L is the ligand for OX40 (CD134). OX40L has also beendesignated CD252 (cluster of differentiation 252), tumor necrosis factor(ligand) superfamily, member 4, tax-transcriptionally activatedglycoprotein 1, TXGP1, or gp34. Human OX40L is 183 amino acids in lengthand contains three domains: a cytoplasmic domain of amino acids 1-23; atransmembrane domain of amino acids 24-50, and an extracellular domainof amino acids 51-183.

In some embodiments, the third polynucleotide comprises an mRNA encodinga mammalian OX40L polypeptide. In some embodiments, the mammalian OX40Lpolypeptide is a murine OX40L polypeptide. In some embodiments, themammalian OX40L polypeptide is a human OX40L polypeptide. In someembodiments, the OX40L polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence setforth in Table 1A.

In some embodiments, each polynucleotide of the disclosure comprises anmRNA, i.e., an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, and an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide. Insome embodiments, the mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide encodes amammalian IL-23 polypeptide. In some embodiments, the mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide encodes a mammalian IL-36-gamma polypeptide. Insome embodiments, the mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide encodes amammalian OX40L polypeptide. In some embodiments, the mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide encodes a murine IL-23 polypeptide. In someembodiments, the mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide encodes amurine IL-36-gamma polypeptide. In some embodiments, the mRNA encodingan OX40L polypeptide encodes a murine OX40L polypeptide. In someembodiments, the mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide encodes a humanIL-23 polypeptide. In some embodiments, the mRNA encoding an IL-36-gammapolypeptide encodes a human IL-36-gamma polypeptide. In someembodiments, the mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide encodes a humanOX40L polypeptide.

In some embodiments, the IL-23 polypeptide comprises a human amino acidsequence set forth in Table 1. In some embodiments, the IL-36-gammapolypeptide comprises a human amino acid sequence set forth in Table 1.In other embodiments, the OX40L polypeptide comprises a human amino acidsequence set forth in Table 1A.

In some embodiments, the OX40L polypeptide comprises an amino acidsequence at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, atleast 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or100% identical to an amino acid sequence listed in Table 1A or an aminoacid sequence encoded by a nucleotide sequence listed in Table 1A,wherein the amino acid sequence is capable of binding to an OX40receptor. In a particular embodiment, the OX40L polypeptide comprises anamino acid sequence at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 21 and is capable of binding to anOX40 receptor. In another particular embodiment, the OX40L polypeptideconsists essentially of SEQ ID NO: 21 and is capable of binding to anOX40 receptor.

In certain embodiments, the OX40L polypeptide encoded by apolynucleotide of the disclosure comprises an amino acid sequence listedin Table 1A or shown in SEQ ID NO: 21 with one or more conservativesubstitutions, wherein the conservative substitutions do notsignificantly affect the binding activity of the OX40L polypeptide toits receptor, i.e., the OX40L polypeptide binds to the OX40 receptorafter the substitutions.

In other embodiments, a nucleotide sequence (i.e., mRNA) encoding anOX40L polypeptide comprises a sequence at least 50%, at least 60%, atleast 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, atleast 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to a nucleic acid sequencelisted in Table 1A. In a particular embodiment, the nucleotide sequence(i.e., mRNA) encoding an OX40L polypeptide comprises a sequence at least50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to SEQID NO: 116, SEQ ID NO: 145 or SEQ ID NO: 146. In another particularembodiment, the nucleotide sequence (i.e., mRNA) encoding an OX40Lpolypeptide consists essentially of SEQ ID NO: 116, SEQ ID NO: 145 orSEQ ID NO: 146. It should be understood that the nucleotide sequence(i.e., mRNA, e.g., SEQ ID NO: 116 or SEQ ID NO: 145) encoding an OX40Lpolypeptide open reading frame (ORF) can be one element within a largerconstruct, e.g., further including a 5′ terminal cap, 5′UTR (e.g., SEQID NOs: 27 or 44), 3′UTR (e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 119 or 120), and/or polyAtail.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) useful for themethods and compositions comprises an open reading frame encoding anextracellular domain of OX40L. In other embodiments, the polynucleotide(e.g., mRNA) comprises an open reading frame encoding a cytoplasmicdomain of OX40L. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA)comprises an open reading frame encoding a transmembrane domain ofOX40L. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) comprisesan open reading frame encoding an extracellular domain of OX40L and atransmembrane of OX40L. In other embodiments, the polynucleotide (e.g.,mRNA) comprises an open reading frame encoding an extracellular domainof OX40L and a cytoplasmic domain of OX40L. In yet other embodiments,the polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) comprises an open reading frame encodingan extracellular domain of OX40L, a transmembrane of OX40L, and acytoplasmic domain of OX40L.

Table 1 or Table 1A present, e.g., precursor and mature sequences forIL-23, IL-36-gamma, and OX40L as well as constructs comprising IL-23 orIL-36-gamma. In the context of the present disclosure IL-23polynucleotide or IL-23 polypeptide encompass both “precursor” and“mature” forms. Furthermore, a construct comprising a polynucleotideencoding IL-23, IL-36-gamma, and OX40L and further comprising componentssuch 3′ UTR and 5′ UTR would be considered an IL-23, IL-36-gamma, andOX40L encoding polynucleotide. A person of skill in the art wouldunderstand that in addition to the native signal sequences andpropeptide sequences implicitly disclosed in Table 1 or 1A (sequencespresent in the precursor for and absent in the mature correspondingform) and the non-native signal peptide disclosed in Table 1 or 1A(IgKV4 signal peptide), other signal sequences can be used. Accordingly,references to an IL-23, IL-36-gamma, and OX40L polypeptide orpolynucleotide according to Table 1 encompass variants in which analternative signal peptide (or encoding sequence) known in the art hasbeen attached to said IL-23, IL-36-gamma, and OX40L polypeptide (orpolynucleotide). It is also understood that references to the sequencesdisclosed in Table 1 through the application are equally applicable andencompass orthologs and functional variants (for example polymorphicvariants) and isoforms of those sequences known in the art at the timethe application was filed.

TABLE 1IL-23, IL-36-gamma and IL-18 Polypeptide and Polynucleotide SequencesEncoded SEQ ID Polypeptide Description Sequence NO: hIL-23 IL-Amino acid MCHQQLVISWFSLVFLASPLVAIWELKKDVYVVELDWYPDAPGEMVVLTC SEQ ID12p40 subunit sequence ofDTPEEDGITWTLDQSSEVLGSGKTLTIQVKEFGDAGQYTCHKGGEVLSHS NO: 1 (Precursor)human IL-23 LLLLHKKEDGIWSTDILKDQKEPKNKTFLRCEAKNYSGRFTCWWLTTIST IL-12p40DLTFSVKSSRGSSDPQGVTCGAATLSAERVRGDNKEYEYSVECQEDSACP subunitAAEESLPIEVMVDAVHKLKYENYTSSFFIRDIIKPDPPKNLQLKPLKNSR (Uniprot:QVEVSWEYPDTWSTPHSYFSLTFCVQVQGKSKREKKDRVFTDKTSATVIC P29460)RKNASISVRAQDRYYSSSWSEWASVPCS (Precursor) hIL-23 IL- Amino acidIWELKKDVYVVELDWYPDAPGEMVVLTCDTPEEDGITWTLDQSSEVLGSG SEQ ID 12p40 subunitsequence of KTLTIQVKEFGDAGQYTCHKGGEVLSHSLLLLHKKEDGIWSTDILKDQKE NO: 3(Mature) human IL-23 PKNKTFLRCEAKNYSGRFTCWWLTTISTDLTFSVKSSRGSSDPQGVTCGAIL-12p40 ATLSAERVRGDNKEYEYSVECQEDSACPAAEESLPIEVMVDAVHKLKYEN subunitYTSSFFIRDIIKPDPPKNLQLKPLKNSRQVEVSWEYPDTWSTPHSYFSLT (Uniprot:FCVQVQGKSKREKKDRVFTDKTSATVICRKNASISVRAQDRYYSSSWSEW P29460| 23- ASVPCS328) (Mature) IL-23 IL- Amino acidMLGSRAVMLLLLLPWTAQGRAVPGGSSPAWTQCQQLSQKLCTLAWSAHPL SEQ ID 23p19 subunitsequence of VGHMDLREEGDEETTNDVPHIQCGDGCDPQGLRDNSQFCLQRIHQGLIFY NO: 4(Precursor) human IL-23EKLLGSDIFTGEPSLLPDSPVGQLHASLLGLSQLLQPEGHHWETQQIPSL IL-23p19SPSQPWQRLLLRFKILRSLQAFVAVAARVFAHGAATLSP subunit (Uniprot: Q9NPF7(Precursor) IL-23 IL- Amino acidRAVPGGSSPAWTQCQQLSQKLCTLAWSAHPLVGHMDLREEGDEETTNDVP SEQ ID 23p19 subunitsequence of HIQCGDGCDPQGLRDNSQFCLQRIHQGLIFYEKLLGSDIFTGEPSLLPDS NO: 5(Mature) human IL-23 PVGQLHASLLGLSQLLQPEGHHWETQQIPSLSPSQPWQRLLLRFKILRSLIL-23p19 QAFVAVAARVFAHGAATLSP subunit (Uniprot: Q9NPF7 20- 189) (Mature)hIL-23 (IL- Amino AcidMCHQQLVISWFSLVFLASPLVAIWELKKDVYVVELDWYPDAPGEMVVLTC 140 12p40 subunitsequence of DTPEEDGITWTLDQSSEVLGSGKTLTIQVKEFGDAGQYTCHKGGEVLSHSand IL-23p19 human IL-23LLLLHKKEDGIWSTDILKDQKEPKNKTFLRCEAKNYSGRFTCWWLTTIST subunit) (IL-12p40DLTFSVKSSRGSSDPQGVTCGAATLSAERVRGDNKEYEYSVECQEDSACP subunit andAAEESLPIEVMVDAVHKLKYENYTSSFFIRDIIKPDPPKNLQLKPLKNSR IL-23p19QVEVSWEYPDTWSTPHSYFSLTFCVQVQGKSKREKKDRVFTDKTSATVIC subunitRKNASISVRAQDRYYSSSWSEWASVPCSGGGGGGSRAVPGGSSPAWTQCQ linked by GSQLSQKLCTLAWSAHPLVGHMDLREEGDEETTNDVPHIQCGDGCDPQGLRD Linker)NSQFCLQRIHQGLIFYEKLLGSDIFTGEPSLLPDSPVGQLHASLLGLSQLLQPEGHHWETQQIPSLSPSQPWQRLLLRFKILRSLQAFVAVAARVFAHGA ATLSP IL-23 IL-Nucleotide ATGTGTCACCAGCAGTTGGTCATCTCTTGGTTTTCCCTGGTTTTTCTGGC SEQ ID12p40 subunit sequence ofATCTCCCCTCGTGGCCATATGGGAACTGAAGAAAGATGTTTATGTCGTAG NO: 6 (Precursor)human IL-23 AATTGGATTGGTATCCGGATGCCCCTGGAGAAATGGTGGTCCTCACCTGT IL-12p40GACACCCCTGAAGAAGATGGTATCACCTGGACCTTGGACCAGAGCAGTGA subunitGGTCTTAGGCTCTGGCAAAACCCTGACCATCCAAGTCAAAGAGTTTGGAG (Precursor)ATGCTGGCCAGTACACCTGTCACAAAGGAGGCGAGGTTCTAAGCCATTCGCTCCTGCTGCTTCACAAAAAGGAAGATGGAATTTGGTCCACTGATATTTTAAAGGACCAGAAAGAACCCAAAAATAAGACCTTTCTAAGATGCGAGGCCAAGAATTATTCTGGACGTTTCACCTGCTGGTGGCTGACGACAATCAGTACTGATTTGACATTCAGTGTCAAAAGCAGCAGAGGCTCTTCTGACCCCCAAGGGGTGACGTGCGGAGCTGCTACACTCTCTGCAGAGAGAGTCAGAGGGGACAACAAGGAGTATGAGTACTCAGTGGAGTGCCAGGAGGACAGTGCCTGCCCAGCTGCTGAGGAGAGTCTGCCCATTGAGGTCATGGTGGATGCCGTTCACAAGCTCAAGTATGAAAACTACACCAGCAGCTTCTTCATCAGGGACATCATCAAACCTGACCCACCCAAGAACTTGCAGCTGAAGCCATTAAAGAATTCTCGGCAGGTGGAGGTCAGCTGGGAGTACCCTGACACCTGGAGTACTCCACATTCCTACTTCTCCCTGACATTCTGCGTTCAGGTCCAGGGCAAGAGCAAGAGAGAAAAGAAAGATAGAGTCTTCACGGACAAGACCTCAGCCACGGTCATCTGCCGCAAAAATGCCAGCATTAGCGTGCGGGCCCAGGACCGCTACTATAGCTCATCTTGGAGCGAATGGGCATCTGTGCCCTGCAGTTA IL-23 IL- NucleotideATATGGGAACTGAAGAAAGATGTTTATGTCGTAG SEQ ID 12p40 subunit sequence ofAATTGGATTGGTATCCGGATGCCCCTGGAGAAATGGTGGTCCTCACCTGT NO: 7 (Mature)human IL-23 GACACCCCTGAAGAAGATGGTATCACCTGGACCTTGGACCAGAGCAGTGA IL-12p40GGTCTTAGGCTCTGGCAAAACCCTGACCATCCAAGTCAAAGAGTTTGGAG subunitATGCTGGCCAGTACACCTGTCACAAAGGAGGCGAGGTTCTAAGCCATTCG (Mature)CTCCTGCTGCTTCACAAAAAGGAAGATGGAATTTGGTCCACTGATATTTTAAAGGACCAGAAAGAACCCAAAAATAAGACCTTTCTAAGATGCGAGGCCAAGAATTATTCTGGACGTTTCACCTGCTGGTGGCTGACGACAATCAGTACTGATTTGACATTCAGTGTCAAAAGCAGCAGAGGCTCTTCTGACCCCCAAGGGGTGACGTGCGGAGCTGCTACACTCTCTGCAGAGAGAGTCAGAGGGGACAACAAGGAGTATGAGTACTCAGTGGAGTGCCAGGAGGACAGTGCCTGCCCAGCTGCTGAGGAGAGTCTGCCCATTGAGGTCATGGTGGATGCCGTTCACAAGCTCAAGTATGAAAACTACACCAGCAGCTTCTTCATCAGGGACATCATCAAACCTGACCCACCCAAGAACTTGCAGCTGAAGCCATTAAAGAATTCTCGGCAGGTGGAGGTCAGCTGGGAGTACCCTGACACCTGGAGTACTCCACATTCCTACTTCTCCCTGACATTCTGCGTTCAGGTCCAGGGCAAGAGCAAGAGAGAAAAGAAAGATAGAGTCTTCACGGACAAGACCTCAGCCACGGTCATCTGCCGCAAAAATGCCAGCATTAGCGTGCGGGCCCAGGACCGCTACTATAGCTCATCTTGGAGCGAATGGGCATCTGTGCCCTGCAGTTA IL-23 IL- NucleotideATGCTGGGGAGCAGAGCTGTAATGCTGCTGTTGCTGCTGCCCTGGACAGC SEQ ID 23p19 subunitsequence of TCAGGGCAGAGCTGTGCCTGGGGGCAGCAGCCCTGCCTGGACTCAGTGCC NO: 8(Precursor) human IL-23AGCAGCTTTCACAGAAGCTCTGCACACTGGCCTGGAGTGCACATCCACTA IL-23p19GTGGGACACATGGATCTAAGAGAAGAGGGAGATGAAGAGACTACAAATGA subunitTGTTCCCCATATCCAGTGTGGAGATGGCTGTGACCCCCAAGGACTCAGGG (Precursor)ACAACAGTCAGTTCTGCTTGCAAAGGATCCACCAGGGTCTGATTTTTTATGAGAAGCTGCTAGGATCGGATATTTTCACAGGGGAGCCTTCTCTGCTCCCTGATAGCCCTGTGGCGCAGCTTCATGCCTCCCTACTGGGCCTCAGCCAACTCCTGCAGCCTGAGGGTCACCACTGGGAGACTCAGCAGATTCCAAGCCTCAGTCCCAGCCAGCCATGGCAGCGTCTCCTTCTCCGCTTCAAAATCCTTCGCAGCCTCCAGGCCTTTGTGGCTGTAGCCGCCCGGGTCTTTGCCCATGGAG CAGCAACCCTGAGTCCCIL-23 IL- Nucleotide AGAGCTGTGCCTGGGGGCAGCAGCCCTGCCTGGACTCAGTGCC SEQ ID23p19 subunit sequence ofAGCAGCTTTCACAGAAGCTCTGCACACTGGCCTGGAGTGCACATCCACTA NO: 9 (Mature)human IL-23 GTGGGACACATGGATCTAAGAGAAGAGGGAGATGAAGAGACTACAAATGA IL-23p19TGTTCCCCATATCCAGTGTGGAGATGGCTGTGACCCCCAAGGACTCAGGG subunitACAACAGTCAGTTCTGCTTGCAAAGGATCCACCAGGGTCTGATTTTTTAT (Mature)GAGAAGCTGCTAGGATCGGATATTTTCACAGGGGAGCCTTCTCTGCTCCCTGATAGCCCTGTGGCGCAGCTTCATGCCTCCCTACTGGGCCTCAGCCAACTCCTGCAGCCTGAGGGTCACCACTGGGAGACTCAGCAGATTCCAAGCCTCAGTCCCAGCCAGCCATGGCAGCGTCTCCTTCTCCGCTTCAAAATCCTTCGCAGCCTCCAGGCCTTTGTGGCTGTAGCCGCCCGGGTCTTTGCCCATGGAG CAGCAACCCTGAGTCCChIL-23 (IL- NucleotideAUGUGUCACCAGCAGUUGGUCAUCUCUUGGUUUUCCCUGGUAUUUCUGGCA 141 12p40 subunitsequence UCUCCCCUCGUGGCCAUAUGGGAACUGAAGAAAGAUGUUUAUGUCGUAGAAand IL-23p19 (ORF) ofUUGGAUUGGUAUCCGGAUGCCCCUGGAGAAAUGGUGGUCCUCACCUGUGAC subunit) human IL-23ACCCCUGAAGAAGAUGGUAUCACCUGGACCUUGGACCAGAGCAGUGAGGUC (IL-12p40UUAGGCUCUGGCAAGACCCUGACCAUCCAAGUCAAAGAGUUUGGAGAUGCU subunit andGGCCAGUACACCUGUCACAAAGGAGGCGAGGUUCUAAGCCAUUCGCUCCUG IL-23p19CUGCUUCACAAGAAGGAAGAUGGAAUUUGGUCCACUGAUAUUUUAAAGGAC subunitCAGAAAGAACCCAAGAAUAAGACCUUUCUAAGAUGCGAGGCCAAGAAUUAU linked by GSUCUGGACGUUUCACCUGCUGGUGGCUGACGACAAUCAGUACUGAUUUGACA Linker)UUCAGUGUCAAGAGCAGCAGAGGCUCUUCUGACCCCCAAGGGGUGACGUGCGGAGCUGCUACACUCUCUGCAGAGAGAGUCAGAGGGGACAACAAGGAGUAUGAGUACUCAGUGGAGUGCCAGGAGGACAGUGCCUGCCCAGCUGCUGAGGAGAGUCUGCCCAUUGAGGUCAUGGUGGAUGCCGUUCACAAGCUCAAGUAUGAGAACUACACCAGCAGCUUCUUCAUCAGGGACAUCAUCAAACCUGACCCACCCAAGAACUUGCAGCUGAAGCCAUUAAAGAAUUCUCGGCAGGUGGAGGUCAGCUGGGAGUACCCUGACACCUGGAGUACUCCACAUUCCUACUUCUCCCUGACAUUCUGCGUUCAGGUCCAGGGCAAGAGCAAGAGAGAGAAGAAAGAUAGAGUCUUCACGGACAAGACCUCAGCCACGGUCAUCUGCCGCAAGAAUGCCAGCAUUAGCGUGCGGGCCCAGGACCGCUACUAUAGCUCAUCUUGGAGCGAAUGGGCAUCUGUGCCCUGCAGUGGCGGAGGGGGCGGAGGGAGCAGAGCUGUGCCUGGGGGCAGCAGCCCUGCCUGGACUCAGUGCCAGCAGCUUUCACAGAAGCUCUGCACACUGGCCUGGAGUGCACAUCCACUAGUGGGACACAUGGAUCUAAGAGAAGAGGGAGAUGAAGAGACUACAAAUGAUGUUCCCCAUAUCCAGUGUGGAGAUGGCUGUGACCCCCAAGGACUCAGGGACAACAGUCAGUUCUGCUUGCAAAGGAUCCACCAGGGUCUGAUCUUUUAUGAGAAGCUGCUAGGAUCGGAUAUUUUCACAGGGGAGCCUUCUCUGCUCCCUGAUAGCCCUGUGGGCCAGCUUCAUGCCUCCCUACUGGGCCUCAGCCAACUCCUGCAGCCUGAGGGUCACCACUGGGAGACUCAGCAGAUUCCAAGCCUCAGUCCCAGCCAGCCAUGGCAGCGUCUCCUUCUCCGCUUCAAGAUCCUUCGCAGCCUCCAGGCCUUUGUGGCUGUAGCCGCCCGGGUCUUUGCCCAUGGAGCAGCAACCCUGAGUCCC hIL-23 (IL- Full-length5′^(7Me)G_(ppp)G_(2′OMe)GGAAAUAAGAGAGAAAAGAAGAGUAAGAAGAAAUAUAAGA 14212p40 subunit mRNA GCCACCAUGUGUCACCAGCAGUUGGUCAUCUCUUGGUUUUCCCUGGUAUUUand IL-23p19 NucleotideCUGGCAUCUCCCCUCGUGGCCAUAUGGGAACUGAAGAAAGAUGUUUAUGUC subunit)sequence (5′ GUAGAAUUGGAUUGGUAUCCGGAUGCCCCUGGAGAAAUGGUGGUCCUCACCUTR, ORF, UGUGACACCCCUGAAGAAGAUGGUAUCACCUGGACCUUGGACCAGAGCAGU 3′UTR, mir- GAGGUCUUAGGCUCUGGCAAGACCCUGACCAUCCAAGUCAAAGAGUUUGGA 122-5pGAUGCUGGCCAGUACACCUGUCACAAAGGAGGCGAGGUUCUAAGCCAUUCG (underlined)CUCCUGCUGCUUCACAAGAAGGAAGAUGGAAUUUGGUCCACUGAUAUUUUA polyA tail)AAGGACCAGAAAGAACCCAAGAAUAAGACCUUUCUAAGAUGCGAGGCCAAG of human IL-AAUUAUUCUGGACGUUUCACCUGCUGGUGGCUGACGACAAUCAGUACUGAU 23 (IL-UUGACAUUCAGUGUCAAGAGCAGCAGAGGCUCUUCUGACCCCCAAGGGGUG 12p40ACGUGCGGAGCUGCUACACUCUCUGCAGAGAGAGUCAGAGGGGACAACAAG subunit andGAGUAUGAGUACUCAGUGGAGUGCCAGGAGGACAGUGCCUGCCCAGCUGCU IL-23p19GAGGAGAGUCUGCCCAUUGAGGUCAUGGUGGAUGCCGUUCACAAGCUCAAG subunitUAUGAGAACUACACCAGCAGCUUCUUCAUCAGGGACAUCAUCAAACCUGAC linked by GSCCACCCAAGAACUUGCAGCUGAAGCCAUUAAAGAAUUCUCGGCAGGUGGAG Linker)GUCAGCUGGGAGUACCCUGACACCUGGAGUACUCCACAUUCCUACUUCUCCCUGACAUUCUGCGUUCAGGUCCAGGGCAAGAGCAAGAGAGAGAAGAAAGAUAGAGUCUUCACGGACAAGACCUCAGCCACGGUCAUCUGCCGCAAGAAUGCCAGCAUUAGCGUGCGGGCCCAGGACCGCUACUAUAGCUCAUCUUGGAGCGAAUGGGCAUCUGUGCCCUGCAGUGGCGGAGGGGGCGGAGGGAGCAGAGCUGUGCCUGGGGGCAGCAGCCCUGCCUGGACUCAGUGCCAGCAGCUUUCACAGAAGCUCUGCACACUGGCCUGGAGUGCACAUCCACUAGUGGGACACAUGGAUCUAAGAGAAGAGGGAGAUGAAGAGACUACAAAUGAUGUUCCCCAUAUCCAGUGUGGAGAUGGCUGUGACCCCCAAGGACUCAGGGACAACAGUCAGUUCUGCUUGCAAAGGAUCCACCAGGGUCUGAUCUUUUAUGAGAAGCUGCUAGGAUCGGAUAUUUUCACAGGGGAGCCUUCUCUGCUCCCUGAUAGCCCUGUGGGCCAGCUUCAUGCCUCCCUACUGGGCCUCAGCCAACUCCUGCAGCCUGAGGGUCACCACUGGGAGACUCAGCAGAUUCCAAGCCUCAGUCCCAGCCAGCCAUGGCAGCGUCUCCUUCUCCGCUUCAAGAUCCUUCGCAGCCUCCAGGCCUUUGUGGCUGUAGCCGCCCGGGUCUUUGCCCAUGGAGCAGCAACCCUGAGUCCCUGAUAAUAGGCUGGAGCCUCGGUGGCCAUGCUUCUUGCCCCUUGGGCCUCCCCCCAGCCCCUCCUCCCCUUCCUGCACCCGUACCCCCCAAACACCAUUGUCACACUCCAGUGGUCUUUGAAUAAAGUCUGAGUGGGCGGCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAUCUAG_(OH)3′ Where: A, C G & U = AMP, CMP, GMP & N1-ΨUMP,respectively; Me = methyl; p = inorganic phosphate IL-36-gammaAmino acid MRGTPGDADGGGRAVYQSMCKPITGTINDLNQQVWTLQGQNLVAVPRSDS SEQ ID(Precursor) sequence ofVTPVTVAVITCKYPEALEQGRGDPIYLGIQNPEMCLYCEKVGEQPTLQLK NO: 10 IL-36-gammaEQKIMDLYGQPEPVKPFLFYRAKTGRTSTLESVAFPDWFIASSKRDQPII (Precursor)LTSELGKSYNTAFELNIND IL-36-gamma NucleotideATGAGAGGCACTCCAGGAGACGCTGATGGTGGAGGAAGGGCCGTCTATCA SEQ ID (Precursor)sequence of ATCAATGTGTAAACCTATTACTGGGACTATTAATGATTTGAATCAGCAAG NO: 11IL-36- TGTGGACCCTTCAGGGTCAGAACCTTGTGGCAGTTCCACGAAGTGACAGT gammaGTGACCCCAGTCACTGTTGCTGTTATCACATGCAAGTATCCAGAGGCTCT (Precursor)TGAGCAAGGCAGAGGGGATCCCATTTATTTGGGAATCCAGAATCCAGAAATGTGTTTGTATTGTGAGAAGGTTGGAGAACAGCCCACATTGCAGCTAAAAGAGCAGAAGATCATGGATCTGTATGGCCAACCCGAGCCCGTGAAACCCTTCCTTTTCTACCGTGCCAAGACTGGTAGGACCTCCACCCTTGAGTCTGTGGCCTTCCCGGACTGGTTCATTGCCTCCTCCAAGAGAGACCAGCCCATCATTCTGACTTCAGAACTTGGGAAGTCATACAACACTGCCTTTGAATTAAATAT AAATGAC IL-36-gammaAmino acid SMCKPITGTINDLNQQVWTLQGQNLVAVPRSDSVTPVTVAVITCKYPEAL SEQ ID(Mature) sequence of  EQGRGDPIYLGIQNPEMCLYCEKVGEQPTLQLKEQKIMDLYGQPEPVKPFNO: 12 IL-36- LFYRAKTGRTSTLESVAFPDWFIASSKRDQPIILTSELGKSYNTAFELNI gammaND (Mature) (Uniprot Q9NZH8, aa 18-169) IL-36-gamma NucleotideTCAATGTGTAAACCTATTACTGGGACTATTAATGATTTGAATCAGCAAGT SEQ ID (Mature)sequence of GTGGACCCTTCAGGGTCAGAACCTTGTGGCAGTTCCACGAAGTGACAGTG NO: 13IL-36- TGACCCCAGTCACTGTTGCTGTTATCACATGCAAGTATCCAGAGGCTCTTG gammaAGCAAGGCAGAGGGGATCCCATTTATTTGGGAATCCAGAATCCAGAAATGT (Mature)GTTTGTATTGTGAGAAGGTTGGAGAACAGCCCACATTGCAGCTAAAAGAGC (CCDS2108.1,AGAAGATCATGGATCTGTATGGCCAACCCGAGCCCGTGAAACCCTTCCTTT nt 52-507)TCTACCGTGCCAAGACTGGTAGGACCTCCACCCTTGAGTCTGTGGCCTTCCCGGACTGGTTCATTGCCTCCTCCAAGAGAGACCAGCCCATCATTCTGACTTCAGAACTTGGGAAGTCATACAACACTGCCTTTGAATTAAATATAAATGAC IgKV4 signalAmino acid MVLQTQVFISLLLWISGAYG SEQ ID peptide sequence of NO: 14 IgKV4signal peptide (Uniprot P06212, aa 1-20) IgKV4 signal NucleotideATGGTGTTGCAGACCCAGGTCTTCATTTCTCTGTTGCTCTGGATCTCTGG SEQ ID peptidesequence of TGCCTACGGG NO: 15 IgKV4 signal peptide (IMGT Z00023, nt1-60) hIGKV4-hIL- hIGKV4-MVLQTQVFISLLLWISGAYGSMCKPITGTINDLNQQVWTLQGQNLVAVPR SEQ ID 36g hIL-36gSDSVTPVTVAVITCKYPEALEQGRGDPIYLGIQNPEMCLYCEKVGEQPTL NO: 16 constructconstruct QLKEQKIMDLYGQPEPVKPFLFYRAKTGRTSTLESVAFPDWFIASSKRDQ (protein)(protein) PIILTSELGKSYNTAFELNIND hIGKV4-hIL- hIGKV4-ATGGTGTTGCAGACCCAGGTCTTCATTTCTCTGTTGCTCTGGATCTCTGG SEQ ID 36g constructhIL-36g TGCCTACGGGTCAATGTGTAAACCTATTACTGGGACTATTAATGATTTGA NO: 17 (RNA)construct ATCAGCAAGTGTGGACCCTTCAGGGTCAGAACCTTGTGGCAGTTCCACGA (RNA)AGTGACAGTGTGACCCCAGTCACTGTTGCTGTTATCACATGCAAGTATCCAGAGGCTCTTGAGCAAGGCAGAGGGGATCCCATTTATTTGGGAATCCAGAATCCAGAAATGTGTTTGTATTGTGAGAAGGTTGGAGAACAGCCCACATTGCAGCTAAAAGAGCAGAAGATCATGGATCTGTATGGCCAACCCGAGCCCGTGAAACCCTTCCTTTTCTACCGTGCCAAGACTGGTAGGACCTCCACCCTTGAGTCTGTGGCCTTCCCGGACTGGTTCATTGCCTCCTCCAAGAGAGACCAGCCCATCATTCTGACTTCAGAACTTGGGAAGTCATACAACACTGCCTTTGA ATTAAATATAAATGACHuman IL-36 Human IL-AUGGUGUUGCAGACCCAGGUCUUCAUUUCUCUGUUGCUCUGGAUCUCUGGU 143 gamma 36-gammaGCCUACGGGUCAAUGUGUAAACCUAUUACUGGGACUAUUAAUGAUUUGAAU mRNACAGCAAGUGUGGACCCUUCAGGGUCAGAACCUUGUGGCAGUUCCACGAAGU (ORF)GACAGUGUGACCCCAGUCACUGUUGCUGUUAUCACAUGCAAGUAUCCAGAGGCUCUUGAGCAAGGCAGAGGGGAUCCCAUUUAUUUGGGAAUCCAGAAUCCAGAAAUGUGUUUGUAUUGUGAGAAGGUUGGAGAACAGCCCACAUUGCAGCUAAAAGAGCAGAAGAUCAUGGAUCUGUAUGGCCAACCCGAGCCCGUGAAACCCUUCCUUUUCUACCGUGCCAAGACUGGUAGGACCUCCACCCUUGAGUCUGUGGCCUUCCCGGACUGGUUCAUUGCCUCCUCCAAGAGAGACCAGCCCAUCAUUCUGACUUCAGAACUUGGGAAGUCAUACAACACUGCCUUUGAAUUAAAUAUA AAUGAC Human IL-36-Full-length5′^(7Me)G_(ppp)G_(2′OMe)GGAAAUAAGAGAGAAAAGAAGAGUAAGAAGAAAUAUAAGA 144gamma mRNA GCCACCAUGGUGUUGCAGACCCAGGUCUUCAUUUCUCUGUUGCUCUGGAUCNucleotide UCUGGUGCCUACGGGUCAAUGUGUAAACCUAUUACUGGGACUAUUAAUGAUsequence (5′ UUGAAUCAGCAAGUGUGGACCCUUCAGGGUCAGAACCUUGUGGCAGUUCCAUTR, ORF, CGAAGUGACAGUGUGACCCCAGUCACUGUUGCUGUUAUCACAUGCAAGUAU 3′ UTR,CCAGAGGCUCUUGAGCAAGGCAGAGGGGAUCCCAUUUAUUUGGGAAUCCAG mir-122-5pAAUCCAGAAAUGUGUUUGUAUUGUGAGAAGGUUGGAGAACAGCCCACAUUG (underlined)CAGCUAAAAGAGCAGAAGAUCAUGGAUCUGUAUGGCCAACCCGAGCCCGUG polyA tail)AAACCCUUCCUUUUCUACCGUGCCAAGACUGGUAGGACCUCCACCCUUGAG of human IL-UCUGUGGCCUUCCCGGACUGGUUCAUUGCCUCCUCCAAGAGAGACCAGCCC 36-gammaAUCAUUCUGACUUCAGAACUUGGGAAGUCAUACAACACUGCCUUUGAAUUAAAUAUAAAUGACUGAUAAUAGGCUGGAGCCUCGGUGGCCAUGCUUCUUGCCCCUUGGGCCUCCCCCCAGCCCCUCCUCCCCUUCCUGCACCCGUACCCCCCAAACACCAUUGUCACACUCCAGUGGUCUUUGAAUAAAGUCUGAGUGGGCGGCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAUC UAG_(OH)3′Where: A, C G & U = AMP, CMP, GMP & N1-ΨUMP, respectively; Me =methyl; p = inorganic phosphate hIL-23_miR- CodonATGTGTCACCAGCAGTTGGTCATCTCTTGGTTTTCCCTGGTATTTCTGGC SEQ ID 122 Constructoptimized ATCTCCCCTCGTGGCCATATGGGAACTGAAGAAAGATGTTTATGTCGTAG NO: 18 1human IL-23 AATTGGATTGGTATCCGGATGCCCCTGGAGAAATGGTGGTCCTCACCTGT sequenceGACACCCCTGAAGAAGATGGTATCACCTGGACCTTGGACCAGAGCAGTGAGGTCTTAGGCTCTGGCAAGACCCTGACCATCCAAGTCAAAGAGTTTGGAGATGCTGGCCAGTACACCTGTCACAAAGGAGGCGAGGTTCTAAGCCATTCGCTCCTGCTGCTTCACAAGAAGGAAGATGGAATTTGGTCCACTGATATTTTAAAGGACCAGAAAGAACCCAAGAATAAGACCTTTCTAAGATGCGAGGCCAAGAATTATTCTGGACGTTTCACCTGCTGGTGGCTGACGACAATCAGTACTGATTTGACATTCAGTGTCAAGAGCAGCAGAGGCTCTTCTGACCCGCAAGGGGTGACGTGCGGAGCTGCTACACTCTCTGCAGAGAGAGTCAGAGGGGACAACAAGGAGTATGAGTACTCAGTGGAGTGCCAGGAGGACAGTGCCTGCCCAGCTGCTGAGGAGAGTCTGCCCATTGAGGTCATGGTGGATGCCGTTCACAAGCTCAAGTATGAGAACTACACCAGCAGCTTCTTCATCAGGGACATCATCAAACCTGACCCACCCAAGAACTTGCAGCTGAAGCCATTAAAGAATTCTCGGCAGGTGGAGGTCAGCTGGGAGTACCCTGACACCTGGAGTACTCCACATTCCTACTTCTCCCTGACATTCTGCGTTCAGGTCCAGGGCAAGAGCAAGAGAGAGAAGAAAGATAGAGTCTTCACGGACAAGACCTCAGCCACGGTCATCTGCCGCAAGAATGCCAGCATTAGCGTGCGGGCCCAGGACCGCTACTATAGCTCATCTTGGAGCGAATGGGCATCTGTGCCCTGCAGTGGCGGAGGTGGCGGAGGGAGCAGAGCTGTGCCTGGCGGCAGCAGCCCTGCCTGGACTCAGTGCCAGCAGCTTTCACAGAAGCTCTGCACACTGGCCTGGAGTGCACATCCACTAGTGGGACACATGGATCTAAGAGAAGAGGGAGATGAAGAGACTACAAATGATGTTCCCCATATCCAGTGTGGAGATGGCTGTGACCCGCAAGGACTCAGGGACAACAGTCAGTTCTGCTTGCAAAGGATCCACCAGGGTCTGATCTTTTATGAGAAGCTGCTAGGATCGGATATTTTCACAGGGGAGCCTTCTCTGCTCCCTGATAGCCCTGTGGGCCAGCTTCATGCCTCCCTACTGGGCCTCAGCCAACTCCTGCAGCCTGAGGGTCACCACTGGGAGACTCAGCAGATTCCAAGCCTCAGTCCCAGCCAGCCATGGCAGCGTCTCCTTCTCCGCTTCAAGATCCTTCGCAGCCTCCAGGCCTTTGTGGCTGTAGCCGCCCGGGTCTTTGCCCATGGAGCA GCAACCCTGAGTCCChIL-23_miR- Codon ATGTGTCACCAGCAGTTGGTCATCTCTTGGTTTTCCCTGGTATTTCTGGCSEQ ID 122 Construct optimizedATCTCCCCTCGTGGCCATATGGGAACTGAAGAAAGATGTTTATGTCGTAG NO: 19 2 human IL-23AATTGGATTGGTATCCGGATGCCCCTGGAGAAATGGTGGTCCTCACCTGT sequenceGACACCCCTGAAGAAGATGGTATCACCTGGACCTTGGACCAGAGCAGTGAGGTCTTAGGCTCTGGCAAGACCCTGACCATCCAAGTCAAAGAGTTTGGAGATGCTGGCCAGTACACCTGTCACAAAGGAGGCGAGGTTCTAAGCCATTCGCTCCTGCTGCTTCACAAGAAGGAAGATGGAATTTGGTCCACTGATATTTTAAAGGACCAGAAAGAACCCAAGAATAAGACCTTTCTAAGATGCGAGGCCAAGAATTATTCTGGACGTTTCACCTGCTGGTGGCTGACGACAATCAGTACTGATTTGACATTCAGTGTCAAGAGCAGCAGAGGCTCTTCTGACCCCCAAGGGGTGACGTGCGGAGCTGCTACACTCTCTGCAGAGAGAGTCAGAGGGGACAACAAGGAGTATGAGTACTCAGTGGAGTGCCAGGAGGACAGTGCCTGCCCAGCTGCTGAGGAGAGTCTGCCCATTGAGGTCATGGTGGATGCCGTTCACAAGCTCAAGTATGAGAACTACACCAGCAGCTTCTTCATCAGGGACATCATCAAACCTGACCCACCCAAGAACTTGCAGCTGAAGCCATTAAAGAATTCTCGGCAGGTGGAGGTCAGCTGGGAGTACCCTGACACCTGGAGTACTCCACATTCCTACTTCTCCCTGACATTCTGCGTTCAGGTCCAGGGCAAGAGCAAGAGAGAGAAGAAAGATAGAGTCTTCACGGACAAGACCTCAGCCACGGTCATCTGCCGCAAGAATGCCAGCATTAGCGTGCGGGCCCAGGACCGCTACTATAGCTCATCTTGGAGCGAATGGGCATCTGTGCCCTGCAGTGGCGGAGGGGGCGGAGGGAGCAGAGCTGTGCCTGGGGGCAGCAGCCCTGCCTGGACTCAGTGCCAGCAGCTTTCACAGAAGCTCTGCACACTGGCCTGGAGTGCACATCCACTAGTGGGACACATGGATCTAAGAGAAGAGGGAGATGAAGAGACTACAAATGATGTTCCCCATATCCAGTGTGGAGATGGCTGTGACCCCCAAGGACTCAGGGACAACAGTCAGTTCTGCTTGCAAAGGATCCACCAGGGTCTGATCTTTTATGAGAAGCTGCTAGGATCGGATATTTTCACAGGGGAGCCTTCTCTGCTCCCTGATAGCCCTGTGGGCCAGCTTCATGCCTCCCTACTGGGCCTCAGCCAACTCCTGCAGCCTGAGGGTCACCACTGGGAGACTCAGCAGATTCCAAGCCTCAGTCCCAGCCAGCCATGGCAGCGTCTCCTTCTCCGCTTCAAGATCCTTCGCAGCCTCCAGGCCTTTGTGGCTGTAGCCGCCCGGGTCTTTGCCCATGGAGCA GCAACCCTGAGTCCChIL-23_miR- Codon ATGTGTCACCAGCAGTTGGTCATCTCTTGGTTTTCCCTGGTTTTTCTGGCSEQ ID 122 Construct optimizedATCTCCCCTCGTGGCCATATGGGAACTGAAGAAAGATGTTTATGTCGTAG NO: 20 3 human IL-23AATTGGATTGGTATCCGGATGCCCCTGGAGAAATGGTGGTCCTCACCTGT sequenceGACACCCCTGAAGAAGATGGTATCACCTGGACCTTGGACCAGAGCAGTGAGGTCTTAGGCTCTGGCAAAACCCTGACCATCCAAGTCAAAGAGTTTGGAGATGCTGGCCAGTACACCTGTCACAAAGGAGGCGAGGTTCTAAGCCATTCGCTCCTGCTGCTTCACAAAAAGGAAGATGGAATTTGGTCCACTGATATTTTAAAGGACCAGAAAGAACCCAAAAATAAGACCTTTCTAAGATGCGAGGCCAAGAATTATTCTGGACGTTTCACCTGCTGGTGGCTGACGACAATCAGTACTGATTTGACATTCAGTGTCAAAAGCAGCAGAGGCTCTTCTGACCCCCAAGGGGTGACGTGCGGAGCTGCTACACTCTCTGCAGAGAGAGTCAGAGGGGACAACAAGGAGTATGAGTACTCAGTGGAGTGCCAGGAGGACAGTGCCTGCCCAGCTGCTGAGGAGAGTCTGCCCATTGAGGTCATGGTGGATGCCGTTCACAAGCTCAAGTATGAAAACTACACCAGCAGCTTCTTCATCAGGGACATCATCAAACCTGACCCACCCAAGAACTTGCAGCTGAAGCCATTAAAGAATTCTCGGCAGGTGGAGGTCAGCTGGGAGTACCCTGACACCTGGAGTACTCCACATTCCTACTTCTCCCTGACATTCTGCGTTCAGGTCCAGGGCAAGAGCAAGAGAGAAAAGAAAGATAGAGTCTTCACGGACAAGACCTCAGCCACGGTCATCTGCCGCAAAAATGCCAGCATTAGCGTGCGGGCCCAGGACCGCTACTATAGCTCATCTTGGAGCGAATGGGCATCTGTGCCCTGCAGTGGCGGAGGGGGCGGAGGGAGCAGAGCTGTGCCTGGGGGCAGCAGCCCTGCCTGGACTCAGTGCCAGCAGCTTTCACAGAAGCTCTGCACACTGGCCTGGAGTGCACATCCACTAGTGGGACACATGGATCTAAGAGAAGAGGGAGATGAAGAGACTACAAATGATGTTCCCCATATCCAGTGTGGAGATGGCTGTGACCCCCAAGGACTCAGGGACAACAGTCAGTTCTGCTTGCAAAGGATCCACCAGGGTCTGATTTTTTATGAGAAGCTGCTAGGATCGGATATTTTCACAGGGGAGCCTTCTCTGCTCCCTGATAGCCCTGTGGGCCAGCTTCATGCCTCCCTACTGGGCCTCAGCCAACTCCTGCAGCCTGAGGGTCACCACTGGGAGACTCAGCAGATTCCAAGCCTCAGTCCCAGCCAGCCATGGCAGCGTCTCCTTCTCCGCTTCAAAATCCTTCGCAGCCTCCAGGCCTTTGTGGCTGTAGCCGCCCGGGTCTTTGCCCATGGAGCA GCAACCCTGAGTCCChIL-23_miR- Codon ATGTGTCACCAGCAGTTGGTCATCTCTTGGTTTTCCCTGGTATTTCTGGCASEQ ID 122 Construct optimizedTCTCCCCTCGTGGCCATATGGGAACTGAAGAAAGATGTTTATGTCGTAGAA NO: 71 4 human IL-23TTGGATTGGTATCCGGATGCCCCTGGAGAAATGGTGGTCCTCACCTGTGAC sequenceACCCCTGAAGAAGATGGTATCACCTGGACCTTGGACCAGAGCAGTGAGGTCTTAGGCTCTGGCAAGACCCTGACCATCCAAGTCAAAGAGTTTGGAGATGCTGGCCAGTACACCTGTCACAAAGGAGGCGAGGTTCTAAGCCATTCGCTCCTGCTGCTTCACAAGAAGGAAGATGGAATTTGGTCCACTGATATTTTAAAGGACCAGAAAGAACCCAAGAATAAGACCTTTCTAAGATGCGAGGCCAAGAATTATTCTGGACGTTTCACCTGCTGGTGGCTGACGACAATCAGTACTGATTTGACATTCAGTGTCAAGAGCAGCAGAGGCTCTTCTGACCCCCAAGGGGTGACGTGCGGAGCTGCTACACTCTCTGCAGAGAGAGTCAGAGGGGACAACAAGGAGTATGAGTACTCAGTGGAGTGCCAGGAGGACAGTGCCTGCCCAGCTGCTGAGGAGAGTCTGCCCATTGAGGTCATGGTGGATGCCGTTCACAAGCTCAAGTATGAGAACTACACCAGCAGCTTCTTCATCAGGGACATCATCAAACCTGACCCACCCAAGAACTTGCAGCTGAAGCCATTAAAGAATTCTCGGCAGGTGGAGGTCAGCTGGGAGTACCCTGACACCTGGAGTACTCCACATTCCTACTTCTCCCTGACATTCTGCGTTCAGGTCCAGGGCAAGAGCAAGAGAGAGAAGAAAGATAGAGTCTTCACGGACAAGACCTCAGCCACGGTCATCTGCCGCAAGAATGCCAGCATTAGCGTGCGGGCCCAGGACCGCTACTATAGCTCATCTTGGAGCGAATGGGCATCTGTGCCCTGCAGTGGCGGAGGGGGCGGAGGGAGCAGAGCTGTGCCTGGGGGCAGCAGCCCTGCCTGGACTCAGTGCCAGCAGCTTTCACAGAAGCTCTGCACACTGGCCTGGAGTGCACATCCACTAGTGGGACACATGGATCTAAGAGAAGAGGGAGATGAAGAGACTACAAATGATGTTCCCCATATCCAGTGTGGAGATGGCTGTGACCCCCAAGGACTCAGGGACAACAGTCAGTTCTGCTTGCAAAGGATCCACCAGGGTCTGATCTTTTATGAGAAGCTGCTAGGATCGGATATTTTCACAGGGGAGCCTTCTCTGCTCCCTGATAGCCCTGTGGGCCAGCTTCATGCCTCCCTACTGGGCCTCAGCCAACTCCTGCAGCCTGAGGGTCACCACTGGGAGACTCAGCAGATTCCAAGCCTCAGTCCCAGCCAGCCATGGCAGCGTCTCCTTCTCCGCTTCAAGATCCTTCGCAGCCTCCAGGCCTTTGTGGCTGTAGCCGCCCGGGTCTTTGCCCATGGAGCAGCAACCCTGAGTCCC hIL-23 CodonATGTGTCACCAGCAGTTGGTCATCTCTTGGTTTTCCCTGGTATTTCTGGCA SEQ ID optimizedTCTCCCCTCGTGGCCATATGGGAACTGAAGAAAGATGTTTATGTCGTAGAA NO: 72 human IL-TTGGATTGGTATCCGGATGCCCCTGGAGAAATGGTGGTCCTCACCTGTGAC 23 sequenceACCCCTGAAGAAGATGGTATCACCTGGACCTTGGACCAGAGCAGTGAGGTCTTAGGCTCTGGCAAGACCCTGACCATCCAAGTCAAAGAGTTTGGAGATGCTGGCCAGTACACCTGTCACAAAGGAGGCGAGGTTCTAAGCCATTCGCTCCTGCTGCTTCACAAGAAGGAAGATGGAATTTGGTCCACTGATATTTTAAAGGACCAGAAAGAACCCAAGAATAAGACCTTTCTAAGATGCGAGGCCAAGAATTATTCTGGACGTTTCACCTGCTGGTGGCTGACGACAATCAGTACTGATTTGACATTCAGTGTCAAGAGCAGCAGAGGCTCTTCTGACCCGCAAGGGGTGACGTGCGGAGCTGCTACACTCTCTGCAGAGAGAGTCAGAGGGGACAACAAGGAGTATGAGTACTCAGTGGAGTGCCAGGAGGACAGTGCCTGCCCAGCTGCTGAGGAGAGTCTGCCCATTGAGGTCATGGTGGATGCCGTTCACAAGCTCAAGTATGAGAACTACACCAGCAGCTTCTTCATCAGGGACATCATCAAACCTGACCCACCCAAGAACTTGCAGCTGAAGCCATTAAAGAATTCTCGGCAGGTGGAGGTCAGCTGGGAGTACCCTGACACCTGGAGTACTCCACATTCCTACTTCTCCCTGACATTCTGCGTTCAGGTCCAGGGCAAGAGCAAGAGAGAGAAGAAAGATAGAGTCTTCACGGACAAGACCTCAGCCACGGTCATCTGCCGCAAGAATGCCAGCATTAGCGTGCGGGCCCAGGACCGCTACTATAGCTCATCTTGGAGCGAATGGGCATCTGTGCCCTGCAGTGGCGGAGGTGGCGGAGGGAGCAGAGCTGTGCCTGGCGGCAGCAGCCCTGCCTGGACTCAGTGCCAGCAGCTTTCACAGAAGCTCTGCACACTGGCCTGGAGTGCACATCCACTAGTGGGACACATGGATCTAAGAGAAGAGGGAGATGAAGAGACTACAAATGATGTTCCCCATATCCAGTGTGGAGATGGCTGTGACCCGCAAGGACTCAGGGACAACAGTCAGTTCTGCTTGCAAAGGATCCACCAGGGTCTGATCTTTTATGAGAAGCTGCTAGGATCGGATATTTTCACAGGGGAGCCTTCTCTGCTCCCTGATAGCCCTGTGGGCCAGCTTCATGCCTCCCTACTGGGCCTCAGCCAACTCCTGCAGCCTGAGGGTCACCACTGGGAGACTCAGCAGATTCCAAGCCTCAGTCCCAGCCAGCCATGGCAGCGTCTCCTTCTCCGCTTCAAGATCCTTCGCAGCCTCCAGGCCTTTGTGGCTGTAGCCGCCCGGGTCTTTGCCCATGGAGCAGCAACCCTGAGTCCC mIL- CodonATGTGTCCTCAGAAGCTAACCATCTCCTGGTTTGCCATCGTTTTGCTGGTG SEQ ID 23 AB +optimized TCTCCACTCATGGCCATGTGGGAGCTGGAGAAAGACGTTTATGTTGTAGAG NO: 73miR-122 murine IL- GTGGACTGGACTCCCGATGCCCCTGGAGAAACAGTGAACCTCACCTGTGAC23 sequence ACGCCTGAAGAAGATGACATCACCTGGACCTCAGACCAGAGACATGGAGTCATAGGCTCTGGAAAGACCCTGACCATCACTGTCAAAGAGTTCCTAGATGCTGGCCAGTACACCTGCCACAAAGGAGGCGAGACTCTGAGCCACTCACATCTGCTGCTCCACAAGAAGGAAAATGGAATTTGGTCCACTGAAATTTTAAAAAATTTCAAAAACAAGACTTTCCTGAAGTGTGAAGCACCAAATTACTCCGGACGGTTCACGTGCTCATGGCTGGTGCAAAGAAACATGGACTTGAAGTTCAACATCAAGAGCAGTAGCAGTTCCCCTGACTCTCGGGCAGTGACATGTGGAATGGCGTCTCTGTCTGCAGAGAAGGTCACACTGGACCAAAGGGACTATGAGAAGTATTCAGTGTCCTGCCAGGAGGATGTCACCTGCCCAACTGCCGAGGAGACCCTGCCCATTGAACTGGCGTTGGAAGCACGGCAGCAGAATAAATATGAGAACTACAGCACCAGCTTCTTCATCAGGGACATCATCAAACCAGACCCGCCCAAGAACTTGCAGATGAAGCCTTTGAAGAACTCACAGGTGGAGGTCAGCTGGGAGTACCCTGACTCCTGGAGCACTCCCCATTCCTACTTCTCCCTCAAGTTCTTTGTTCGAATCCAGCGCAAGAAAGAAAAGATGAAGGAGACAGAGGAGGGGTGTAACCAGAAAGGTGCGTTCCTCGTAGAGAAGACATCTACCGAAGTCCAATGCAAAGGCGGGAATGTCTGCGTGCAAGCTCAGGATCGCTATTACAATTCCTCATGCAGCAAGTGGGCATGTGTTCCCTGCAGGGTCCGATCCGGAGGCGGAGGGAGCGGAGGCGGAGGGAGCGGAGGCGGAGGGAGCGTGCCTAGGAGTAGCAGTCCTGACTGGGCTCAGTGCCAGCAGCTCTCTCGGAATCTCTGCATGCTAGCCTGGAACGCACATGCACCAGCGGGACATATGAATCTACTAAGAGAAGAAGAGGATGAAGAGACTAAAAATAATGTGCCCCGTATCCAGTGTGAAGATGGTTGTGACCCACAAGGACTCAAGGACAACAGCCAGTTCTGCTTGCAAAGGATCCGCCAAGGTCTGGCTTTTTATAAGCACCTGCTTGACTCTGACATCTTCAAAGGGGAGCCTGCTCTACTCCCTGATAGCCCCATGGAGCAACTTCACACCTCCCTACTAGGACTCAGCCAACTCCTCCAGCCAGAGGATCACCCCCGGGAGACCCAACAGATGCCCAGCCTGAGTTCTAGTCAGCAGTGGCAGCGCCCCCTTCTCCGTTCCAAGATCCTTCGAAGCCTCCAGGCCTTTTTGGCCATAGCTGCCCGGGTCTTTGCCCACGGAGCAGCAACTCTGACTGAGCCCTTAGTGCCAACAGCT SE_IL-23_026 CodonATGTGCCACCAGCAGCTCGTGATCAGCTGGTTCAGCCTAGTGTTCCTCGCC SEQ ID optimizedAGCCCACTCGTGGCCATCTGGGAGCTCAAGAAGGACGTCTACGTAGTAGAG NO: 74 human IL-CTCGACTGGTACCCGGACGCCCCGGGAGAGATGGTCGTGCTCACCTGCGAC 23 sequenceACCCCGGAAGAGGACGGCATCACCTGGACCCTCGACCAGAGCTCCGAGGTGCTCGGCAGCGGTAAGACCCTGACCATCCAGGTGAAGGAGTTCGGCGACGCCGGCCAATACACCTGCCACAAGGGCGGCGAGGTGCTGAGCCACTCCCTGCTGCTCCTGCATAAGAAGGAGGATGGAATCTGGTCCACCGACATCCTCAAGGACCAGAAGGAGCCTAAGAACAAGACCTTCCTCCGGTGCGAGGCCAAGAACTACTCGGGCCGATTCACCTGTTGGTGGCTGACTACCATTAGCACCGACCTCACCTTCAGCGTCAAGAGCAGCAGGGGCAGCAGCGACCCTCAGGGCGTGACCTGCGGCGCCGCCACCCTGAGCGCCGAAAGGGTGAGGGGCGACAACAAGGAGTACGAATATAGCGTGGAGTGCCAGGAGGACAGCGCCTGCCCGGCCGCCGAGGAGAGCCTGCCTATCGAGGTCATGGTCGACGCCGTGCACAAGCTGAAGTACGAGAACTACACCAGCAGCTTCTTCATCCGGGACATCATCAAGCCGGACCCACCGAAGAACCTGCAACTCAAGCCACTGAAGAACAGCCGGCAGGTGGAGGTGTCCTGGGAGTACCCTGACACCTGGAGCACACCGCACTCCTATTTCTCCCTGACCTTCTGTGTGCAAGTGCAGGGCAAGAGCAAGAGGGAGAAGAAGGACCGGGTGTTCACCGATAAGACCTCCGCCACCGTGATCTGCAGGAAGAACGCCTCCATCAGCGTGAGGGCCCAAGACAGATATTACAGCAGCTCATGGTCCGAGTGGGCCTCCGTCCCATGCTCCGGCGGCGGAGGAGGAGGAAGCAGGGCCGTCCCAGGCGGCTCTAGCCCTGCCTGGACCCAATGCCAGCAGCTGAGCCAGAAGCTGTGCACTCTGGCCTGGTCCGCCCACCCGCTGGTGGGCCACATGGATCTGCGCGAGGAGGGCGACGAGGAAACCACCAACGACGTCCCGCATATCCAGTGCGGCGACGGCTGCGATCCACAGGGCCTGAGGGACAACTCCCAGTTCTGCCTGCAGAGAATCCACCAGGGACTGATCTTCTACGAGAAGCTGCTGGGCAGCGACATATTCACCGGCGAACCGAGCCTGCTCCCTGACAGCCCGGTGGGCCAGCTGCATGCCAGCCTGCTGGGCCTGTCACAGCTGCTGCAGCCGGAGGGCCATCACTGGGAGACTCAACAGATCCCTAGCCTCAGCCCTAGCCAGCCGTGGCAGCGGCTGCTGCTCAGGTTCAAGATCCTGAGGAGCCTGCAGGCCTTCGTGGCGGTGGCCGCCCGAGTGTTCGCCCACGGCGCCGCGACCCTGTCCCCG SE_IL-23_027 CodonATGTGCCACCAACAACTCGTGATCTCCTGGTTCAGCCTCGTTTTCCTCGCA SEQ ID optimizedAGCCCACTCGTGGCTATCTGGGAACTCAAGAAGGACGTGTACGTGGTGGAG NO: 75 human IL-CTCGACTGGTACCCGGACGCCCCGGGCGAGATGGTGGTGCTCACCTGCGAT 23 sequenceACCCCGGAGGAGGACGGCATCACCTGGACCCTCGACCAGTCCAGCGAAGTGCTGGGATCCGGCAAGACCCTGACCATCCAGGTGAAGGAGTTCGGCGATGCCGGCCAATACACCTGCCACAAGGGCGGCGAGGTCCTCTCCCACAGCCTGCTGCTGCTCCACAAGAAGGAGGACGGCATATGGAGCACCGACATCCTGAAGGACCAGAAGGAACCTAAGAACAAGACCTTCCTGCGATGCGAGGCCAAGAACTACAGCGGCAGATTCACCTGCTGGTGGTTAACTACCATAAGCACAGACCTGACCTTCAGCGTAAAGAGCAGCAGAGGCAGCAGCGACCCGCAGGGCGTGACCTGCGGCGCCGCCACCCTGTCCGCCGAGCGGGTGCGGGGCGACAACAAGGAGTATGAGTACTCAGTGGAATGCCAGGAGGACAGCGCCTGCCCGGCCGCCGAGGAAAGCCTGCCTATCGAGGTGATGGTGGACGCCGTGCACAAGCTGAAGTACGAGAACTACACCAGCAGCTTCTTCATCAGGGACATCATCAAGCCGGACCCGCCGAAGAACCTGCAACTGAAGCCGCTGAAGAACAGCCGGCAAGTGGAGGTGTCCTGGGAGTACCCGGACACCTGGAGCACCCCGCATAGCTATTTCAGCCTCACCTTCTGCGTGCAAGTCCAGGGCAAGTCCAAGCGGGAGAAGAAGGACAGGGTGTTCACCGACAAGACTTCCGCCACTGTGATCTGCCGCAAGAACGCGAGCATCTCCGTGAGGGCGCAGGATAGGTATTATAGCAGCAGCTGGTCGGAGTGGGCCTCCGTGCCTTGCTCCGGCGGAGGCGGCGGAGGCTCGAGAGCCGTCCCAGGCGGCAGCTCCCCAGCCTGGACCCAGTGCCAGCAGCTGAGCCAGAAGCTCTGCACCCTCGCCTGGAGTGCCCACCCACTGGTGGGCCACATGGACCTCCGCGAGGAAGGCGACGAGGAAACCACCAATGACGTGCCGCATATCCAGTGTGGCGACGGCTGCGACCCTCAGGGTCTGAGGGATAACAGCCAGTTCTGCCTCCAGCGGATCCATCAGGGCCTGATCTTCTACGAGAAGCTGCTGGGCAGCGATATCTTCACCGGCGAGCCGTCCCTGCTGCCGGACAGCCCGGTGGGCCAGCTCCACGCCAGCCTGCTGGGCCTCAGCCAGCTGCTCCAGCCTGAAGGCCACCATTGGGAGACTCAGCAGATCCCGAGCCTGAGCCCGAGCCAGCCGTGGCAGAGACTGCTGCTCCGTTTCAAGATCCTCAGGTCGCTGCAGGCCTTCGTGGCCGTGGCCGCTAGGGTGTTCGCCCACGGCGCCGCCACCCTGTCCCCT SE_IL-23_028 CodonATGTGTCATCAGCAGCTCGTGATCAGCTGGTTCAGCCTCGTGTTCCTCGCA SEQ ID optimizedAGCCCGCTCGTCGCCATCTGGGAGCTCAAGAAGGACGTGTACGTTGTGGAG NO: 76 human IL-CTCGACTGGTACCCGGACGCCCCGGGCGAGATGGTGGTGCTCACCTGCGAC 23 sequenceACCCCGGAGGAGGACGGCATCACCTGGACGCTGGACCAGAGCAGCGAGGTGCTGGGCAGCGGCAAGACGCTGACCATCCAGGTGAAGGAATTCGGCGATGCCGGCCAGTACACCTGCCACAAGGGCGGCGAGGTTCTGAGCCACTCACTGCTGCTCCTCCACAAGAAGGAGGACGGCATCTGGAGCACCGACATCCTGAAGGACCAGAAGGAGCCTAAGAACAAGACCTTCCTGCGGTGCGAGGCCAAGAATTACAGCGGACGGTTCACATGCTGGTGGCTGACCACCATCAGCACCGACCTGACCTTCAGCGTCAAGTCCAGCCGGGGCTCAAGCGACCCGCAGGGCGTGACCTGCGGCGCCGCCACCCTGAGCGCCGAGAGGGTCAGAGGCGACAACAAGGAGTACGAATACAGCGTGGAGTGTCAGGAGGACTCGGCCTGCCCGGCCGCTGAGGAATCCCTGCCGATCGAAGTAATGGTGGACGCTGTGCACAAGCTGAAGTACGAGAACTACACCAGCAGCTTCTTCATCAGGGACATCATCAAGCCAGACCCTCCTAAGAACCTCCAGCTGAAGCCTCTGAAGAACAGCCGGCAGGTGGAGGTGAGCTGGGAGTATCCGGACACCTGGTCCACCCCGCACTCCTACTTCAGCCTTACATTCTGCGTGCAGGTGCAGGGCAAGAGCAAGAGGGAGAAGAAGGATAGGGTCTTCACCGACAAGACCAGCGCCACCGTCATCTGCAGAAAGAACGCCTCTATCTCCGTCAGGGCCCAGGATCGCTACTACAGCAGCAGCTGGAGCGAGTGGGCTTCCGTCCCTTGCTCAGGTGGCGGTGGCGGCGGCAGCAGGGCCGTCCCGGGTGGCAGCTCGCCGGCCTGGACCCAGTGCCAGCAACTCTCGCAGAAGCTGTGTACCCTGGCCTGGTCGGCCCATCCGCTGGTGGGCCACATGGACCTGAGGGAGGAGGGCGATGAGGAGACGACCAATGATGTGCCTCACATCCAGTGTGGCGACGGCTGCGACCCTCAAGGCCTGAGGGACAATAGCCAGTTCTGCCTGCAGAGGATCCATCAGGGCCTGATCTTCTACGAGAAGCTGCTGGGCAGCGACATTTTCACCGGCGAGCCGAGCCTCCTGCCGGACAGCCCTGTGGGTCAACTGCACGCCAGCCTCCTGGGCCTGTCCCAACTGCTGCAGCCGGAGGGCCACCACTGGGAAACCCAGCAGATCCCAAGCCTGTCCCCGAGCCAACCGTGGCAGCGCCTGCTGCTGCGGTTCAAGATCCTGAGAAGCCTCCAGGCTTTCGTGGCAGTCGCCGCCAGGGTGTTCGCCCACGGCGCCGCCACCCTGTCCCCT SE_IL-23_029 CodonATGTGCCACCAGCAGCTCGTGATTAGCTGGTTCAGCCTCGTGTTCCTCGCC SEQ ID optimizedAGCCCGCTCGTGGCCATCTGGGAGCTTAAGAAGGACGTGTACGTGGTGGAG NO: 77 human IL-CTCGACTGGTACCCAGACGCGCCGGGCGAGATGGTGGTCCTTACCTGCGAC 23 sequenceACCCCGGAAGAGGACGGTATTACCTGGACCCTGGATCAGTCTAGCGAGGTGCTGGGATCAGGCAAGACCCTCACCATCCAGGTCAAGGAGTTCGGCGACGCCGGCCAGTATACGTGCCACAAGGGAGGCGAGGTGCTGAGCCATTCGCTGCTGCTCCTGCACAAGAAGGAGGATGGCATCTGGAGCACCGACATTCTCAAGGACCAGAAGGAGCCGAAGAACAAGACCTTCCTCAGGTGCGAAGCAAAGAATTACTCCGGACGCTTCACCTGCTGGTGGCTGACAACCATCAGCACCGACCTGACGTTCAGCGTCAAGTCCAGCAGGGGCAGCAGCGACCCGCAGGGCGTGACCTGCGGCGCTGCCACCCTCAGCGCCGAGCGAGTTAGGGGCGACAACAAGGAGTACGAGTACTCCGTGGAGTGCCAGGAGGACTCCGCTTGCCCGGCCGCCGAGGAGTCCCTCCCTATCGAGGTGATGGTCGACGCCGTGCACAAGCTGAAGTATGAGAACTACACCAGCTCATTCTTCATCAGAGACATCATCAAGCCAGACCCGCCGAAGAACCTCCAGCTGAAGCCTCTGAAGAACAGCAGGCAGGTGGAGGTGTCCTGGGAGTACCCGGACACCTGGTCCACCCCGCACTCCTACTTCAGCCTGACCTTCTGCGTGCAGGTCCAAGGCAAGAGCAAGCGGGAGAAGAAGGACCGCGTGTTCACCGACAAGACCTCCGCCACGGTCATATGCAGGAAGAACGCCAGCATCAGCGTCAGAGCCCAGGATAGATACTACTCGAGCTCCTGGTCCGAGTGGGCGAGCGTGCCGTGCAGCGGCGGAGGCGGTGGCGGCTCCCGAGCCGTTCCAGGCGGCTCTAGCCCGGCATGGACGCAGTGCCAGCAGCTCTCCCAGAAGCTGTGTACCCTGGCCTGGAGCGCCCACCCACTGGTGGGTCACATGGACCTGAGGGAGGAGGGCGACGAGGAAACCACCAATGATGTGCCGCACATCCAGTGCGGCGACGGCTGCGATCCTCAGGGCCTGCGGGACAACTCCCAGTTCTGCTTACAAAGGATCCACCAGGGCCTGATCTTCTACGAGAAGCTCCTGGGCTCCGACATCTTCACCGGCGAGCCAAGCCTCCTGCCGGACAGTCCGGTGGGCCAGCTGCACGCCTCCCTGCTGGGCCTGAGCCAACTGCTGCAGCCGGAGGGCCACCACTGGGAGACACAGCAGATACCTAGCCTGTCCCCAAGCCAGCCTTGGCAGCGCCTGCTGCTGCGCTTCAAGATCCTGAGAAGCTTGCAGGCCTTCGTGGCCGTGGCCGCCCGGGTGTTCGCCCACGGCGCCGCAACCCTGAGCCCA SE_IL-23_030 CodonATGTGTCACCAGCAGCTCGTAATCTCCTGGTTCAGCCTCGTGTTCCTCGCC SEQ ID optimizedTCCCCGCTCGTGGCTATCTGGGAGCTCAAGAAGGACGTGTACGTGGTCGAG NO: 78 human IL-CTCGACTGGTACCCAGACGCGCCGGGCGAGATGGTGGTGCTCACCTGCGAC 23 sequenceACCCCTGAGGAGGACGGCATCACCTGGACCTTAGACCAGAGCTCCGAGGTGCTCGGCAGCGGCAAGACACTCACTATCCAAGTGAAGGAGTTCGGCGATGCCGGCCAGTACACGTGCCACAAGGGCGGCGAGGTGCTGAGCCATAGCCTGCTGCTGCTGCACAAGAAGGAAGACGGCATTTGGAGCACCGACATCCTGAAGGACCAGAAGGAGCCGAAGAACAAGACCTTCCTGCGCTGCGAGGCCAAGAACTACTCCGGCCGATTCACCTGTTGGTGGCTGACAACCATCAGCACTGACCTGACCTTCTCCGTCAAGTCATCCCGCGGCAGCAGCGATCCGCAGGGCGTCACCTGCGGAGCCGCCACCCTGTCCGCCGAGAGGGTGCGCGGCGACAACAAGGAGTACGAGTACTCCGTGGAGTGCCAGGAGGATAGCGCCTGCCCAGCCGCCGAGGAGTCCCTGCCAATCGAGGTGATGGTGGACGCCGTGCATAAGCTCAAGTATGAGAACTACACCAGCAGCTTCTTCATAAGGGACATCATCAAGCCGGACCCTCCGAAGAACCTGCAACTGAAGCCGCTCAAGAACAGCAGGCAAGTGGAGGTGTCCTGGGAATACCCGGATACCTGGAGCACCCCGCACTCCTACTTCTCCCTGACCTTCTGCGTTCAGGTGCAAGGAAAGAGCAAGCGGGAGAAGAAGGACCGGGTGTTCACCGACAAGACCAGCGCCACCGTGATCTGCCGCAAGAATGCCAGCATCAGCGTAAGAGCCCAGGACAGGTACTACAGCTCGTCCTGGTCCGAGTGGGCCTCGGTGCCGTGTAGCGGCGGCGGAGGCGGTGGCAGCAGGGCCGTCCCAGGCGGCTCCTCACCAGCCTGGACACAGTGCCAGCAACTGAGCCAGAAGCTGTGTACCCTGGCCTGGAGCGCCCACCCGCTGGTGGGCCATATGGACCTGCGGGAGGAGGGCGACGAGGAGACGACCAACGATGTGCCACACATCCAGTGCGGTGATGGATGCGATCCACAGGGCCTGAGGGACAACAGCCAGTTCTGCCTGCAGAGAATCCACCAGGGCCTGATCTTCTACGAGAAGCTGCTGGGAAGCGATATTTTCACTGGAGAACCGAGCCTTTTGCCGGATAGCCCTGTGGGTCAGCTCCACGCCAGCCTGCTGGGTCTGTCCCAGCTGCTCCAGCCGGAGGGCCACCACTGGGAAACCCAGCAGATCCCGAGCCTGTCCCCAAGCCAGCCATGGCAACGGCTGCTGCTTAGGTTCAAGATCCTGAGAAGCTTACAGGCCTTCGTGGCCGTGGCCGCCAGGGTGTTCGCCCACGGCGCCGCGACCCTGAGCCCG SE_IL-23_031 CodonATGTGCCACCAGCAGTTGGTGATCAGCTGGTTCAGCCTCGTGTTCCTCGCC SEQ BD optimizedAGCCCACTCGTCGCCATCTGGGAGTTGAAGAAGGACGTGTACGTGGTGGAG NO: 79 human IL-CTCGACTGGTACCCGGACGCCCCGGGCGAGATGGTGGTGCTCACCTGCGAC 23 sequenceACCCCGGAGGAGGACGGCATCACGTGGACCCTGGACCAGAGCAGCGAGGTCCTGGGCAGCGGCAAGACCCTCACCATCCAGGTGAAGGAGTTCGGCGACGCCGGCCAGTACACCTGCCACAAGGGCGGAGAAGTGCTGAGCCATTCCCTGCTGCTGCTGCATAAGAAGGAGGATGGCATTTGGAGCACTGACATCCTCAAGGACCAGAAGGAGCCGAAGAACAAGACATTCCTGCGATGCGAGGCCAAGAATTACAGCGGTAGGTTCACCTGCTGGTGGCTTACGACCATCAGCACAGACCTGACGTTCTCCGTGAAGTCCAGCAGGGGCAGCAGCGATCCGCAGGGCGTGACCTGCGGCGCCGCCACCCTGAGCGCCGAGCGGGTGAGAGGAGACAACAAGGAGTATGAATACAGCGTGGAATGTCAGGAGGACTCGGCCTGCCCGGCTGCCGAGGAGAGCCTGCCAATCGAGGTGATGGTGGATGCCGTGCACAAGCTGAAGTACGAGAACTACACCAGCAGCTTCTTCATCCGTGACATCATCAAGCCGGACCCGCCGAAGAACCTGCAGCTGAAGCCGCTCAAGAACTCCCGACAGGTGGAAGTGTCCTGGGAGTATCCAGACACCTGGTCAACCCCGCACTCCTACTTCTCCCTCACATTCTGCGTGCAGGTGCAGGGCAAGAGCAAGCGCGAGAAGAAGGATAGGGTGTTCACCGACAAGACGAGCGCGACCGTGATCTGCAGGAAGAACGCCAGCATCAGCGTGCGGGCCCAGGACAGGTACTACAGCTCCTCCTGGAGCGAATGGGCCTCCGTCCCGTGCTCAGGCGGTGGCGGCGGCGGCTCGCGGGCCGTGCCGGGAGGCAGCAGTCCTGCATGGACCCAGTGCCAACAGCTGAGCCAGAAGCTCTGCACATTGGCCTGGAGCGCCCACCCGCTGGTGGGCCACATGGACCTCAGAGAGGAGGGCGACGAAGAAACCACCAACGACGTGCCGCACATCCAGTGCGGCGACGGCTGCGACCCTCAGGGTCTGCGGGACAATAGCCAATTCTGCCTCCAGCGCATCCATCAGGGCCTGATCTTCTACGAGAAGCTTCTGGGAAGCGACATCTTCACCGGCGAGCCGAGCCTGCTGCCGGACAGCCCGGTGGGCCAGCTGCACGCCTCCCTCCTGGGCCTGAGCCAGCTGCTGCAACCAGAGGGCCATCACTGGGAAACCCAGCAGATCCCTAGCCTGAGCCCGAGCCAGCCGTGGCAGAGGCTGCTCCTGCGGTTCAAGATCCTCAGGAGCCTGCAGGCCTTCGTGGCCGTGGCGGCCCGGGTGTTCGCCCACGGCGCCGCCACCCTCAGCCCA SE_IL-23_032 CodonATGTGCCACCAACAGCTCGTGATCAGCTGGTTCAGCCTCGTGTTCCTCGCC SEQ ID optimizedAGCCCGCTCGTGGCCATCTGGGAGCTCAAGAAGGACGTGTACGTCGTCGAA NO: 80 human IL-CTCGACTGGTACCCGGACGCGCCGGGCGAAATGGTGGTGCTAACCTGCGAC 23 sequenceACCCCGGAAGAGGACGGCATCACCTGGACCCTGGACCAATCAAGCGAGGTGCTGGGTAGCGGAAAGACCCTCACCATCCAGGTGAAGGAGTTCGGCGACGCCGGCCAATACACGTGTCACAAGGGCGGCGAGGTGCTGAGCCACAGCCTCCTACTGCTGCACAAGAAGGAGGACGGTATCTGGAGCACCGACATACTGAAGGACCAGAAGGAGCCGAAGAACAAGACCTTCCTGCGCTGCGAGGCCAAGAACTACTCTGGCAGGTTCACCTGCTGGTGGCTCACCACCATCAGCACCGACCTGACCTTCAGCGTCAAGAGCTCCCGGGGCAGTAGCGATCCGCAGGGCGTGACCTGCGGCGCCGCCACCCTCAGCGCCGAGCGCGTCCGCGGCGACAACAAGGAGTACGAGTACAGCGTGGAGTGCCAGGAGGACTCCGCCTGCCCGGCCGCCGAGGAGAGCCTCCCGATCGAGGTCATGGTGGACGCCGTGCACAAGCTGAAGTATGAGAATTACACCTCCTCCTTCTTCATCCGGGATATCATAAAGCCGGACCCGCCGAAGAACTTACAGCTGAAGCCTCTGAAGAACAGCAGGCAGGTGGAGGTGAGCTGGGAGTATCCGGACACCTGGAGCACCCCGCACTCCTATTTCAGCCTGACCTTCTGCGTCCAAGTGCAGGGCAAGAGCAAGAGGGAGAAGAAGGACAGGGTGTTCACGGACAAGACCAGCGCCACCGTAATCTGTAGGAAGAACGCCAGCATCAGCGTGCGAGCCCAGGACAGGTACTACTCCAGTAGCTGGTCCGAGTGGGCCTCCGTGCCATGTAGCGGAGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCAGCCGGGCCGTGCCAGGAGGAAGCTCTCCGGCCTGGACCCAGTGCCAACAGCTGAGCCAGAAGCTGTGCACCCTGGCCTGGAGCGCCCACCCGCTCGTGGGCCACATGGATCTGCGGGAGGAGGGCGACGAGGAAACTACCAACGACGTGCCACACATCCAGTGCGGCGACGGCTGCGACCCACAGGGACTGAGGGACAATTCCCAGTTCTGCCTCCAGCGGATCCACCAGGGCCTGATCTTCTACGAGAAGCTCCTGGGCAGCGATATCTTCACCGGTGAGCCTTCCCTGCTGCCGGATTCCCCTGTGGGCCAGCTCCATGCCTCTCTGCTGGGCCTCAGCCAGCTGCTGCAACCGGAGGGACACCATTGGGAGACGCAGCAAATCCCTAGCCTGAGCCCGAGCCAACCATGGCAAAGGCTCCTGCTGAGGTTCAAGATCCTGCGCAGCCTGCAGGCCTTCGTGGCCGTCGCCGCCCGGGTGTTCGCCCACGGCGCCGCCACGCTGAGCCCG SE_IL-23_033 CodonATGTGCCACCAGCAGCTCGTGATAAGCTGGTTCAGCCTCGTCTTCCTCGCG SEQ ID optimizedAGCCCGCTCGTCGCCATCTGGGAACTCAAGAAGGACGTGTACGTGGTGGAG NO: 81 human IL-CTCGATTGGTACCCGGACGCCCCGGGTGAGATGGTGGTCCTCACCTGCGAC 23 sequenceACCCCGGAGGAGGACGGCATCACGTGGACTCTGGACCAGAGCAGCGAAGTGCTCGGCTCGGGTAAGACTCTGACCATCCAGGTGAAGGAGTTCGGTGACGCCGGCCAGTACACCTGCCATAAGGGCGGAGAGGTGCTCTCCCACAGCCTGCTGCTGCTGCACAAGAAGGAAGACGGTATCTGGAGCACCGATATCCTGAAGGACCAGAAGGAGCCGAAGAACAAGACCTTCCTGCGGTGTGAGGCCAAGAACTACAGCGGCAGATTCACCTGTTGGTGGCTGACCACCATCTCGACCGACCTGACATTCAGCGTGAAGTCCTCCAGGGGTAGCAGCGACCCGCAGGGCGTGACCTGCGGCGCCGCCACCCTGTCCGCCGAGCGGGTGCGCGGCGACAACAAGGAGTACGAGTACTCCGTGGAGTGCCAGGAGGACAGCGCCTGCCCAGCGGCGGAGGAGAGCCTCCCTATCGAAGTGATGGTGGACGCCGTACACAAGCTGAAGTATGAGAATTACACCAGCAGCTTCTTCATCCGGGACATAATCAAGCCGGATCCACCGAAGAATCTGCAGCTGAAGCCACTGAAGAACAGCCGGCAGGTGGAGGTGAGCTGGGAGTACCCGGACACCTGGTCCACCCCTCACAGCTACTTCAGCCTGACCTTCTGTGTGCAGGTCCAGGGCAAGTCCAAGCGCGAGAAGAAGGACCGAGTGTTCACCGACAAGACCTCGGCCACCGTGATCTGCCGTAAGAACGCATCTATCAGCGTGCGGGCCCAGGACCGGTACTACAGCTCCAGTTGGAGCGAATGGGCCAGCGTGCCTTGCTCCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGAAGCAGGGCCGTGCCGGGCGGCAGCTCCCCAGCATGGACCCAGTGCCAGCAACTGAGCCAGAAGCTGTGCACCCTCGCCTGGTCTGCCCACCCGCTGGTGGGCCACATGGATCTGCGGGAGGAGGGCGATGAGGAAACCACCAACGACGTGCCGCACATCCAGTGCGGCGACGGATGCGACCCTCAAGGCCTGAGAGACAACAGCCAGTTCTGCCTGCAGCGAATCCACCAGGGCCTGATCTTCTACGAGAAGCTGCTGGGCAGCGACATCTTCACCGGCGAGCCGAGCCTGCTGCCGGACAGCCCGGTGGGCCAACTGCACGCCAGCCTGCTGGGACTGTCCCAACTGCTGCAGCCGGAAGGCCACCACTGGGAGACACAGCAGATCCCGAGCCTGAGCCCTTCCCAGCCGTGGCAGAGGCTGCTGCTGAGGTTCAAGATCCTCCGTTCTCTACAGGCCTTCGTGGCCGTGGCGGCCAGAGTGTTCGCCCACGGCGCCGCTACGCTCTCCCCG SE_IL-23_034 CodonATGTGCCACCAGCAGCTCGTGATCAGCTGGTTCTCCTTGGTGTTCCTCGCA SEQ ID optimizedTCCCCACTCGTGGCCATCTGGGAGCTCAAGAAGGACGTGTACGTGGTGGAG NO: 82 human IL-CTCGACTGGTACCCGGACGCCCCAGGCGAGATGGTGGTGCTCACCTGTGAC 23 sequenceACCCCGGAGGAGGACGGCATCACTTGGACCCTGGACCAAAGCTCTGAGGTCCTGGGCTCCGGCAAGACGCTCACCATCCAGGTGAAGGAGTTCGGCGATGCCGGCCAGTACACCTGCCACAAGGGCGGCGAGGTGCTGAGCCACAGCCTGCTGCTGCTGCACAAGAAGGAGGACGGCATCTGGTCCACCGATATTCTTAAGGACCAGAAGGAGCCGAAGAACAAGACGTTCCTGCGGTGCGAGGCCAAGAACTACAGCGGCAGATTCACCTGCTGGTGGCTCACTACCATCAGCACCGACCTGACCTTCAGCGTGAAGTCCTCCAGGGGCAGCTCCGACCCGCAGGGAGTCACCTGCGGCGCCGCCACCCTGAGTGCGGAACGGGTGAGAGGAGACAACAAGGAGTACGAGTACTCCGTGGAATGTCAGGAGGACAGCGCCTGCCCGGCCGCCGAGGAGAGCCTGCCGATCGAGGTCATGGTGGACGCCGTGCATAAGCTGAAGTACGAGAACTACACCAGCAGCTTCTTCATCCGGGACATCATCAAGCCGGACCCGCCGAAGAACCTGCAGCTGAAGCCGCTGAAGAACTCCCGACAGGTGGAGGTTAGCTGGGAGTACCCGGACACCTGGAGCACCCCACACAGCTACTTCAGCCTCACCTTCTGCGTGCAGGTCCAGGGCAAGAGCAAGAGGGAGAAGAAGGACAGGGTGTTCACCGACAAGACCAGCGCCACAGTGATCTGTAGAAAGAACGCCAGCATCTCCGTGCGCGCCCAGGACCGCTACTACAGCAGCAGCTGGAGCGAGTGGGCTAGCGTCCCATGCTCCGGTGGCGGTGGCGGCGGCAGCAGAGCCGTGCCGGGCGGCAGCAGCCCAGCCTGGACACAGTGTCAGCAGCTCTCCCAGAAGCTGTGCACCCTCGCCTGGAGCGCCCACCCGCTGGTGGGCCACATGGATCTCAGGGAGGAGGGCGACGAAGAAACCACCAACGACGTGCCGCACATCCAGTGTGGCGATGGATGCGACCCGCAGGGCCTGAGGGACAACAGCCAGTTCTGCCTGCAGCGGATCCACCAGGGCCTGATCTTCTATGAGAAGCTGCTGGGCTCAGACATTTTCACCGGCGAACCAAGCCTCCTGCCGGACAGCCCGGTGGGACAGCTGCACGCCTCCCTGCTGGGCCTGAGCCAGCTGCTCCAGCCGGAGGGCCACCACTGGGAAACGCAGCAGATCCCGAGCCTCTCCCCAAGCCAGCCATGGCAGAGGCTCCTGCTCCGCTTCAAGATCCTGCGGTCCCTGCAGGCCTTCGTGGCCGTGGCCGCGAGGGTCTTCGCCCACGGCGCCGCCACCCTGAGCCCT SE_IL-23_035 CodonATGTGCCACCAGCAGCTCGTGATCAGCTGGTTCAGCCTCGTGTTCCTTGCC SEQ ID optimizedTCCCCGCTCGTGGCCATCTGGGAGCTCAAGAAGGACGTCTACGTGGTGGAG NO: 83 human IL-TTGGACTGGTATCCAGACGCCCCGGGCGAGATGGTGGTGCTTACCTGCGAT 23 sequenceACCCCAGAGGAGGATGGCATTACCTGGACCCTGGACCAGAGCAGCGAAGTGCTGGGCAGCGGCAAGACCCTGACCATCCAGGTGAAGGAGTTCGGCGACGCCGGCCAATACACCTGCCACAAGGGCGGCGAGGTGCTGAGCCACAGCCTGCTGCTTCTGCACAAGAAGGAGGATGGCATCTGGAGCACAGACATCCTCAAGGACCAGAAGGAGCCGAAGAACAAGACCTTCCTTAGGTGCGAGGCCAAGAACTACTCCGGCCGGTTCACCTGCTGGTGGCTCACCACCATTTCCACCGACCTGACCTTCAGCGTCAAGAGCAGCCGGGGATCCTCTGATCCGCAGGGCGTGACCTGCGGCGCCGCCACCCTGAGCGCCGAACGCGTGAGGGGCGACAACAAGGAGTACGAGTATTCAGTCGAGTGCCAGGAGGACAGCGCCTGCCCGGCCGCCGAGGAGAGCCTGCCGATCGAAGTCATGGTGGACGCCGTGCACAAGCTAAAGTACGAGAACTACACCAGCTCCTTCTTCATCAGGGACATCATCAAGCCTGACCCGCCAAAGAACCTGCAGCTGAAGCCGCTGAAGAACTCCAGGCAGGTGGAGGTCAGCTGGGAGTACCCTGACACCTGGAGCACCCCGCACTCCTACTTCTCGCTCACCTTCTGCGTGCAAGTGCAGGGCAAGTCCAAGAGGGAGAAGAAGGACCGGGTGTTCACCGACAAGACCAGCGCCACCGTGATATGCAGGAAGAACGCCAGCATCTCCGTCCGGGCTCAGGACAGGTACTACAGCTCCAGCTGGAGCGAATGGGCCTCCGTCCCGTGCAGCGGCGGCGGTGGCGGCGGTAGCCGTGCCGTCCCAGGCGGAAGCTCCCCTGCCTGGACACAGTGTCAGCAGCTGTCCCAGAAGCTGTGCACCCTGGCCTGGTCCGCCCATCCGCTCGTGGGCCATATGGACCTCAGGGAGGAGGGCGACGAGGAAACAACCAACGATGTGCCGCATATCCAATGCGGCGACGGCTGCGATCCGCAGGGCCTGCGGGATAACAGCCAATTCTGCCTGCAGAGAATCCACCAGGGACTGATCTTCTACGAGAAGCTGCTGGGCAGCGACATCTTCACAGGCGAACCTAGCCTGCTGCCAGACTCTCCTGTGGGTCAGCTGCACGCCAGCCTGCTGGGCCTCTCCCAGCTCCTGCAACCGGAGGGCCACCACTGGGAGACGCAGCAGATCCCAAGCCTCAGCCCGTCCCAGCCGTGGCAGAGGCTGCTCCTGCGCTTCAAGATCCTGCGCAGCCTGCAGGCCTTCGTCGCGGTGGCGGCCCGTGTGTTCGCGCACGGCGCCGCCACCCTGTCCCCA SE_IL-23_036 CodonATGTGCCACCAGCAGCTCGTCATCAGCTGGTTCAGCCTCGTGTTCCTCGCC SEQ ID optimizedAGCCCGCTCGTGGCCATTTGGGAGCTCAAGAAGGACGTGTACGTGGTCGAG NO: 84 human IL-CTCGATTGGTACCCGGACGCCCCAGGAGAGATGGTCGTCCTCACCTGCGAC 23 sequenceACCCCGGAGGAGGACGGCATCACCTGGACCCTCGACCAAAGCTCCGAGGTGCTCGGCAGCGGCAAGACCCTGACAATCCAGGTGAAGGAGTTCGGTGACGCCGGCCAGTACACCTGCCATAAGGGCGGCGAGGTGCTGAGCCACAGCCTGCTGCTGCTGCACAAGAAGGAGGACGGCATCTGGTCTACCGACATCCTGAAGGACCAGAAGGAGCCGAAGAATAAGACTTTCCTGAGGTGCGAGGCCAAGAACTACTCCGGCCGCTTCACCTGTTGGTGGCTGACCACTATCTCGACCGACCTGACCTTCAGCGTGAAGTCCTCGCGGGGCTCCTCCGACCCGCAGGGCGTGACCTGCGGCGCCGCCACTCTGTCCGCTGAGAGGGTCAGGGGCGACAACAAGGAGTACGAGTACAGCGTCGAGTGTCAGGAGGACAGCGCCTGCCCGGCCGCCGAGGAGTCCCTGCCGATTGAGGTCATGGTGGACGCGGTGCACAAGCTGAAGTATGAGAACTATACCAGCTCCTTCTTCATCCGGGACATTATCAAGCCGGACCCGCCGAAGAACCTGCAGCTGAAGCCGCTGAAGAACTCCCGCCAGGTCGAGGTGTCCTGGGAGTATCCTGACACCTGGTCCACCCCGCACTCCTACTTCAGCCTGACCTTCTGCGTGCAGGTGCAAGGCAAGAGCAAGCGAGAGAAGAAGGATAGAGTGTTCACCGACAAGACCAGCGCCACCGTGATTTGCAGAAAGAACGCCAGCATCTCCGTGCGCGCCCAGGACCGCTACTACAGCAGCAGCTGGTCCGAGTGGGCCAGCGTGCCATGCAGCGGCGGAGGCGGAGGCGGTAGCCGCGCCGTGCCAGGCGGAAGCTCCCCGGCGTGGACCCAGTGCCAGCAGCTGAGCCAGAAGCTCTGCACACTGGCCTGGTCCGCCCATCCACTCGTGGGCCACATGGACCTCCGGGAGGAGGGAGACGAGGAAACGACGAACGACGTGCCGCACATCCAGTGCGGCGACGGCTGCGACCCGCAGGGACTGCGGGACAACTCCCAGTTCTGCCTGCAGAGGATCCATCAGGGTCTGATCTTCTACGAGAAGCTGCTGGGCAGCGACATCTTCACCGGCGAACCAAGCCTGCTGCCTGACTCCCCTGTGGGCCAGCTGCACGCCTCCCTGCTGGGCCTGTCCCAGCTGCTCCAGCCGGAGGGCCACCACTGGGAAACCCAACAAATCCCGAGCCTGAGCCCATCCCAGCCGTGGCAGCGCCTGCTGCTGAGGTTCAAGATCCTGCGCTCCCTGCAGGCCTTCGTCGCCGTGGCCGCCAGAGTATTCGCCCACGGCGCCGCCACCCTGAGCCCG SE_IL-23_037 CodonATGTGCCACCAGCAGCTCGTCATCAGCTGGTTCTCCCTCGTGTTCCTCGCG SEQ ID optimizedAGCCCTCTCGTGGCCATCTGGGAACTCAAGAAGGACGTGTACGTGGTGGAG NO: 85 human IL-CTCGACTGGTATCCAGACGCCCCGGGCGAAATGGTGGTGCTCACTTGTGAC 23 sequenceACCCCGGAGGAGGACGGTATCACCTGGACCCTGGACCAGTCCAGCGAGGTCCTGGGCAGCGGCAAGACGCTGACCATCCAGGTGAAGGAGTTCGGCGACGCCGGACAGTACACCTGCCATAAGGGCGGAGAGGTGCTCAGCCATTCCCTGCTCCTGCTGCACAAGAAGGAGGACGGCATATGGAGCACGGACATACTGAAGGACCAGAAGGAGCCTAAGAACAAGACCTTCCTGAGATGCGAGGCCAAGAACTACTCCGGTCGGTTCACCTGTTGGTGGCTCACCACCATCTCCACCGACCTGACCTTCAGCGTGAAGTCCTCCAGAGGCTCCAGCGACCCGCAGGGCGTCACCTGCGGCGCCGCCACCCTGTCCGCCGAGAGGGTGAGGGGCGACAATAAGGAGTACGAGTACAGCGTGGAATGTCAAGAGGATAGCGCCTGCCCGGCCGCCGAGGAAAGCCTGCCAATCGAGGTGATGGTGGATGCCGTGCACAAGCTGAAGTATGAGAACTACACCAGCTCCTTCTTCATCAGGGACATCATCAAGCCGGACCCGCCGAAGAACCTGCAGCTCAAGCCACTGAAGAACAGCAGACAGGTGGAGGTGTCCTGGGAGTACCCGGACACATGGAGCACCCCGCACTCCTACTTCTCCCTCACCTTCTGCGTCCAGGTGCAGGGCAAGAGCAAGCGGGAGAAGAAGGACAGGGTGTTCACCGATAAGACCTCCGCCACAGTGATCTGCCGCAAGAACGCCTCCATCAGCGTGAGGGCCCAGGACAGATACTACAGCTCCAGCTGGAGCGAGTGGGCCAGCGTCCCATGCAGCGGCGGCGGAGGCGGCGGCAGCAGAGCCGTGCCGGGCGGCAGCTCCCCAGCATGGACACAGTGCCAGCAGCTGAGCCAGAAGCTCTGCACCCTCGCCTGGTCGGCCCACCCGCTGGTGGGCCACATGGACCTGCGCGAGGAAGGCGACGAGGAAACCACGAACGACGTGCCGCACATCCAGTGCGGCGACGGCTGCGACCCGCAGGGCCTCCGTGATAACAGCCAGTTCTGCCTGCAGAGGATCCACCAGGGCCTGATCTTCTACGAGAAGCTGCTGGGCTCCGACATCTTCACTGGCGAGCCGAGCCTGCTCCCAGATAGCCCAGTGGGACAGCTGCACGCCAGCCTGCTGGGCCTCTCCCAGCTGCTCCAACCGGAGGGCCATCACTGGGAAACCCAGCAGATCCCGAGCCTGTCCCCGAGTCAGCCATGGCAGAGACTGCTGCTGAGGTTCAAGATCCTGCGGTCCCTGCAGGCCTTCGTGGCCGTGGCCGCCAGAGTGTTCGCCCACGGCGCCGCCACCCTCAGCCCA SE_IL-23_038 CodonATGTGCCACCAGCAGCTCGTGATCAGCTGGTTCAGCCTTGTGTTCTTGGCC SEQ ID optimizedAGCCCCCTTGTGGCCATCTGGGAGTTAAAGAAGGACGTGTACGTGGTGGAG NO: 86 human IL-TTAGACTGGTACCCCGACGCCCCCGGCGAGATGGTGGTGCTCACCTGCGAC 23 sequenceACCCCCGAGGAGGACGGCATCACCTGGACCCTGGACCAGAGCAGCGAGGTGCTGGGCAGCGGCAAGACCCTGACCATCCAGGTGAAGGAGTTCGGCGACGCCGGCCAGTACACCTGCCACAAGGGCGGCGAAGTGCTGAGCCACAGCCTGCTGCTCCTGCACAAGAAGGAAGATGGCATCTGGAGCACCGACATCCTGAAGGACCAGAAGGAGCCCAAGAACAAGACCTTCCTGCGGTGCGAGGCCAAGAACTACAGCGGCCGGTTCACCTGCTGGTGGCTGACCACCATCAGCACCGATCTGACCTTCAGCGTCAAGTCCAGCCGGGGCAGCAGCGACCCCCAGGGCGTGACCTGTGGCGCCGCCACCCTGAGCGCCGAGCGGGTGCGGGGCGACAACAAGGAGTACGAGTACAGCGTGGAGTGCCAGGAGGACAGCGCCTGCCCCGCCGCCGAGGAGAGCCTGCCCATCGAGGTGATGGTGGACGCCGTGCACAAGCTGAAGTACGAGAACTACACCTCCAGCTTCTTCATCCGGGACATCATCAAGCCCGACCCCCCTAAGAACCTGCAGCTGAAGCCCCTGAAGAACAGCCGGCAGGTGGAGGTGAGCTGGGAGTACCCAGACACATGGAGCACACCCCACAGCTACTTCTCCTTGACCTTCTGCGTGCAGGTGCAGGGCAAGAGCAAGCGGGAGAAGAAGGATCGGGTGTTCACCGACAAGACCAGCGCCACCGTGATCTGCCGGAAGAACGCCAGCATCAGCGTGCGGGCCCAGGACCGGTACTACTCTTCTTCGTGGAGCGAGTGGGCCAGCGTGCCCTGCAGCGGCGGCGGAGGAGGCGGCAGCAGAGCCGTGCCGGGCGGCAGTTCCCCCGCCTGGACTCAGTGCCAGCAACTGAGCCAGAAGCTGTGCACCCTGGCCTGGAGCGCCCACCCACTGGTGGGCCACATGGACCTGAGAGAGGAGGGCGACGAGGAGACGACCAACGACGTGCCCCACATCCAGTGCGGCGACGGCTGCGACCCACAGGGTCTGCGAGACAACAGCCAGTTCTGCCTGCAGAGGATCCACCAGGGCTTGATCTTCTACGAGAAGCTGCTGGGAAGCGACATCTTCACCGGCGAGCCTTCCCTGCTGCCCGACAGCCCCGTCGGCCAGCTGCACGCCAGCCTCCTGGGCCTGTCCCAGCTGCTCCAGCCCGAGGGCCACCACTGGGAAACCCAGCAGATCCCAAGCCTGAGCCCCAGCCAGCCCTGGCAGAGACTGCTGCTGCGGTTCAAGATCCTGCGGAGCCTGCAGGCCTTCGTGGCCGTGGCCGCCAGAGTCTTCGCCCACGGAGCCGCCACACTAAGCCCC SE_IL-23_039 CodonATGTGCCACCAGCAGCTTGTGATCAGCTGGTTCAGCCTTGTGTTCCTCGCC SEQ ID optimizedAGCCCCTTAGTGGCCATCTGGGAGCTCAAGAAGGACGTGTACGTGGTGGAG NO: 87 human IL-CTCGACTGGTACCCCGACGCCCCCGGCGAGATGGTGGTGCTAACCTGCGAC 23 sequenceACCCCCGAGGAGGACGGCATCACCTGGACCCTGGACCAGAGCAGCGAGGTGCTGGGCAGCGGCAAGACCCTGACCATCCAGGTGAAGGAGTTCGGCGACGCCGGCCAGTACACCTGCCACAAGGGCGGCGAGGTCCTGAGCCACAGCCTGTTGCTCCTGCACAAGAAGGAAGACGGTATCTGGAGCACCGACATCCTGAAGGACCAGAAGGAGCCCAAGAACAAGACCTTCCTGCGGTGCGAGGCCAAGAACTACAGCGGCCGGTTCACCTGCTGGTGGCTGACCACCATCTCCACCGACCTGACCTTCAGCGTGAAGTCCAGCCGGGGCAGCAGCGACCCCCAGGGCGTGACATGCGGCGCCGCCACCCTGAGCGCCGAGCGGGTGCGGGGCGACAACAAGGAGTACGAGTACAGCGTGGAGTGCCAGGAGGACAGCGCCTGCCCCGCCGCCGAGGAGAGCCTGCCCATCGAGGTGATGGTGGACGCCGTGCACAAGCTGAAGTACGAGAACTACACAAGCAGCTTCTTCATCCGGGACATCATCAAGCCCGACCCCCCTAAGAACCTGCAGCTGAAGCCCCTGAAGAACAGCCGGCAGGTGGAGGTGAGCTGGGAGTACCCTGACACCTGGTCTACCCCCCACAGCTACTTCAGCCTCACCTTCTGCGTGCAGGTGCAGGGCAAGAGCAAGCGGGAGAAGAAGGATCGGGTGTTCACCGACAAGACCAGCGCCACCGTGATCTGCCGGAAGAACGCCAGCATCAGCGTGCGGGCCCAGGACCGGTACTACAGCAGCTCTTGGAGCGAGTGGGCCAGCGTGCCCTGCAGCGGCGGTGGCGGCGGCGGAAGCAGAGCCGTGCCAGGCGGCTCTAGCCCCGCATGGACCCAGTGTCAACAGCTGAGCCAGAAGCTGTGCACCCTGGCCTGGAGCGCCCACCCTTTGGTGGGCCACATGGACCTGAGAGAGGAGGGCGACGAGGAAACGACCAACGACGTGCCCCACATCCAGTGCGGCGACGGCTGTGACCCTCAGGGCCTGCGGGACAACAGCCAGTTCTGCCTGCAGAGGATCCACCAGGGATTGATCTTCTACGAGAAGCTCCTGGGCTCTGACATCTTCACCGGCGAGCCAAGCCTGCTCCCCGACAGCCCCGTGGGACAGCTGCACGCCTCCCTGCTGGGCCTGTCACAGCTCCTTCAGCCCGAGGGCCACCACTGGGAGACACAGCAGATCCCATCTCTGAGCCCCAGCCAGCCCTGGCAGAGACTGTTGCTGCGGTTCAAGATCCTGCGGAGCCTGCAGGCCTTCGTGGCCGTGGCCGCCAGGGTGTTCGCCCACGGAGCAGCCACACTGTCCCCC SE_IL-23_040 CodonATGTGCCACCAGCAGCTTGTGATCAGCTGGTTCAGCTTAGTGTTCCTCGCC SEQ ID optimizedAGCCCCTTAGTGGCCATCTGGGAGCTCAAGAAGGACGTGTACGTGGTGGAG NO: 88 human IL-CTTGACTGGTACCCCGACGCCCCCGGCGAGATGGTGGTGCTCACCTGCGAC 23 sequenceACCCCCGAGGAGGACGGCATCACCTGGACCCTGGACCAGAGCAGCGAGGTGCTGGGCAGCGGCAAGACCCTGACCATCCAGGTGAAGGAGTTCGGCGACGCCGGCCAGTACACCTGCCACAAGGGCGGCGAGGTTCTTAGCCACAGCCTGCTGCTTCTGCACAAGAAGGAGGATGGCATCTGGAGCACCGACATCCTGAAGGACCAGAAGGAGCCCAAGAACAAGACCTTCCTGCGGTGCGAGGCCAAGAACTACAGCGGCCGGTTCACCTGCTGGTGGCTGACCACCATCTCTACCGACCTGACCTTCAGCGTTAAGAGCAGCCGGGGCAGCAGCGACCCCCAGGGCGTAACCTGCGGCGCCGCCACCCTGAGCGCCGAGCGGGTGCGGGGCGACAACAAGGAGTACGAGTACAGCGTGGAGTGCCAGGAGGACAGCGCCTGCCCCGCCGCCGAGGAGAGCCTGCCCATCGAGGTGATGGTGGACGCCGTGCACAAGCTGAAGTACGAGAACTATACCTCTAGCTTCTTCATCCGGGACATCATCAAGCCCGACCCCCCAAAGAACCTGCAGCTGAAGCCCCTGAAGAACAGCCGGCAGGTGGAGGTGAGCTGGGAGTACCCTGACACATGGAGCACACCCCACAGCTACTTCAGTCTGACATTCTGCGTGCAGGTGCAGGGCAAGAGCAAGCGGGAGAAGAAGGATCGGGTGTTCACCGACAAGACCAGCGCCACCGTGATCTGCCGGAAGAACGCCAGCATCAGCGTGCGGGCCCAGGACCGGTACTACAGCAGCTCCTGGAGCGAGTGGGCCAGCGTGCCCTGCAGCGGCGGCGGAGGAGGCGGCAGCAGAGCCGTGCCAGGCGGCTCCTCTCCCGCGTGGACCCAGTGCCAGCAGTTGAGCCAGAAGCTGTGCACCCTGGCATGGTCCGCCCACCCACTGGTGGGCCACATGGACCTCAGGGAGGAGGGCGACGAGGAGACAACCAACGACGTGCCCCACATCCAGTGCGGCGACGGCTGCGACCCACAGGGCCTGAGAGACAACAGCCAGTTCTGTCTGCAGAGAATCCACCAGGGACTGATCTTCTACGAGAAGCTGCTCGGCTCCGACATCTTCACCGGCGAGCCTAGCCTCCTGCCCGACAGCCCCGTGGGACAGCTGCACGCCAGTTTGTTGGGCCTGTCACAACTGCTGCAGCCCGAGGGCCACCACTGGGAGACGCAGCAGATCCCTAGCCTGAGCCCCAGCCAGCCCTGGCAGCGGTTACTGCTGCGGTTCAAGATCCTGCGGAGCCTGCAGGCCTTCGTGGCCGTGGCCGCCCGCGTGTTCGCCCACGGAGCGGCCACACTGAGCCCC SE_IL-23_041 CodonATGTGCCACCAGCAGCTCGTGATCAGCTGGTTCAGCCTTGTGTTCCTCGCC SEQ ID optimizedAGCCCCCTCGTGGCCATCTGGGAGCTCAAGAAGGACGTGTACGTCGTCGAG NO: 89 human IL-CTCGACTGGTACCCCGACGCCCCCGGCGAGATGGTCGTCCTCACCTGCGAC 23 sequenceACCCCCGAGGAGGACGGCATCACCTGGACCCTCGACCAGTCCTCCGAGGTCCTCGGCTCCGGCAAGACCCTCACCATCCAGGTCAAGGAGTTCGGCGACGCCGGCCAGTACACCTGCCACAAGGGCGGAGAGGTTCTGTCCCACTCCCTGCTGCTACTCCACAAGAAGGAGGATGGCATCTGGTCCACCGACATCCTCAAGGACCAGAAGGAGCCCAAGAACAAGACCTTCCTCCGCTGCGAGGCCAAGAACTACTCCGGCCGCTTCACCTGCTGGTGGCTCACCACCATCTCCACAGACCTCACCTTCTCCGTCAAGTCCTCCCGCGGCTCCTCCGACCCCCAGGGCGTTACCTGCGGCGCCGCCACCCTCTCCGCCGAGCGCGTCCGCGGCGACAACAAGGAGTACGAGTACTCCGTCGAGTGCCAGGAGGACTCCGCCTGCCCCGCCGCCGAGGAGTCCCTCCCCATCGAGGTCATGGTCGACGCCGTCCACAAGCTCAAGTACGAGAACTACACCAGCTCCTTCTTCATCCGCGACATCATCAAGCCTGACCCTCCTAAGAATCTCCAGCTCAAGCCCCTCAAGAACTCCCGCCAGGTCGAGGTGTCCTGGGAATATCCAGACACCTGGAGCACCCCCCACTCCTACTTCTCCCTGACCTTCTGCGTCCAGGTCCAGGGCAAGTCCAAGCGCGAGAAGAAGGATCGCGTCTTCACCGACAAGACATCCGCCACCGTCATCTGCCGCAAGAACGCCTCCATCTCCGTCCGCGCCCAGGACCGCTACTACTCCTCCTCTTGGTCCGAGTGGGCCTCCGTCCCCTGCTCCGGCGGAGGCGGCGGTGGATCCCGCGCCGTCCCTGGCGGCAGCTCCCCAGCTTGGACCCAGTGTCAGCAGCTCTCCCAGAAGCTCTGCACCCTCGCCTGGAGCGCCCACCCCCTCGTCGGCCACATGGACCTCAGGGAGGAGGGCGACGAGGAGACAACCAACGACGTCCCCCACATCCAGTGCGGCGACGGCTGCGACCCACAGGGACTTAGAGACAACTCCCAGTTCTGCCTCCAGCGCATCCACCAGGGCCTCATCTTCTACGAGAAGCTTTTGGGATCCGACATCTTCACTGGCGAGCCTAGCCTGCTGCCGGACTCCCCTGTGGGCCAGCTCCACGCGTCTCTGCTGGGCCTGAGTCAGCTCCTCCAGCCCGAGGGCCACCACTGGGAAACCCAGCAGATCCCTTCCTTGTCCCCCTCCCAGCCCTGGCAGCGCCTCCTGCTGCGGTTCAAGATCCTGAGATCCCTCCAGGCCTTCGTCGCCGTCGCCGCCCGGGTCTTCGCCCATGGCGCTGCTACACTGAGCCCC SE_IL-23_042 CodonATGTGCCACCAGCAGCTCGTGATCAGCTGGTTCAGCCTCGTGTTCCTAGCC SEQ ID optimizedAGCCCCCTTGTGGCCATCTGGGAGCTCAAGAAGGACGTGTACGTCGTCGAG NO: 90 human IL-CTCGACTGGTACCCCGACGCCCCCGGCGAGATGGTCGTCCTCACCTGCGAC 23 sequenceACCCCCGAGGAGGACGGCATCACCTGGACCCTCGACCAGTCCTCCGAGGTCCTCGGCTCCGGCAAGACCCTCACCATCCAGGTCAAGGAGTTCGGCGACGCCGGCCAGTACACCTGCCACAAGGGCGGCGAGGTGCTGTCCCACTCCCTGCTGCTGCTCCACAAGAAGGAGGATGGCATCTGGTCCACCGACATCCTCAAGGACCAGAAGGAGCCCAAGAACAAGACCTTCCTCCGCTGCGAGGCCAAGAACTACTCCGGCCGCTTCACCTGCTGGTGGCTCACCACCATCAGCACCGACCTCACCTTCTCCGTCAAGTCCTCCCGCGGCTCCTCCGACCCCCAGGGCGTGACATGCGGCGCCGCCACCCTCTCCGCCGAGCGCGTCCGCGGCGACAACAAGGAGTACGAGTACTCCGTCGAGTGCCAGGAGGACTCCGCCTGCCCCGCCGCCGAGGAGTCCCTCCCCATCGAGGTCATGGTCGACGCCGTCCACAAGCTCAAGTACGAGAACTACACCAGTAGCTTCTTCATCCGCGACATCATCAAGCCTGACCCTCCAAAGAACCTCCAGCTCAAGCCCCTCAAGAACTCCCGCCAGGTCGAAGTGTCCTGGGAGTACCCAGACACCTGGTCAACTCCCCACTCCTACTTCAGCCTTACGTTCTGCGTCCAGGTCCAGGGCAAGTCCAAGCGCGAGAAGAAGGATCGCGTCTTCACCGACAAGACTTCCGCCACCGTCATCTGCCGCAAGAACGCCTCCATCTCCGTCCGCGCCCAGGACCGCTACTACAGCTCCTCTTGGTCCGAGTGGGCCTCCGTCCCCTGCTCCGGAGGCGGTGGCGGCGGATCCCGCGCCGTCCCAGGCGGAAGCTCCCCCGCATGGACCCAGTGTCAGCAGCTCTCCCAGAAGCTCTGCACCCTCGCCTGGTCCGCCCACCCCCTCGTCGGCCACATGGACCTGCGCGAGGAGGGCGACGAGGAGACAACCAACGACGTCCCCCACATCCAGTGCGGCGACGGCTGCGATCCACAGGGCCTGAGGGACAACTCCCAGTTCTGCCTCCAGCGCATCCACCAGGGACTCATCTTCTACGAGAAGCTGCTGGGAAGCGACATATTCACCGGCGAGCCTTCCTTGCTGCCAGACTCCCCTGTGGGCCAGCTCCACGCCTCCCTCCTGGGCCTCTCCCAACTGCTCCAGCCCGAGGGCCACCACTGGGAGACACAGCAGATCCCATCCCTGTCCCCCTCCCAGCCCTGGCAGCGCCTGCTACTGCGCTTCAAGATCCTGAGATCCCTCCAGGCCTTCGTCGCCGTCGCCGCCAGAGTGTTCGCCCATGGAGCCGCCACACTGAGCCCC SE_IL-23_043 CodonATGTGCCACCAGCAGCTGGTGATCAGCTGGTTCAGCCTGGTGTTCCTGGCC SEQ ID optimizedAGCCCCCTGGTGGCCATCTGGGAGCTGAAGAAGGACGTGTACGTGGTGGAG NO: 91 human IL-CTGGACTGGTACCCCGACGCCCCCGGCGAGATGGTGGTGCTGACCTGCGAC 23 sequenceACCCCCGAGGAGGACGGCATCACCTGGACCCTGGACCAGAGCAGCGAGGTGCTGGGCAGCGGCAAGACCCTGACCATCCAGGTGAAGGAGTTCGGCGACGCCGGCCAGTACACCTGCCACAAGGGCGGCGAGGTGCTGAGCCACAGCCTGCTGCTGCTGCACAAGAAGGAGGACGGCATCTGGAGCACCGACATCCTGAAGGACCAGAAGGAGCCCAAGAACAAGACCTTCCTGCGGTGCGAGGCCAAGAACTACAGCGGCCGGTTCACCTGCTGGTGGCTGACCACCATCAGCACCGACCTGACCTTCAGCGTGAAGAGCAGCCGGGGCAGCAGCGACCCCCAGGGCGTGACCTGCGGCGCCGCCACCCTGAGCGCCGAGCGGGTGCGGGGCGACAACAAGGAGTACGAGTACAGCGTGGAGTGCCAGGAGGACAGCGCCTGCCCCGCCGCCGAGGAGAGCCTGCCCATCGAGGTGATGGTGGACGCCGTGCACAAGCTGAAGTACGAGAACTACACCAGCAGCTTCTTCATCCGGGACATCATCAAGCCCGACCCCCCCAAGAACCTGCAGCTGAAGCCCCTGAAGAACAGCCGGCAGGTGGAGGTGAGCTGGGAGTACCCCGACACCTGGAGCACCCCCCACAGCTACTTCAGCCTGACCTTCTGCGTGCAGGTGCAGGGCAAGAGCAAGCGGGAGAAGAAGGACCGGGTGTTCACCGACAAGACCAGCGCCACCGTGATCTGCCGGAAGAACGCCAGCATCAGCGTGCGGGCCCAGGACCGGTACTACAGCAGCAGCTGGAGCGAGTGGGCCAGCGTGCCCTGCAGCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCAGCCGGGCCGTGCCCGGCGGCAGCAGCCCCGCCTGGACCCAGTGCCAGCAGCTGAGCCAGAAGCTGTGCACCCTGGCCTGGAGCGCCCACCCCCTGGTGGGCCACATGGACCTGCGGGAGGAGGGCGACGAGGAGACCACCAACGACGTGCCCCACATCCAGTGCGGCGACGGCTGCGACCCCCAGGGCCTGCGGGACAACAGCCAGTTCTGCCTGCAGCGGATCCACCAGGGCCTGATCTTCTACGAGAAGCTGCTGGGCAGCGACATCTTCACCGGCGAGCCCAGCCTGCTGCCCGACAGCCCCGTGGGCCAGCTGCACGCCAGCCTGCTGGGCCTGAGCCAGCTGCTGCAGCCCGAGGGCCACCACTGGGAGACCCAGCAGATCCCCAGCCTGAGCCCCAGCCAGCCCTGGCAGCGGCTGCTGCTGCGGTTCAAGATCCTGCGGAGCCTGCAGGCCTTCGTGGCCGTGGCCGCCCGGGTGTTCGCCCACGGCGCCGCCACCCTGAGCCCC SE_IL-23_044 CodonATGTGCCACCAGCAGCTGGTGATCAGCTGGTTCAGCCTGGTGTTCCTGGCC SEQ ID optimizedAGCCCCCTGGTGGCCATCTGGGAGCTGAAGAAGGACGTGTACGTGGTGGAG NO: 92 human IL-CTGGACTGGTACCCGGACGCGCCGGGGGAGATGGTGGTGCTGACGTGCGAC 23 sequenceACGCCGGAGGAGGACGGGATCACGTGGACGCTGGACCAGAGCAGCGAGGTGCTGGGGAGCGGGAAGACGCTGACGATCCAGGTGAAGGAGTTCGGGGACGCGGGGCAGTACACGTGCCACAAGGGGGGGGAGGTGCTGAGCCACAGCCTGCTGCTGCTGCACAAGAAGGAGGACGGGATCTGGAGCACGGACATCCTGAAGGACCAGAAGGAGCCGAAGAACAAGACGTTCCTGAGGTGCGAGGCGAAGAACTACAGCGGGAGGTTCACGTGCTGGTGGCTGACGACGATCAGCACGGACCTGACGTTCAGCGTGAAGAGCAGCAGGGGGAGCAGCGACCCGCAGGGGGTGACGTGCGGGGCGGCGACGCTGAGCGCGGAGAGGGTGAGGGGGGACAACAAGGAGTACGAGTACAGCGTGGAGTGCCAGGAGGACAGCGCGTGCCCGGCGGCGGAGGAGAGCCTGCCGATCGAGGTGATGGTGGACGCGGTGCACAAGCTGAAGTACGAGAACTACACGAGCAGCTTCTTCATCAGGGACATCATCAAGCCGGACCCGCCGAAGAACCTGCAGCTGAAGCCGCTGAAGAACAGCAGGCAGGTGGAGGTGAGCTGGGAGTACCCGGACACGTGGAGCACGCCGCACAGCTACTTCAGCCTGACGTTCTGCGTGCAGGTGCAGGGGAAGAGCAAGAGGGAGAAGAAGGACAGGGTGTTCACGGACAAGACGAGCGCGACGGTGATCTGCAGGAAGAACGCGAGCATCAGCGTGAGGGCGCAGGACAGGTACTACAGCAGCAGCTGGAGCGAGTGGGCGAGCGTGCCGTGCAGCGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGAGCAGGGCGGTGCCGGGGGGGAGCAGCCCGGCGTGGACGCAGTGCCAGCAGCTGAGCCAGAAGCTGTGCACGCTGGCGTGGAGCGCGCACCCGCTGGTGGGGCACATGGACCTGAGGGAGGAGGGGGACGAGGAGACGACGAACGACGTGCCGCACATCCAGTGCGGGGACGGGTGCGACCCGCAGGGGCTGAGGGACAACAGCCAGTTCTGCCTGCAGAGGATCCACCAGGGGCTGATCTTCTACGAGAAGCTGCTGGGGAGCGACATCTTCACGGGGGAGCCGAGCCTGCTGCCGGACAGCCCGGTGGGGCAGCTGCACGCGAGCCTGCTGGGGCTGAGCCAGCTGCTGCAGCCGGAGGGGCACCACTGGGAGACGCAGCAGATCCCGAGCCTGAGCCCGAGCCAGCCGTGGCAGAGGCTGCTGCTGAGGTTCAAGATCCTGAGGAGCCTGCAGGCGTTCGTGGCGGTGGCGGCGAGGGTGTTCGCGCACGGGGCGGCGACGCTGAGCCCG SE_IL-23_045 CodonATGTGCCACCAGCAGCTGGTGATCAGCTGGTTCAGCCTGGTGTTCCTGGCC SEQ ID optimizedAGCCCCCTGGTGGCCATCTGGGAGCTGAAGAAGGACGTGTACGTCGTCGAG NO: 93 human IL-CTCGACTGGTACCCCGACGCCCCCGGCGAGATGGTCGTCCTCACCTGCGAC 23 sequenceACCCCCGAGGAGGACGGCATCACCTGGACCCTCGACCAGTCCTCCGAGGTCCTCGGCTCCGGCAAGACCCTCACCATCCAGGTCAAGGAGTTCGGCGACGCCGGCCAGTACACCTGCCACAAGGGCGGCGAGGTCCTCTCCCACTCCCTCCTCCTCCTCCACAAGAAGGAGGACGGCATCTGGTCCACCGACATCCTCAAGGACCAGAAGGAGCCCAAGAACAAGACCTTCCTCCGCTGCGAGGCCAAGAACTACTCCGGCCGCTTCACCTGCTGGTGGCTCACCACCATCTCCACCGACCTCACCTTCTCCGTCAAGTCCTCCCGCGGCTCCTCCGACCCCCAGGGCGTCACCTGCGGCGCCGCCACCCTCTCCGCCGAGCGCGTCCGCGGCGACAACAAGGAGTACGAGTACTCCGTCGAGTGCCAGGAGGACTCCGCCTGCCCCGCCGCCGAGGAGTCCCTCCCCATCGAGGTCATGGTCGACGCCGTCCACAAGCTCAAGTACGAGAACTACACCTCCTCCTTCTTCATCCGCGACATCATCAAGCCCGACCCCCCCAAGAACCTCCAGCTCAAGCCCCTCAAGAACTCCCGCCAGGTCGAGGTCTCCTGGGAGTACCCCGACACCTGGTCCACCCCCCACTCCTACTTCTCCCTCACCTTCTGCGTCCAGGTCCAGGGCAAGTCCAAGCGCGAGAAGAAGGACCGCGTCTTCACCGACAAGACCTCCGCCACCGTCATCTGCCGCAAGAACGCCTCCATCTCCGTCCGCGCCCAGGACCGCTACTACTCCTCCTCCTGGTCCGAGTGGGCCTCCGTCCCCTGCTCCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCTCCCGCGCCGTCCCCGGCGGCTCCTCCCCCGCCTGGACCCAGTGCCAGCAGCTCTCCCAGAAGCTCTGCACCCTCGCCTGGTCCGCCCACCCCCTCGTCGGCCACATGGACCTCCGCGAGGAGGGCGACGAGGAGACCACCAACGACGTCCCCCACATCCAGTGCGGCGACGGCTGCGACCCCCAGGGCCTCCGCGACAACTCCCAGTTCTGCCTCCAGCGCATCCACCAGGGCCTCATCTTCTACGAGAAGCTCCTCGGCTCCGACATCTTCACCGGCGAGCCCTCCCTCCTCCCCGACTCCCCCGTCGGCCAGCTCCACGCCTCCCTCCTCGGCCTCTCCCAGCTCCTCCAGCCCGAGGGCCACCACTGGGAGACCCAGCAGATCCCCTCCCTCTCCCCCTCCCAGCCCTGGCAGCGCCTCCTCCTCCGCTTCAAGATCCTCCGCTCCCTCCAGGCCTTCGTCGCCGTCGCCGCCCGCGTCTTCGCCCACGGCGCCGCCACCCTCTCCCCC hIGKV4-IL- CodonATGGTGTTGCAGACCCAGGTCTTCATTTCTCTGTTGCTCTGGATCTCTGGT SEQ ID 36g optimizedGCCTACGGGTCAATGTGTAAACCTATTACTGGGACTATTAATGATTTGAAT NO: 94 hIGKV4-CAGCAAGTGTGGACCCTTCAGGGTCAGAACCTTGTGGCAGTTCCACGAAGT hIL-36gGACAGTGTGACCCCAGTCACTGTTGCTGTTATCACATGCAAGTATCCAGAGGCTCTTGAGCAAGGCAGAGGGGATCCCATTTATTTGGGAATCCAGAATCCAGAAATGTGTTTGTATTGTGAGAAGGTTGGAGAACAGCCCACATTGCAGCTAAAAGAGCAGAAGATCATGGATCTGTATGGCCAACCCGAGCCCGTGAAACCCTTCCTTTTCTACCGTGCCAAGACTGGTAGGACCTCCACCCTTGAGTCTGTGGCCTTCCCGGACTGGTTCATTGCCTCCTCCAAGAGAGACCAGCCCATCATTCTGACTTCAGAACTTGGGAAGTCATACAACACTGCCTTTGAATTAAATATA AATGAC SE_IL-36_001Codon ATGGTGCTCCAGACCCAGGTGTTCATCTCCTTGCTCTTGTGGATCAGTGGC SEQ IDoptimized GCTTACGGATCAATGTGCAAGCCTATTACCGGCACCATCAACGACTTAAAC NO: 95hIGKV4- CAGCAGGTTTGGACCCTCCAGGGCCAGAACCTCGTTGCCGTGCCTCGCAGC hIL-36gGACAGCGTGACCCCTGTCACCGTGGCCGTGATCACGTGTAAGTACCCTGAAGCACTGGAGCAGGGCAGAGGCGACCCAATTTATCTCGGAATCCAGAACCCGGAGATGTGCCTGTACTGCGAGAAGGTGGGCGAACAGCCTACCCTGCAGCTGAAGGAGCAGAAGATCATGGATCTGTATGGACAGCCTGAGCCGGTGAAGCCGTTCCTGTTCTACAGAGCGAAGACTGGAAGGACAAGCACCCTAGAGAGCGTCGCCTTCCCGGACTGGTTCATCGCCAGCTCAAAGAGGGATCAGCCTATCATTCTGACGTCAGAGCTTGGCAAGAGCTACAACACCGCCTTCGAGCTTAATATC AACGAC SE_IL-36_002Codon ATGGTGCTTCAGACCCAGGTGTTCATCAGCCTACTCCTCTGGATCAGCGGC SEQ IDoptimized GCCTACGGCAGCATGTGCAAGCCCATCACCGGCACCATCAACGACTTAAAC NO: 96hIGKV4- CAGCAGGTGTGGACCCTCCAGGGCCAGAACCTTGTGGCCGTGCCCCGGAGC hIL-36gGACAGCGTGACCCCGGTGACCGTTGCTGTGATCACCTGCAAGTACCCCGAGGCCCTGGAGCAGGGCCGGGGCGACCCCATCTACCTGGGCATCCAGAACCCCGAGATGTGCCTGTACTGCGAGAAGGTGGGCGAGCAGCCCACTTTGCAGCTGAAGGAGCAGAAGATCATGGACCTGTACGGCCAGCCCGAGCCCGTGAAGCCCTTCCTGTTCTACCGGGCCAAGACCGGCCGGACCAGCACCCTGGAGAGCGTGGCCTTCCCCGACTGGTTCATCGCCAGCAGCAAGCGGGACCAGCCGATCATCCTGACCAGCGAGCTGGGCAAGAGCTACAACACCGCCTTCGAGCTGAATATC AATGAC SE_IL-36_003Codon ATGGTGCTCCAGACGCAGGTGTTCATCAGCTTGCTTCTTTGGATCAGCGGA SEQ IDoptimized GCCTACGGCTCCATGTGCAAGCCTATCACAGGCACCATCAACGACTTAAAC NO: 97hIGKV4- CAGCAGGTGTGGACCCTCCAGGGTCAGAACTTAGTGGCCGTGCCTCGGAGC hIL-36gGACAGCGTCACGCCTGTGACCGTGGCCGTAATAACCTGTAAGTATCCTGAGGCCCTGGAACAGGGCAGGGGAGATCCAATATACCTGGGCATCCAGAACCCTGAGATGTGTCTCTACTGCGAGAAGGTGGGCGAACAGCCTACCTTGCAGCTGAAGGAGCAGAAGATAATGGACCTGTACGGACAGCCAGAACCAGTCAAGCCGTTCCTGTTCTATAGAGCCAAGACCGGTAGAACCTCCACGCTCGAGTCCGTGGCATTCCCTGACTGGTTCATCGCCTCCAGCAAGCGCGACCAGCCGATCATACTGACCTCTGAGTTGGGCAAGAGCTATAACACCGCCTTCGAGCTGAATATC AATGAC SE_IL-36_004Codon ATGGTGCTTCAGACCCAGGTGTTCATCAGCTTGCTCCTCTGGATCAGCGGC SEQ IDoptimized: GCCTACGGCAGCATGTGCAAGCCCATCACCGGCACCATCAACGACCTCAAC NO: 98hIGKV4- CAGCAGGTCTGGACCCTCCAGGGCCAGAACCTCGTCGCCGTGCCTCGCTCC hIL-36gGACTCCGTCACCCCTGTCACGGTGGCCGTGATCACCTGCAAGTACCCCGAGGCCCTCGAGCAGGGCCGCGGCGACCCCATCTACCTCGGCATCCAGAACCCCGAGATGTGCCTCTACTGCGAGAAGGTCGGCGAGCAGCCCACTCTGCAGCTCAAGGAGCAGAAGATCATGGACCTCTACGGCCAGCCCGAGCCCGTCAAGCCCTTCCTCTTCTACCGCGCCAAGACCGGCCGCACCTCCACCCTCGAGTCCGTCGCCTTCCCCGACTGGTTCATCGCCTCCTCCAAGCGCGACCAGCCTATTATCCTCACCTCCGAGCTCGGCAAGTCCTACAACACCGCCTTCGAGCTCAACATC AATGAC SE_IL-36_005Codon ATGGTGCTCCAGACCCAGGTGTTCATTAGCCTATTACTTTGGATATCCGGC SEQ IDoptimized GCTTACGGCAGCATGTGCAAGCCTATCACCGGCACCATCAACGACCTCAAC NO: 99hIGKV4- CAGCAGGTTTGGACACTCCAGGGCCAGAACCTTGTGGCCGTGCCTAGATCC hIL-36gGACTCTGTTACCCCTGTTACAGTGGCTGTGATCACTTGCAAGTACCCGGAAGCCCTGGAGCAGGGCAGGGGAGATCCTATCTATCTGGGTATCCAGAACCCAGAAATGTGCCTTTATTGCGAGAAGGTGGGCGAGCAGCCTACACTTCAGCTGAAGGAACAGAAGATCATGGACCTCTACGGACAGCCAGAACCAGTGAAGCCTTTCCTGTTCTACCGAGCCAAGACCGGCCGGACCAGCACCCTGGAGAGCGTGGCGTTCCCTGATTGGTTCATCGCCTCTAGCAAGAGGGACCAACCTATCATCTTAACCAGTGAGCTGGGCAAGAGCTACAACACGGCCTTCGAGCTCAACATT AATGAT SE_IL-36_006Codon ATGGTGCTCCAGACCCAGGTGTTCATCAGCCTATTGCTCTGGATCAGCGGC SEQ IDoptimized GCCTACGGCAGCATGTGCAAGCCCATCACCGGCACCATCAACGACTTGAAC NO: 100hIGKV4- CAGCAGGTGTGGACCTTGCAGGGCCAGAACCTCGTGGCCGTGCCCCGGAGC hIL-36gGACAGCGTGACGCCAGTGACCGTGGCGGTCATCACCTGCAAGTACCCCGAGGCCCTGGAGCAGGGCCGGGGCGACCCCATCTACCTGGGCATCCAGAACCCCGAGATGTGCCTGTACTGCGAGAAGGTGGGCGAGCAGCCCACCCTTCAGCTGAAGGAGCAGAAGATCATGGACCTGTACGGCCAGCCCGAGCCCGTGAAGCCCTTCCTGTTCTACCGGGCCAAGACCGGCCGGACCAGCACCCTGGAGAGCGTGGCCTTCCCCGACTGGTTCATCGCCAGCAGCAAGCGGGACCAGCCTATCATCCTGACCAGCGAGCTGGGCAAGAGCTACAACACCGCCTTCGAGCTGAATATC AATGAC SE_IL-36_007Codon ATGGTGCTCCAGACACAGGTGTTCATCTCTCTCCTCCTCTGGATATCCGGA SEQ IDoptimized GCCTACGGCTCAATGTGTAAGCCTATCACCGGCACTATCAACGATTTAAAT NO: 101hIGKV4- CAGCAGGTGTGGACCCTTCAGGGCCAGAACCTCGTGGCAGTGCCGAGAAGC hIL-36gGACAGCGTGACCCCGGTGACCGTGGCCGTGATCACTTGTAAGTACCCAGAGGCCCTGGAGCAGGGTCGCGGCGACCCAATCTATCTGGGTATTCAGAACCCTGAGATGTGCCTGTATTGCGAGAAGGTGGGCGAACAGCCGACGCTGCAGCTCAAGGAGCAGAAGATCATGGATTTATACGGCCAGCCTGAGCCGGTGAAGCCATTCCTGTTCTACAGGGCCAAGACGGGCAGGACTTCCACCTTGGAGAGCGTGGCTTTCCCGGACTGGTTCATTGCATCTTCCAAGAGGGACCAGCCTATTATCCTGACAAGCGAGCTGGGCAAGTCATACAACACCGCCTTCGAGCTGAACATT AATGAC SE_IL-36_008Codon ATGGTGCTCCAGACCCAGGTGTTCATCAGCTTGCTCCTCTGGATCAGCGGC SEQ IDoptimized GCCTACGGCAGCATGTGCAAGCCCATCACCGGCACCATCAACGACTTGAAC NO: 102hIGKV4- CAGCAGGTGTGGACCTTGCAGGGCCAGAACCTCGTGGCCGTGCCCCGGAGC hIL-36gGACAGCGTGACTCCTGTGACCGTGGCGGTGATCACCTGCAAGTACCCCGAGGCCCTGGAGCAGGGCCGGGGCGACCCCATCTACCTGGGCATCCAGAACCCCGAGATGTGCCTGTACTGCGAGAAGGTGGGCGAGCAGCCCACCCTCCAGCTGAAGGAGCAGAAGATCATGGACCTGTACGGCCAGCCCGAGCCCGTGAAGCCCTTCCTGTTCTACCGGGCCAAGACCGGCCGGACCAGCACCCTGGAGAGCGTGGCCTTCCCCGACTGGTTCATCGCCAGCAGCAAGCGGGACCAGCCTATCATCCTGACCAGCGAGCTGGGCAAGAGCTACAACACCGCCTTCGAGCTGAATATC AACGAC SE_IL-36_009Codon ATGGTGCTTCAGACACAGGTCTTCATTAGCCTCTTATTATGGATATCCGGC SEQ IDoptimized GCTTACGGCTCTATGTGCAAGCCTATTACCGGCACAATCAACGATTTGAAC NO: 103hIGKV4- CAGCAAGTGTGGACCCTCCAGGGCCAGAATTTGGTGGCCGTGCCGAGATCC hIL-36gGATAGCGTGACCCCAGTGACCGTGGCTGTGATTACCTGTAAGTACCCTGAAGCTCTGGAGCAGGGCAGGGGCGACCCAATTTACCTCGGCATCCAGAACCCTGAGATGTGTCTGTACTGTGAGAAGGTGGGCGAGCAGCCAACTTTACAACTCAAGGAACAGAAGATCATGGACCTCTACGGCCAGCCAGAGCCGGTTAAGCCTTTCCTGTTCTATAGAGCCAAGACTGGCAGGACCAGTACCCTGGAGTCAGTGGCTTTCCCTGATTGGTTCATTGCCTCCAGCAAGCGGGATCAGCCAATTATTCTGACCAGCGAGCTGGGAAAGAGCTACAACACCGCGTTCGAGCTGAACATC AACGAT SE_IL-36_010Codon ATGGTGCTCCAGACCCAGGTGTTCATCAGCTTGCTCTTGTGGATCAGCGGC SEQ IDoptimized GCCTACGGCAGCATGTGCAAGCCCATCACCGGCACCATCAACGACCTCAAC NO: 104hIGKV4- CAGCAGGTCTGGACCCTCCAGGGCCAGAACCTCGTCGCCGTGCCTCGCTCC hIL-36gGACTCCGTCACTCCAGTCACAGTGGCTGTGATCACCTGCAAGTACCCCGAGGCCCTCGAGCAGGGCCGCGGCGACCCCATCTACCTCGGCATCCAGAACCCCGAGATGTGCCTCTACTGCGAGAAGGTCGGCGAGCAGCCCACCTTGCAGCTCAAGGAGCAGAAGATCATGGACCTCTACGGCCAGCCCGAGCCCGTCAAGCCCTTCCTCTTCTACCGCGCCAAGACCGGCCGCACCTCCACCCTCGAGTCCGTCGCCTTCCCCGACTGGTTCATCGCCTCCTCCAAGCGCGACCAGCCTATTATCCTCACCTCCGAGCTCGGCAAGTCCTACAACACCGCCTTCGAGCTCAATATC AACGAC SE_IL-36_041Codon ATGGTCCTCCAGACCCAAGTCTTCATCTCCTTGTTGCTCTGGATCAGCGGG SEQ IDoptimized GCCTACGGCTCTATGTGTAAGCCCATTACCGGCACCATCAACGACCTCAAC NO: 105hIGKV4- CAACAGGTCTGGACCCTTCAGGGTCAGAACCTCGTCGCCGTGCCCAGATCC hIL-36gGACTCCGTGACCCCTGTCACCGTGGCCGTGATCACCTGCAAATATCCCGAGGCCCTGGAGCAGGGGCGCGGCGACCCCATATACCTGGGCATCCAGAACCCCGAGATGTGCCTCTACTGCGAGAAGGTGGGCGAACAGCCCACCCTCCAGCTGAAGGAGCAGAAGATCATGGACCTGTACGGCCAGCCCGAGCCCGTGAAGCCCTTCCTGTTCTATAGGGCCAAGACCGGCCGCACCTCCACCCTGGAGTCCGTGGCCTTCCCCGATTGGTTTATTGCCAGTAGCAAGAGGGACCAGCCCATCATCCTCACCAGCGAACTGGGCAAGAGCTACAACACCGCCTTCGAGCTGAACATC AATGAC SE_IL-36_042Codon ATGGTGCTCCAGACACAGGTGTTCATCAGCCTCCTCCTCTGGATCAGCGGG SEQ IDoptimized GCCTACGGCAGCATGTGCAAGCCCATCACAGGCACCATCAACGACCTCAAT NO: 106hIGKV4- CAGCAAGTCTGGACCCTCCAGGGTCAGAACCTCGTGGCCGTGCCCCGCAGC hIL-36gGACAGCGTGACGCCCGTGACAGTGGCCGTCATCACGTGCAAATACCCCGAAGCCCTGGAGCAGGGCCGTGGCGACCCTATCTACCTGGGCATACAGAACCCCGAGATGTGCCTGTACTGCGAGAAGGTGGGTGAGCAGCCCACCCTGCAACTGAAGGAGCAGAAGATCATGGACCTCTACGGACAACCGGAGCCCGTGAAACCCTTCCTGTTCTACAGGGCCAAGACCGGGAGGACCTCCACCCTGGAAAGCGTGGCCTTTCCCGACTGGTTTATCGCCAGCTCCAAGAGGGACCAACCCATCATCCTCACCAGCGAGCTGGGCAAGTCTTACAACACCGCCTTTGAGCTGAACATC AATGAT SE_IL-36_043Codon ATGGTGCTCCAGACCCAGGTGTTCATCAGCCTCCTCCTCTGGATCAGCGGG SEQ IDoptimized GCCTACGGGAGCATGTGCAAGCCCATCACCGGGACCATCAACGACCTCAAC NO: 107hIGKV4- CAGCAGGTCTGGACGCTCCAGGGGCAGAATCTCGTGGCCGTGCCCAGATCC hIL-36gGACAGCGTGACCCCGGTGACCGTGGCCGTCATCACCTGTAAGTACCCGGAGGCCCTGGAACAGGGCCGAGGTGACCCCATCTATCTGGGTATCCAGAATCCGGAGATGTGCCTGTACTGCGAGAAGGTGGGCGAGCAGCCCACCCTGCAGCTGAAGGAGCAGAAGATCATGGACCTGTACGGCCAACCCGAGCCCGTGAAGCCCTTCCTGTTTTACAGGGCCAAGACCGGCCGGACGAGCACCCTGGAGAGCGTGGCCTTTCCCGACTGGTTCATCGCCAGTAGCAAGAGGGACCAACCCATCATCCTGACCTCCGAGCTGGGCAAGAGCTACAATACCGCCTTCGAGCTCAACATC AATGAT SE_IL-36_044Codon ATGGTCCTACAGACCCAAGTGTTCATCAGCCTCCTTCTCTGGATCAGCGGA SEQ IDoptimized GCCTACGGCTCCATGTGTAAGCCCATCACCGGCACTATCAACGACCTCAAT NO: 108hIGKV4- CAGCAGGTGTGGACACTCCAGGGCCAGAACCTCGTGGCCGTGCCCAGAAGC hIL-36gGACAGCGTGACCCCGGTCACCGTCGCCGTGATCACCTGCAAATATCCCGAGGCCCTGGAGCAGGGCCGAGGGGACCCCATCTACCTCGGGATCCAGAACCCGGAGATGTGTCTGTATTGTGAGAAGGTCGGCGAGCAACCTACCCTGCAGCTGAAGGAGCAGAAGATCATGGACCTGTACGGCCAGCCCGAGCCGGTGAAACCGTTCCTGTTCTACCGGGCCAAGACCGGCAGAACCAGCACCCTGGAAAGCGTGGCCTTTCCCGACTGGTTCATCGCGAGCAGTAAACGGGACCAACCCATCATCCTGACCAGCGAGCTGGGCAAGAGCTACAACACCGCGTTTGAGCTGAACATC AACGAC SE_IL-36_045Codon ATGGTGCTACAGACCCAGGTGTTCATCAGCCTCCTACTTTGGATCAGCGGG SEQ IDoptimized GCGTACGGCAGCATGTGCAAACCCATCACAGGAACCATCAACGACCTTAAC NO: 109hIGKV4- CAGCAGGTCTGGACACTCCAGGGCCAGAACCTCGTGGCCGTGCCCAGGAGC hIL-36gGATTCCGTCACGCCCGTGACCGTGGCTGTGATCACCTGCAAGTACCCCGAGGCCCTGGAGCAGGGGCGAGGGGACCCCATCTACCTGGGCATCCAGAACCCCGAGATGTGCCTGTACTGCGAGAAGGTCGGTGAACAGCCCACCCTCCAACTCAAGGAGCAGAAGATTATGGACCTGTACGGCCAGCCAGAGCCCGTGAAGCCATTTCTGTTCTATAGGGCCAAGACCGGCCGCACCTCCACCCTGGAGTCCGTGGCCTTCCCCGACTGGTTCATCGCCAGCAGCAAACGGGACCAGCCCATCATTCTGACCAGCGAACTGGGCAAGAGCTACAATACCGCCTTCGAGCTTAATATC AATGAC SE_IL-36_046Codon ATGGTGCTCCAAACTCAGGTGTTCATCAGCCTCCTCCTCTGGATCAGCGGG SEQ IDoptimized GCGTACGGCAGCATGTGTAAGCCCATCACCGGCACCATCAACGACCTCAAC NO: 110hIGKV4- CAGCAAGTGTGGACCTTGCAGGGCCAGAATCTCGTGGCCGTGCCCAGGTCC hIL-36gGACAGCGTGACGCCCGTGACTGTGGCCGTCATCACCTGCAAATATCCGGAGGCGCTGGAGCAGGGCAGAGGCGATCCCATCTATCTCGGGATCCAGAACCCCGAGATGTGCCTGTATTGCGAGAAGGTCGGCGAGCAGCCCACCCTCCAGCTGAAGGAGCAGAAGATCATGGACCTGTATGGCCAGCCCGAGCCCGTGAAGCCCTTCCTGTTCTACCGGGCGAAGACCGGCCGCACCTCCACCCTGGAAAGCGTGGCCTTCCCCGATTGGTTCATCGCGTCCAGCAAGAGGGACCAGCCGATCATCCTGACCTCAGAGCTGGGCAAGTCCTACAACACCGCCTTCGAGCTGAATATC AACGAC SE_IL-36_047Codon ATGGTGCTCCAGACCCAGGTGTTCATAAGCCTCCTCCTCTGGATCAGCGGC SEQ IDoptimized GCCTACGGCTCTATGTGCAAGCCCATCACCGGGACCATCAACGACCTCAAC NO: 111hIGKV4- CAGCAGGTGTGGACCCTACAGGGCCAGAACCTCGTGGCCGTGCCCCGGAGC hIL-36gGACTCTGTGACTCCCGTCACCGTGGCCGTCATCACCTGCAAGTACCCCGAGGCCCTGGAGCAGGGCAGGGGCGACCCGATCTATCTGGGCATCCAGAATCCCGAGATGTGCCTCTACTGCGAGAAGGTGGGCGAACAGCCCACCCTCCAGCTGAAGGAGCAGAAGATAATGGATCTGTACGGTCAGCCCGAGCCCGTGAAGCCGTTCCTGTTCTACCGGGCCAAGACGGGAAGGACAAGCACCCTGGAGAGCGTGGCATTTCCCGACTGGTTCATCGCCAGCTCCAAGAGGGATCAGCCCATAATCCTGACCAGCGAGCTGGGCAAGAGCTACAACACCGCCTTCGAGCTGAATATC AACGAC SE_IL-36_048Codon ATGGTGCTCCAGACCCAAGTCTTCATCAGCCTCCTCCTCTGGATCTCCGGC SEQ IDoptimized GCCTACGGGAGCATGTGCAAGCCCATCACGGGCACCATCAACGACCTCAAT NO: 112hIGKV4- CAGCAGGTCTGGACCCTCCAGGGTCAGAACCTCGTGGCCGTCCCCAGGTCC hIL-36gGACAGCGTGACCCCGGTGACCGTGGCCGTGATCACCTGCAAGTACCCCGAGGCGCTGGAGCAAGGCCGGGGCGACCCCATCTACCTGGGTATCCAGAACCCCGAGATGTGCCTGTACTGTGAGAAAGTGGGCGAGCAGCCCACACTGCAGCTGAAGGAGCAGAAGATCATGGATCTGTACGGTCAGCCCGAGCCCGTGAAACCCTTCCTGTTTTACAGGGCCAAGACCGGCAGGACCAGCACCCTGGAGAGCGTGGCCTTCCCGGACTGGTTCATCGCCAGCAGTAAGAGGGACCAACCCATAATACTGACCAGCGAGCTCGGCAAGAGCTACAATACCGCCTTCGAGCTGAATATC AACGAC SE_IL-36_049Codon ATGGTGTTGCAGACACAGGTGTTCATCAGCCTCCTCCTCTGGATCAGCGGC SEQ IDoptimized GCTTACGGCAGCATGTGCAAGCCCATCACCGGCACCATCAACGATCTCAAT NO: 113hIGKV4- CAGCAGGTGTGGACCCTCCAGGGCCAGAATCTCGTAGCCGTTCCCAGAAGC hIL-36gGACAGCGTGACGCCCGTCACGGTGGCTGTGATCACGTGCAAATACCCAGAGGCACTCGAGCAGGGCAGAGGCGATCCTATCTACCTGGGAATCCAGAACCCCGAGATGTGCCTGTACTGCGAGAAGGTCGGAGAGCAGCCTACCCTGCAACTGAAGGAGCAGAAGATAATGGACCTGTACGGACAGCCCGAGCCCGTGAAGCCATTTCTGTTCTACAGAGCCAAGACCGGAAGAACAAGCACACTGGAAAGCGTGGCATTTCCTGACTGGTTCATTGCCAGCTCCAAGCGGGACCAGCCCATAATCCTCACCTCTGAGCTGGGCAAGAGCTACAACACCGCCTTCGAGCTGAACATC AACGAC SE_IL-36_050Codon ATGGTGCTCCAGACACAGGTGTTCATCAGCCTCCTCCTCTGGATCAGTGGC SEQ IDoptimized GCGTACGGATCAATGTGCAAGCCCATCACAGGCACCATTAACGATCTCAAC NO: 114hIGKV4- CAGCAGGTGTGGACCCTCCAGGGCCAGAACCTCGTGGCCGTGCCCAGGTCC hIL-36gGACAGCGTGACTCCTGTCACAGTAGCCGTGATCACCTGCAAGTACCCCGAGGCACTTGAGCAGGGCCGGGGCGACCCCATCTACCTGGGGATCCAGAACCCTGAGATGTGTCTGTACTGCGAGAAAGTGGGCGAGCAGCCCACACTGCAGCTCAAGGAGCAGAAGATCATGGATCTGTATGGCCAGCCCGAGCCCGTGAAGCCTTTCCTGTTTTATCGCGCCAAGACAGGACGGACTTCAACCTTGGAATCCGTGGCTTTCCCCGACTGGTTCATCGCGTCTTCCAAGAGGGACCAGCCTATCATTCTTACCTCAGAGCTGGGCAAATCATATAACACAGCTTTCGAGCTGAACATC AATGAC mIL-2sp_mIL-Codon ATGTACAGCATGCAGCTCGCATCCTGTGTCACATTGACACTTGTGCTCCTT SEQ ID36g_nopoly optimized GTCAACAGCGGAAGAGAAACTCCTGACTTTGGGGAGGTTTTTGACTTGGACNO: 115 murine mIL- CAGCAGGTGTGGATCTTTCGTAATCAGGCCCTTGTGACAGTTCCACGAAGC2-mIL-36g CACAGAGTAACCCCAGTCAGCGTGACTATCCTCCCATGCAAGTACCCAGAGTCTCTTGAACAGGACAAAGGGATTGCCATTTATTTGGGAATTCAGAATCCAGATAAATGCCTGTTTTGTAAGGAAGTTAATGGACACCCTACTTTGCTGCTAAAGGAAGAGAAGATTTTGGATTTGTACCACCACCCTGAGCCAATGAAGCCATTCCTGTTTTACCACACCCGGACAGGTGGAACATCCACCTTTGAATCAGTGGCTTTCCCTGGCCACTATATTGCCTCCTCCAAGACTGGCAACCCCATCTTCCTCACATCAAAGAAGGGAGAATATTACAACATTAACTTCAATTTAGATATA AAGTCT IL-18Human IL MAAEPVEDNCINEVAMKFIDNTLYFIAEDDENLESDYFGKLESKLSVIRN SEQ IDisoform 1 18 isoform 1LNDQVLFIDQGNRPLFEDMTDSDCRDNAPRTIFIISMYKDSQPRGMAVTI NO: 147 (Precursor)(Uniprot: SVKCEKISTLSCENKIISFKEMNPPDNIKDTKSDIIFFQRSVPGHDNKMQ Q14116)FESSSYEGYFLACEKERDLFKLILKKEDELGDRSIMFTVQNED (Precursor) IL-18 NucleotideATGGCTGCTGAACCAGTAGAAGACAATTGCATCAACTTTGTGGCAATGAA SEQ ID isoform 1sequence of ATTTATTGACAATACGCTTTACTTTATAGCTGAAGATGATGAAAACCTGG NO: 148(Precursor) IL-18 AATCAGATTACTTTGGCAAGCTTGAATCTAAATTATCAGTCATAAGAAATisoform 1 TTGAATGACCAAGTTCTCTTCATTGACCAAGGAAATCGGCCTCTATTTGA (Precursor)AGATATGACTGATTCTGACTGTAGAGATAATGCACCCCGGACCATATTTATTATAAGTATGTATAAAGATAGCCAGCCTAGAGGTATGGCTGTAACTATCTCTGTGAAGTGTGAGAAAATTTCAACTCTCTCCTGTGAGAACAAAATTATTTCCTTTAAGGAAATGAATCCTCCTGATAACATCAAGGATACAAAAAGTGACATCATATTCTTTCAGAGAAGTGTCCCAGGACATGATAATAAGATGCAATTTGAATCTTCATCATACGAAGGATACTTTCTAGCTTGTGAAAAAGAGAGAGACCTTTTTAAACTCATTTTGAAAAAAGAGGATGAATTGGGGGATAGATCTATAATGTTCACTGTTCAAAACGAAGAC IL-18 Amino acidYEGKLESKLSVIRNLNDQVLFIDQGNRPLFEDMTDSDCRDNAPRTIFIIS SEQ ID isoform 1sequence of MYKDSQPRGMAVTISVKCEKISTLSCENKIISFKEMNPPDNIKDTKSDII NO: 149(Mature) IL-18 FFQRSVPGHDNKMQFESSSYEGYFLACEKERDLEKLILKKEDELGDRSIMisoform 1 FTVQNED (Uniprot: Q14116 37-193) (Mature) IL-18 NucleotideSubsequence of precursor sequence encoding IL-18 SEQ ID isoform 1sequence of Isoform 1 which encodes the mature amino acid NO: 150(Mature) IL-18 sequence above isoform 1 (Mature) IL-18 Amino acidMAAEPVEDNCINEVAMKFIDNTLYFIENLESDYFGKLESKLSVIRNLNDQ SEQ ID isoform 2sequence of VLFIDQGNRPLFEDMTDSDCRDNAPRTIFIISMYKDSQPRGMAVTISVKC NO: 151(Precursor) isoform 2 EKISTLSCENKIISFKEMNPPDNIKDTKSDIIFFQRSVPGHDNKMQFESS(Uniprot: SYEGYFLACEKERDLFKLILKKEDELGDRSIMFTVQNED Q14116-2) Delta3pro-IL-18, 27-30 missing (Precursor) IL-18 NucleotideSubsequence of precursor sequence encoding IL-18 SEQ ID isoform 2sequence of Isoform 1 which encodes the precursor amino acid NO: 152(Precursor) isoform 2 sequence above (Precursor) IL-18 Amino acidYFGKLESKLSVIRNLNDQVLFIDQGNRPLFEDMTDSDCRDNAPRTIFIIS SEQ ID isoform 2sequence of MYKDSQPRGMAVTISVKCEKISTLSCENKIISFKEMNPPDNIKDTKSDII NO: 153(Mature) IL-18 FFQRSVPGHDNKMQFESSSYEGYFLACEKERDLEKLILKKEDELGDRSIMisoform 2 FTVQNED (Uniprot: Q14116 37- 193) (Mature) IL-18  NucleotideSubsequence of precursor sequence encoding IL-18 SEQ ID isoform 2sequence of Isoform 1 which encodes the mature amino acid NO: 154(Mature) IL-18 sequence above isoform 2 (Mature) hIL-2sp-hIL- CodonATGTACAGGATGCAACTCCTGTCTTGCATTGCACTAAGTCTTGCACTTGTC SEQ ID 18_miR122optimized ACAAACAGTTACTTTGGCAAGCTTGAATCTAAATTATCAGTCATAAGAAAT NO: 155sequence TTGAATGACCAAGTTCTCTTCATTGACCAAGGAAATCGGCCTCTATTTGAAGATATGACTGATTCTGACTGTAGAGATAATGCACCCCGGACCATATTTATTATAAGTATGTATAAAGATAGCCAGCCTAGAGGTATGGCTGTAACTATCTCTGTGAAGTGTGAGAAGATTTCAACTCTCTCCTGTGAGAACAAGATTATTTCCTTTAAGGAAATGAATCCTCCTGATAACATCAAGGATACAAAGAGTGACATCATATTCTTTCAGAGAAGTGTCCCAGGACATGATAATAAGATGCAATTTGAATCTTCATCATACGAAGGATACTTTCTAGCTTGTGAGAAAGAGAGAGACCTGTTTAAACTCATTTTGAAGAAAGAGGATGAATTGGGCGATAGATCTATAATGTTCACTGTTCAGAACGAAGAC hIL1ra-hIL- CodonATGGAAATCTGCAGAGGCCTCCGCAGTCACCTAATCACTCTCCTCCTCTTC SEQ ID 18_miR122optimized CTGTTCCATTCAGAGACGATCTGCTACTTTGGCAAGCTTGAATCTAAATTA NO: 156sequence TCAGTCATAAGAAATTTGAATGACCAAGTTCTCTTCATTGACCAAGGAAATCGGCCTCTATTTGAAGATATGACTGATTCTGACTGTAGAGATAATGCACCCCGGACCATATTTATTATAAGTATGTATAAAGATAGCCAGCCTAGAGGTATGGCTGTAACTATCTCTGTGAAGTGTGAGAAGATTTCAACTCTCTCCTGTGAGAACAAGATTATTTCCTTTAAGGAAATGAATCCTCCTGATAACATCAAGGATACAAAGAGTGACATCATATTCTTTCAGAGAAGTGTCCCAGGACATGATAATAAGATGCAATTTGAATCTTCATCATACGAAGGATACTTTCTAGCTTGTGAGAAAGAGAGAGACCTGTTTAAACTCATTTTGAAGAAAGAGGATGAATTGGGCGATAGATCTATAATGTTCACTGTTCAGAACGAAGAC hIL1ra- CodonATGGAAATCTGCAGAGGCCTCCGCAGTCACCTAATCACTCTCCTCCTCTTC SEQ ID hIL8_miR122optimized CTGTTCCATTCAGAGACGATCTGCTACTTTGGCAAGCTTGAATCTAAATTA NO: 157sequence TCAGTCATAAGAAATTTGAATGACCAAGTTCTCTTCATTGACCAAGGAAATCGGCCTCTATTTGAAGATATGACTGATTCTGACTGTAGAGATAATGCACCCCGGACCATATTTATTATAAGTATGTATAAAGATAGCCAGCCTAGAGGTATGGCTGTAACTATCTCTGTGAAGTGTGAGAAAATTTCAACTCTCTCCTGTGAGAACAAAATTATTTCCTTTAAGGAAATGAATCCTCCTGATAACATCAAGGATACAAAGAGTGACATCATATTCTTTCAGAGAAGTGTCCCAGGACATGATAATAAGATGCAATTTGAATCTTCATCATACGAAGGATACTTTCTAGCTTGTGAGAAAGAGAGAGACCTTTTTAAACTCATTTTGAAGAAAGAGGATGAATTGGGGGATAGATCTATAATGTTCACTGTTCAAAACGAAGAC hIGLV3-21- CodonATGGCCTGGACCGTTCTCCTCCTCGGCCTCCTCTCTCACTGCACAGGCTCT SEQ ID hIL-18optimized GTGACCTCCTACTTTGGCAAGCTTGAATCTAAATTATCAGTCATAAGAAAT NO: 158sequence TTGAATGACCAAGTTCTCTTCATTGACCAAGGAAATCGGCCTCTATTTGAAGATATGACTGATTCTGACTGTAGAGATAATGCACCCCGGACCATATTTATTATAAGTATGTATAAAGATAGCCAGCCTAGAGGTATGGCTGTAACTATCTCTGTGAAGTGTGAGAAAATTTCAACTCTCTCCTGTGAGAACAAAATTATTTCCTTTAAGGAAATGAATCCTCCTGATAACATCAAGGATACAAAGAGTGACATCATATTCTTTCAGAGAAGTGTCCCAGGACATGATAATAAGATGCAATTTGAATCTTCATCATACGAAGGATACTTTCTAGCTTGTGAGAAAGAGAGAGACCTTTTTAAACTCATTTTGAAGAAAGAGGATGAATTGGGGGATAGATCTATAATGTTCACTGTTCAAAACGAAGAC hIL-2-hIL- CodonATGTACAGGATGCAACTCCTGTCTTGCATTGCACTAAGTCTTGCACTTGTC SEQ ID 18_mod_miR122optimized ACAAACAGTTACTTTGGCAAGCTTGAATCTAAATTATCAGTCATAAGAAAT NO: 159sequence TTGAATGACCAAGTTCTCTTCATTGACCAAGGAAATCGGCCTCTATTTGAAGATATGACTGATTCTGACTGTAGAGATAATGCACCCCGGACCATATTTATTATAAGTATGTATAAAGATAGCCAGCCTAGAGGTATGGCTGTAACTATCTCTGTGAAGTGTGAGAAAATTTCAACTCTCTCCTGTGAGAACAAAATTATTTCCTTTAAGGAAATGAATCCTCCTGATAACATCAAGGATACAAAGAGTGACATCATATTCTTTCAGAGAAGTGTCCCAGGACATGATAATAAGATGCAATTTGAATCTTCATCATACGAAGGATACTTTCTAGCTTGTGAGAAAGAGAGAGACCTTTTTAAACTCATTTTGAAGAAAGAGGATGAATTGGGGGATAGATCTATAATGTTCACTGTTCAAAACGAAGAC hIL-2sp- CodonATGTACAGGATGCAACTCCTGTCTTGCATTGCACTAAGTCTTGCACTTGTC SEQ ID hIL-18optimized ACAAACAGTTACTTTGGCAAGCTTGAATCTAAATTATCAGTCATAAGAAAT NO: 160sequence TTGAATGACCAAGTTCTCTTCATTGACCAAGGAAATCGGCCTCTATTTGAAGATATGACTGATTCTGACTGTAGAGATAATGCACCCCGGACCATATTTATTATAAGTATGTATAAAGATAGCCAGCCTAGAGGTATGGCTGTAACTATCTCTGTGAAGTGTGAGAAAATTTCAACTCTCTCCTGTGAGAACAAAATTATTTCCTTTAAGGAAATGAATCCTCCTGATAACATCAAGGATACAAAAAGTGACATCATATTCTTTCAGAGAAGTGTCCCAGGACATGATAATAAGATGCAATTTGAATCTTCATCATACGAAGGATACTTTCTAGCTTGTGAAAAAGAGAGAGACCTTTTTAAACTCATTTTGAAAAAAGAGGATGAATTGGGGGATAGATCTATAATGTTCACTGTTCAAAACGAAGAC Hs IL-18 WT humanATGGCTGCTGAACCAGTAGAAGACAATTGCATCAACTTTGTGGCAATGAAA SEQ ID IL-18TTTATTGACAATACGCTTTACTTTATAGCTGAAGATGATGAAAACCTGGAA NO: 161 nucleotideTCAGATTACTTTGGCAAGCTTGAATCTAAATTATCAGTCATAAGAAATTTG sequenceAATGACCAAGTTCTCTTCATTGACCAAGGAAATCGGCCTCTATTTGAAGATATGACTGATTCTGACTGTAGAGATAATGCACCCCGGACCATATTTATTATAAGTATGTATAAAGATAGCCAGCCTAGAGGTATGGCTGTAACTATCTCTGTGAAGTGTGAGAAAATTTCAACTCTCTCCTGTGAGAACAAAATTATTTCCTTTAAGGAAATGAATCCTCCTGATAACATCAAGGATACAAAAAGTGACATCATATTCTTTCAGAGAAGTGTCCCAGGACATGATAATAAGATGCAATTTGAATCTTCATCATACGAAGGATACTTTCTAGCTTGTGAAAAAGAGAGAGACCTTTTTAAACTCATTTTGAAAAAAGAGGATGAATTGGGGGATAGATCTATAATGTTC ACTGTTCAAAACGAAGACmIL-2sp-mIL- Codon ATGTACAGCATGCAGCTCGCATCCTGTGTCACATTGACACTTGTGCTCCTTSEQ ID 18 + miR122 optimizedGTCAACAGCAACTTTGGCCGACTTCACTGTACAACCGCAGTAATACGGAAT NO: 162 murine IL-18ATAAATGACCAAGTTCTCTTCGTTGACAAAAGACAGCCTGTGTTCGAGGATATGACTGATATTGATCAAAGTGCCAGTGAACCCCAGACCAGACTGATAATATACATGTACAAAGACAGTGAAGTAAGAGGACTGGCTGTGACCCTCTCTGTGAAGGATAGTAAAATGTCTACCCTCTCCTGTAAGAACAAGATCATTTCCTTTGAGGAAATGGATCCACCTGAAAATATTGATGATATACAAAGTGATCTCATATTCTTTCAGAAACGTGTTCCAGGACACAACAAGATGGAGTTTGAATCTTCACTGTATGAAGGACACTTTCTTGCTTGCCAAAAGGAAGATGATGCTTTCAAACTCATTCTGAAAAAAAAGGATGAAAATGGGGATAAATCTGTAATGTTCACTCTCACTAACTTACATCAAAGT hIL12AB_002 mRNA ORFAUGUGCCACCAGCAGCUGGUGAUCAGCUGGUUCAGCCUGGUGUUCCUGGCCAGCCCC SEQ IDfor human CUGGUGGCCAUCUGGGAGCUGAAGAAGGACGUGUACGUGGUGGAGUUGGAUUGGUACNO: 183 IL-12 CCCGACGCCCCCGGCGAGAUGGUGGUGCUGACCUGCGACACCCCCGAGGAGGACGGCAUCACCUGGACCCUGGACCAGAGCAGCGAGGUGCUGGGCAGCGGCAAGACCCUGACCAUCCAGGUGAAGGAGUUCGGCGACGCCGGCCAGUACACCUGCCACAAGGGCGGCGAGGUGCUGAGCCACAGCCUGCUGCUGCUGCACAAGAAGGAGGACGGCAUCUGGAGCACCGACAUCCUGAAGGACCAGAAGGAGCCCAAGAACAAGACCUUCCUGAGAUGCGAGGCCAAGAACUACAGCGGCAGAUUCACCUGCUGGUGGCUGACCACCAUCAGCACCGACCUGACCUUCAGCGUGAAGAGCAGCAGAGGCAGCAGCGACCCCCAGGGCGUGACCUGCGGCGCCGCCACCCUGAGCGCCGAGAGAGUGAGAGGCGACAACAAGGAGUACGAGUACAGCGUGGAGUGCCAGGAAGAUAGCGCCUGCCCCGCCGCCGAGGAGAGCCUGCCCAUCGAGGUGAUGGUGGACGCCGUGCACAAGCUGAAGUACGAGAACUACACCAGCAGCUUCUUCAUCAGAGAUAUCAUCAAGCCCGACCCCCCCAAGAACCUGCAGCUGAAGCCCCUGAAGAACAGCCGGCAGGUGGAGGUGAGCUGGGAGUACCCCGACACCUGGAGCACCCCCCACAGCUACUUCAGCCUGACCUUCUGCGUGCAGGUGCAGGGCAAGAGCAAGAGAGAGAAGAAAGAUAGAGUGUUCACCGACAAGACCAGCGCCACCGUGAUCUGCAGAAAGAACGCCAGCAUCAGCGUGAGAGCCCAAGAUAGAUACUACAGCAGCAGCUGGAGCGAGUGGGCCAGCGUGCCCUGCAGCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCAGCAGAAACCUGCCCGUGGCCACCCCCGACCCCGGCAUGUUCCCCUGCCUGCACCACAGCCAGAACCUGCUGAGAGCCGUGAGCAACAUGCUGCAGAAGGCCCGGCAGACCCUGGAGUUCUACCCCUGCACCAGCGAGGAGAUCGACCACGAAGAUAUCACCAAAGAUAAGACCAGCACCGUGGAGGCCUGCCUGCCCCUGGAGCUGACCAAGAACGAGAGCUGCCUGAACAGCAGAGAGACCAGCUUCAUCACCAACGGCAGCUGCCUGGCCAGCAGAAAGACCAGCUUCAUGAUGGCCCUGUGCCUGAGCAGCAUCUACGAGGACCUGAAGAUGUACCAGGUGGAGUUCAAGACCAUGAACGCCAAGCUGCUGAUGGACCCCAAGCGGCAGAUCUUCCUGGACCAGAACAUGCUGGCCGUGAUCGACGAGCUGAUGCAGGCCCUGAACUUCAACAGCGAGACCGUGCCCCAGAAGAGCAGCCUGGAGGAGCCCGACUUCUACAAGACCAAGAUCAAGCUGUGCAUCCUGCUGCACGCCUUCAGAAUCAGAGCCGUGACCAUCGACAGAGUGAUGAGCUACCUGAACGCCAGC IL12B WildtypeIWELKKDVYVVELDWYPDAPGEMVVLTCDTPEEDGITWTLDQSSEVLGSGKTLTIQV SEQ ID IL12BKEFGDAGQYTCHKGGEVLSHSLLLLHKKEDGIWSTDILKDQKEPKNKTFLRCEAKNY NO: 184without SGRFTCWWLTTISTDLTFSVKSSRGSSDPQGVTCGAATLSAERVRGDNKEYEYSVECsignal amino QEDSACPAAEESLPIEVMVDAVHKLKYENYTSSFFIRDIIKPDPPKNLQLKPLKNSRacids QVEVSWEYPDTWSTPHSYFSLTFCVQVQGKSKREKKDRVFTDKTSATVICRKNASISVRAQDRYYSSSWSEWASVPCS IL12B WildtypeATATGGGAACTGAAGAAAGATGTTTATGTCGTAGAATTGGATTGGTATCCGGATGCC SEQ ID IL12BCCTGGAGAAATGGTGGTCCTCACCTGTGACACCCCTGAAGAAGATGGTATCACCTGG NO: 185without ACCTTGGACCAGAGCAGTGAGGTCTTAGGCTCTGGCAAAACCCTGACCATCCAAGTC signalAAAGAGTTTGGAGATGCTGGCCAGTACACCTGTCACAAAGGAGGCGAGGTTCTAAGC nucleic CATTCGCTCCTGCTGCTTCACAAAAAGGAAGATGGAATTTGGTCCACTGATATTTTA acidsAAGGACCAGAAAGAACCCAAAAATAAGACCTTTCTAAGATGCGAGGCCAAGAATTATTCTGGACGTTTCACCTGCTGGTGGCTGACGACAATCAGTACTGATTTGACATTCAGTGTCAAAAGCAGCAGAGGCTCTTCTGACCCCCAAGGGGTGACGTGCGGAGCTGCTACACTCTCTGCAGAGAGAGTCAGAGGGGACAACAAGGAGTATGAGTACTCAGTGGAGTGCCAGGAGGACAGTGCCTGCCCAGCTGCTGAGGAGAGTCTGCCCATTGAGGTCATGGTGGATGCCGTTCACAAGCTCAAGTATGAAAACTACACCAGCAGCTTCTTCATCAGGGACATCATCAAACCTGACCCACCCAAGAACTTGCAGCTGAAGCCATTAAAGAATTCTCGGCAGGTGGAGGTCAGCTGGGAGTACCCTGACACCTGGAGTACTCCACATTCCTACTTCTCCCTGACATTCTGCGTTCAGGTCCAGGGCAAGAGCAAGAGAGAAAAGAAAGATAGAGTCTTCACGGACAAGACCTCAGCCACGGTCATCTGCCGCAAAAATGCCAGCATTAGCGTGCGGGCCCAGGACCGCTACTATAGCTCATCTTGGAGCGAATGGGCATCTGTGCC CTGCAGT IL12AWildtype RNLPVATPDPGMFPCLHHSQNLLRAVSNMLQKARQTLEFYPCTSEEIDHEDITKDKTSEQ ID IL12A STVEACLPLELTKNESCLNSRETSFITNGSCLASRKTSFMMALCLSSIYEDLKMYQVNO: 186 withoutEFKTMNAKLLMDPKRQIFLDQNMLAVIDELMQALNFNSETVPQKSSLEEPDFYKTKI signal aminoKLCILLHAFRIRAVTIDRVMSYLNAS acids IL12A WildtypeAGAAACCTCCCCGTGGCCACTCCAGACCCAGGAATGTTCCCATGCCTTCACCACTCC SEQ ID IL12ACAAAACCTGCTGAGGGCCGTCAGCAACATGCTCCAGAAGGCCAGACAAACTCTAGAA NO: 187without TTTTACCCTTGCACTTCTGAAGAGATTGATCATGAAGATATCACAAAAGATAAAACC signalAGCACAGTGGAGGCCTGTTTACCATTGGAATTAACCAAGAATGAGAGTTGCCTAAAT nucleic acidsTCCAGAGAGACCTCTTTCATAACTAATGGGAGTTGCCTGGCCTCCAGAAAGACCTCTTTTATGATGGCCCTGTGCCTTAGTAGTATTTATGAAGACTTGAAGATGTACCAGGTGGAGTTCAAGACCATGAATGCAAAGCTTCTGATGGATCCTAAGAGGCAGATCTTTCTAGATCAAAACATGCTGGCAGTTATTGATGAGCTGATGCAGGCCCTGAATTTCAACAGTGAGACTGTGCCACAAAAATCCTCCCTTGAAGAACCGGATTTTTATAAAACTAAAATCAAGCTCTGCATACTTCTTCATGCTTTCAGAATTCGGGCAGTGACTATTGATAGAGTGATGAGCTATCTGAATGCTTCC IL12B Wildtype MCHQQLVISWFSLVFLASPLVA SEQ ID IL12BNO: 188 signal peptide amino acids IL12B WildtypeATGTGTCACCAGCAGTTGGTCATCTCTTGGTTTTCCCTGGTTTTTCTGGCATCTCCC SEQ ID IL12BCTCGTGGCC NO: 189 signal peptide nucleoic acids

TABLE 1A OX40L Polypeptide and Polynucleotide sequences Encoded SEQ IDPolypeptide Description Sequence NO: OX40L TumorMERVQPLEENVGNAARPRFERNKLLLVASVIQGLGLLLCFTYICLHFSA SEQ ID (TNFSF4)necrosis factor LQVSHRYPRIQSIKVQFTEYKKEKGFILTSQKEDEIMKVQNNSVIINCD NO: 21ligand GFYLISLKGYFSQEVNISLHYQKDEEPLFQLKKVRSVNSLMVASLTYKD 183 aasuperfamily KVYLNVTTDNTSLDDFHVNGGELILIHQNPGEFCVL member 4 isoform 1[Homo sapiens] NP_003317 OX40L TNFSF4MVSHRYPRIQSIKVQFTEYKKEKGFILTSQKEDEIMKVQNNSVIINCDG SEQ ID (TNFSF4)isoform 2 FYLISLKGYFSQEVNISLHYQKDEEPLFQLKKVRSVNSLMVASLTYKDK NO: 2 [HomoVYLNVTTDNTSLDDFHVNGGELILIHQNPGEFCVL 133 aa sapiens] NP_001284491 OX40LTNFSF4 MEGEGVQPLDENLENGSRPRFKWKKTLRLVVSGIKGAGMLLCFIYVCLQ SEQ ID (TNFSF4)[Mus LSSSPAKDPPIQRLRGAVTRCEDGQLFISSYKNEYQTMEVQNNSVVIKC NO: 65 musculus]DGLYIIYLKGSFFQEVKIDLHFREDHNPISIPMLNDGRRIVFTVVASLA 198 aa NP_033478FKDKVYLTVNAPDTLCEHLQINDGELIVVQLTPGYCAPEGSYHSTVNQV PL Human OX40L HumanAUGGAAAGGGUCCAACCCCUGGAAGAGAAUGUGGGAAAUGCAGCCAGGC 145 OX40LCAAGAUUCGAGAGGAACAAGCUAUUGCUGGUGGCCUCUGUAAUUCAGGG mRNA (ORF)ACUGGGGCUGCUCCUGUGCUUCACCUACAUCUGCCUGCACUUCUCUGCUCUUCAGGUAUCACAUCGGUAUCCUCGAAUUCAAAGUAUCAAAGUACAAUUUACCGAAUAUAAGAAGGAGAAAGGUUUCAUCCUCACUUCCCAAAAGGAGGAUGAAAUCAUGAAGGUGCAGAACAACUCAGUCAUCAUCAACUGUGAUGGGUUUUAUCUCAUCUCCCUGAAGGGCUACUUCUCCCAGGAAGUCAACAUUAGCCUUCAUUACCAGAAGGAUGAGGAGCCCCUCUUCCAACUGAAGAAGGUCAGGUCUGUCAACUCCUUGAUGGUGGCCUCUCUGACUUACAAAGACAAAGUCUACUUGAAUGUGACCACUGACAAUACCUCCCUGGAUGACUUCCAUGUGAAUGGCGGAGAACUGAUUCUUAUCCAUCAAAAUCCUGGUGAAUU CUGUGUCCUU Human OX40LFull-length5′^(7Me)G_(ppp)G_(2′oMe)GGAAAUAAGAGAGAAAAGAAGAGUAAGAAGAAAUAUAA 146 mRNAGAGCCACCAUGGAAAGGGUCCAACCCCUGGAAGAGAAUGUGGGAAAUGC NucleotideAGCCAGGCCAAGAUUCGAGAGGAACAAGCUAUUGCUGGUGGCCUCUGUA sequence (5′AUUCAGGGACUGGGGCUGCUCCUGUGCUUCACCUACAUCUGCCUGCACU UTR, ORF, 3′UCUCUGCUCUUCAGGUAUCACAUCGGUAUCCUCGAAUUCAAAGUAUCAA UTR, miR-AGUACAAUUUACCGAAUAUAAGAAGGAGAAAGGUUUCAUCCUCACUUCC 122-5pCAAAAGGAGGAUGAAAUCAUGAAGGUGCAGAACAACUCAGUCAUCAUCA (underlined)ACUGUGAUGGGUUUUAUCUCAUCUCCCUGAAGGGCUACUUCUCCCAGGA polyA tail) ofAGUCAACAUUAGCCUUCAUUACCAGAAGGAUGAGGAGCCCCUCUUCCAA human OX40LCUGAAGAAGGUCAGGUCUGUCAACUCCUUGAUGGUGGCCUCUCUGACUUACAAAGACAAAGUCUACUUGAAUGUGACCACUGACAAUACCUCCCUGGAUGACUUCCAUGUGAAUGGCGGAGAACUGAUUCUUAUCCAUCAAAAUCCUGGUGAAUUCUGUGUCCUUUGAUAAUAGGCUGGAGCCUCGGUGGCCAUGCUUCUUGCCCCUUGGGCCUCCCCCCAGCCCCUCCUCCCCUUCCUGCACCCGUACCCCCCAAACACCAUUGUCACACUCCAGUGGUCUUUGAAUAAAGUCUGAGUGGGCGGCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAUCUAG_(OH)3′ Where: A, C G & U = AMP, CMP, GMP & N1-ψUMP,respectively; Me = methyl; p inorganic phosphate OX40L TNFSF4, ORFAUGGAAAGGGUCCAACCCCUGGAAGAGAAUGUG SEQ ID (TNFSF4) [HomoGGAAAUGCAGCCAGGCCAAGAUUCGAGAGGAAC NO: 66 sapiens]AAGCUAUUGCUGGUGGCCUCUGUAAUUCAGGGA 552 ntsCUGGGGCUGCUCCUGUGCUUCACCUACAUCUGC CUGCACUUCUCUGCUCUUCAGGUAUCACAUCGGUAUCCUCGAAUUCAAAGUAUCAAAGUACAAUUU ACCGAAUAUAAGAAGGAGAAAGGUUUCAUCCUCACUUCCCAAAAGGAGGAUGAAAUCAUGAAGGUG CAGAACAACUCAGUCAUCAUCAACUGUGAUGGGUUUUAUCUCAUCUCCCUGAAGGGCUACUUCUCC CAGGAAGUCAACAUUAGCCUUCAUUACCAGAAGGAUGAGGAGCCCCUCUUCCAACUGAAGAAGGUC AGGUCUGUCAACUCCUUGAUGGUGGCCUCUCUGACUUACAAAGACAAAGUCUACUUGAAUGUGACC ACUGACAAUACCUCCCUGGAUGACUUCCAUGUGAAUGGCGGAGAACUGAUUCUUAUCCAUCAAAAU CCUGGUGAAUUCUGUGUCCUU OX40L TNFSF4,GGCCCUGGGACCUUUGCCUAUUUUCUGAUUGAU SEQ ID (TNFSF4) transcriptAGGCUUUGUUUUGUCUUUACCUCCUUCUUUCUG NO: 67 variant 1,GGGAAAACUUCAGUUUUAUCGCACGUUCCCCUU 3484 nts mRNAUUCCAUAUCUUCAUCUUCCCUCUACCCAGAUUG NM_003326UGAAGAUGGAAAGGGUCCAACCCCUGGAAGAGA AUGUGGGAAAUGCAGCCAGGCCAAGAUUCGAGAGGAACAAGCUAUUGCUGGUGGCCUCUGUAAUUC AGGGACUGGGGCUGCUCCUGUGCUUCACCUACAUCUGCCUGCACUUCUCUGCUCUUCAGGUAUCAC AUCGGUAUCCUCGAAUUCAAAGUAUCAAAGUACAAUUUACCGAAUAUAAGAAGGAGAAAGGUUUCA UCCUCACUUCCCAAAAGGAGGAUGAAAUCAUGAAGGUGCAGAACAACUCAGUCAUCAUCAACUGUG AUGGGUUUUAUCUCAUCUCCCUGAAGGGCUACUUCUCCCAGGAAGUCAACAUUAGCCUUCAUUACC AGAAGGAUGAGGAGCCCCUCUUCCAACUGAAGAAGGUCAGGUCUGUCAACUCCUUGAUGGUGGC CUCUCUGACUUACAAAGACAAAGUCUACUUGAAUGUGACCACUGACAAUACCUCCCUGGAUGAC UUCCAUGUGAAUGGCGGAGAACUGAUUCUUAUCCAUCAAAAUCCUGGUGAAUUCUGUGUCCUUU GAGGGGCUGAUGGCAAUAUCUAAAACCAGGCACCAGCAUGAACACCAAGCUGGGGGUGGACAGG GCAUGGAUUCUUCAUUGCAAGUGAAGGAGCCUCCCAGCUCAGCCACGUGGGAUGUGACAAGAAG CAGAUCCUGGCCCUCCCGCCCCCACCCCUCAGGGAUAUUUAAAACUUAUUUUAUAUACCAGUUA AUCUUAUUUAUCCUUAUAUUUUCUAAAUUGCCUAGCCGUCACACCCCAAGAUUGCCUUGAGCCU ACUAGGCACCUUUGUGAGAAAGAAAAAAUAGAUGCCUCUUCUUCAAGAUGCAUUGUUUCUAUUG GUCAGGCAAUUGUCAUAAUAAACUUAUGUCAUUGAAAACGGUACCUGACUACCAUUUGCUGGAA AUUUGACAUGUGUGUGGCAUUAUCAAAAUGAAGAGGAGCAAGGAGUGAAGGAGUGGGGUUAUGA AUCUGCCAAAGGUGGUAUGAACCAACCCCUGGAAGCCAAAGCGGCCUCUCCAAGGUUAAAUUGA UUGCAGUUUGCAUAUUGCCUAAAUUUAAACUUUCUCAUUUGGUGGGGGUUCAAAAGAAGAAUCA GCUUGUGAAAAAUCAGGACUUGAAGAGAGCCGUCUAAGAAAUACCACGUGCUUUUUUUCUUUAC CAUUUUGCUUUCCCAGCCUCCAAACAUAGUUAAUAGAAAUUUCCCUUCAAAGAACUGUCUGGGG AUGUGAUGCUUUGAAAAAUCUAAUCAGUGACUUAAGAGAGAUUUUCUUGUAUACAGGGAGAGUG AGAUAACUUAUUGUGAAGGGUUAGCUUUACUGUACAGGAUAGCAGGGAACUGGACAUCUCAGGG UAAAAGUCAGUACGGAUUUUAAUAGCCUGGGGAGGAAAACACAUUCUUUGCCACAGACAGGCAA AGCAACACAUGCUCAUCCUCCUGCCUAUGCUGAGAUACGCACUCAGCUCCAUGUCUUGUACACA CAGAAACAUUGCUGGUUUCAAGAAAUGAGGUGAUCCUAUUAUCAAAUUCAAUCUGAUGUCAAAU AGCACUAAGAAGUUAUUGUGCCUUAUGAAAAAUAAUGAUCUCUGUCUAGAAAUACCAUAGACCA UAUAUAGUCUCACAUUGAUAAUUGAAACUAGAAGGGUCUAUAAUCAGCCUAUGCCAGGGCUUCA AUGGAAUAGUAUCCCCUUAUGUUUAGUUGAAAUGUCCCCUUAACUUGAUAUAAUGUGUUAUGCU UAUGGCGCUGUGGACAAUCUGAUUUUUCAUGUCAACUUUCCAGAUGAUUUGUAACUUCUCUGUG CCAAACCUUUUAUAAACAUAAAUUUUUGAGAUAUGUAUUUUAAAAUUGUAGCACAUGUUUCCCU GACAUUUUCAAUAGAGGAUACAACAUCACAGAAUCUUUCUGGAUGAUUCUGUGUUAUCAAGGAA UUGUACUGUGCUACAAUUAUCUCUAGAAUCUCCAGAAAGGUGGAGGGCUGUUCGCCCUUACACU AAAUGGUCUCAGUUGGAUUUUUUUUUCCUGUUUUCUAUUUCCUCUUAAGUACACCUUCAACUAU AUUCCCAUCCCUCUAUUUUAAUCUGUUAUGAAGGAAGGUAAAUAAAAAUGCUAAAUAGAAGAAA UUGUAGGUAAGGUAAGAGGAAUCAAGUUCUGAGUGGCUGCCAAGGCACUCACAGAAUCAUAAUC AUGGCUAAAUAUUUAUGGAGGGCCUACUGUGGACCAGGCACUGGGCUAAAUACUUACAUUUACA AGAAUCAUUCUGAGACAGAUAUUCAAUGAUAUCUGGCUUCACUACUCAGAAGAUUGUGUGUGUG UUUGUGUGUGUGUGUGUGUGUGUAUUUCACUUUUUGUUAUUGACCAUGUUCUGCAAAAUUGCAG UUACUCAGUGAGUGAUAUCCGAAAAAGUAAACGUUUAUGACUAUAGGUAAUAUUUAAGAAAAUG CAUGGUUCAUUUUUAAGUUUGGAAUUUUUAUCUAUAUUUCUCACAGAUGUGCAGUGCACAUGCA GGCCUAAGUAUAUGUUGUGUGUGUUGUUUGUCUUUGAUGUCAUGGUCCCCUCUCUUAGGUGCUC ACUCGCUUUGGGUGCACCUGGCCUGCUCUUCCCAUGUUGGCCUCUGCAACCACACAGGGAUAUU UCUGCUAUGCACCAGCCUCACUCCACCUUCCUUCCAUCAAAAAUAUGUGUGUGUGUCUCAGUCC CUGUAAGUCAUGUCCUUCACAGGGAGAAUUAACCCUUCGAUAUACAUGGCAGAGUUUUGUGGGA AAAGAAUUGAAUGAAAAGUCAGGAGAUCAGAAUUUUAAAUUUGACUUAGCCACUAACUAGCCAU GUAACCUUGGGAAAGUCAUUUCCCAUUUCUGGGUCUUGCUUUUCUUUCUGUUAAAUGAGAGGAA UGUUAAAUAUCUAACAGUUUAGAAUCUUAUGCUUACAGUGUUAUCUGUGAAUGCACAUAUUAAA UGUCUAUGUUCUUGUUGCUAUGAGUCAAGGAGUGUAACCUUCUCCUUUACUAUGUUGAAUGUAU UUUUUUCUGGACAAGCUUACAUCUUCCUCAGCCAUCUUUGUGAGUCCUUCAAGAGCAGUUAUCA AUUGUUAGUUAGAUAUUUUCUAUUUAGAGAAUGCUUAAGGGAUUCCAAUCCCGAUCCAAAUCAU AAUUUGUUCUUAAGUAUACUGGGCAGGUCCCCUAUUUUAAGUCAUAAUUUUGUAUUUAGUGCUU UCCUGGCUCUCAGAGAGUAUUAAUAUUGAUAUUAAUAAUAUAGUUAAUAGUAAUAUUGCUAUUU ACAUGGAAACAAAUAAAAGAUCUCAGAAUUCACUAAAAAAAAAAA OX40L Mus musculus AUUGCUUUUUGUCUCCUGUUCUGGGACCUUUA SEQ ID(TNFSF4) Tnfsf4, mRNA UCUUCUGACCCGCAGGCUUGACUUUGCCCUUA NO: 68 NM_009452UUGGCUCCUUUGUGGUGAAGAGCAGUCUUCCC CCAGGUUCCCCGCCACAGCUGUAUCUCCUCUGCACCCCGACUGCAGAGAUGGAAGGGGAAGGGG UCAAGGCCAAGAUUCAAGUGGAAGAAGACGCUAAGGCUGGUGGUCUCUGGGAUCAAGGGAGCAG GGAUGCUUCUGUGCUUCAUCUAUGUCUGCCUGCAACUCUCUUCCUCUCCGGCAAAGGACCCUCC AAUCCAAAGACUCAGAGGAGCAGUUACCAGAUGUGAGGAUGGGCAACUAUUCAUCAGCUCAUAC AAGAAUGAGUAUCAAACUAUGGAGGUGCAGAACAAUUCGGUUGUCAUCAAGUGCGAUGGGCUUU AUAUCAUCUACCUGAAGGGCUCCUUUUUCCAGGAGGUCAAGAUUGACCUUCAUUUCCGGGAGGA UCAUAAUCCCAUCUCUAUUCCAAUGCUGAACGAUGGUCGAAGGAUUGUCUUCACUGUGGUGGCC UCUUUGGCUUUCAAAGAUAAAGUUUACCUGACUGUAAAUGCUCCUGAUACUCUCUGCGAACACC UCCAGAUAAAUGAUGGGGAGCUGAUUGUUGUCCAGCUAACGCCUGGAUACUGUGCUCCUGAAGG AUCUUACCACAGCACUGUGAACCAAGUACCACUGUGAAUUCCACUCUGAGGGUGGACGGGACAC AGGUUCUUUCUCGAGAGAGAUGAGUGCAUCCUGCUCAUGAGAUGUGACUGAAUGCAGAGCCUAC CCUACUUCCUCACUCAGGGAUAUUUAAAUCAUGUCUUACAUAACAGUUGACCUCUCAUUCCCAG GAUUGCCUUGAGCCUGCUAAGAGCUGUUCUGGGAAUGAAAAAAAAAAUAAAUGUCUCUUCAAGA CACAUUGCUUCUGUCGGUCAGAAGCUCAUCGUAAUAAACAUCUGCCACUGAAAAUGGCGCUUGA UUGCUAUCUUCUAGAAUUUUGAUGUUGUCAAAAGAAAGCAAAACAUGGAAAGGGUGGUGUCCAC CGGCCAGUAGGAGCUGGAGUGCUCUCUUCAAGGUUAAGGUGAUAGAAGUUUACAUGUUGCCUAA AACUGUCUCUCAUCUCAUGGGGGGCUUGGAAAGAAGAUUACCCCGUGGAAAGCAGGACUUGAAG AUGACUGUUUAAGCAACAAGGUGCACUCUUUUCCUGGCCCCUGAAUACACAUAAAAGACAACUU CCUUCAAAGAACUACCUAGGGACUAUGAUACCCACCAAAGAACCACGUCAGCGAUGCAAAGAAA ACCAGGAGAGCUUUGUUUAUUUUGCAGAGUAUACGAGAGAUUUUACCCUGAGGGCUAUUUUUAU UAUACAGGAUGAGAGUGAACUGGAUGUCUCAGGAUAAAGGCCAAGAAGGAUUUUUCACAGUCUG AGCAAGACUGUUUUUGUAGGUUCUCUCUCCAAAACUUUUAGGUAAAUUUUUGAUAAUUUUAAAA UUUUUAGUUAUAUUUUUGGACCAUUUUCAAUAGAAGAUUGAAACAUUUCCAGAUGGUUUCAUAU CCCCACAAG Human OX40L mRNAGGGAAAUAAGAGAGAAAAGAAGAGUAAGAAGA SEQ ID sequence:AAUAUAAGAGCCACCAUGGAAAGGGUCCAACC NO: 69 HumanCCUGGAAGAGAAUGUGGGAAAUGCAGCCAGGC OX40L withCAAGAUUCGAGAGGAACAAGCUAUUGCUGGUG 5′-UTR, 3′-GCCUCUGUAAUUCAGGGACUGGGGCUGCUCCU UTR, andGUGCUUCACCUACAUCUGCCUGCACUUCUCUG miR-122CUCUUCAGGUAUCACAUCGGUAUCCUCGAAUU binding siteCAAAGUAUCAAAGUACAAUUUACCGAAUAUAA GAAGGAGAAAGGUUUCAUCCUCACUUCCCAAAAGGAGGAUGAAAUCAUGAAGGUGCAGAACAAC UCAGUCAUCAUCAACUGUGAUGGGUUUUAUCUCAUCUCCCUGAAGGGCUACUUCUCCCAGGAAG UCAACAUUAGCCUUCAUUACCAGAAGGAUGAGGAGCCCCUCUUCCAACUGAAGAAGGUCAGGUC UGUCAACUCCUUGAUGGUGGCCUCUCUGACUUACAAAGACAAAGUCUACUUGAAUGUGACCACU GACAAUACCUCCCUGGAUGACUUCCAUGUGAAUGGCGGAGAACUGAUUCUUAUCCAUCAAAAUC CUGGUGAAUUCUGUGUCCUUUGAUAAUAGGCUGGAGCCUCGGUGGCCAUGCUUCUUGCCCCUUG GGCCUCCCCCCAGCCCCUCCUCCCCUUCCUGCACCCGUACCCCCCAAACACCAUUGUCACACUC CAGUGGUCUUUGAAUAAAGUCUGAGUGGGCGG CMurine mRNA GGGAAAUAAGAGAGAAAAGAAGAGUAAGAAGAA SEQ ID OX40L sequence:AUAUAAGAGCCACCAUGGAAGGGGAAGGGGUUC NO: 70 murineAACCCCUGGAUGAGAAUCUGGAAAACGGAUCAA OX40L withGGCCAAGAUUCAAGUGGAAGAAGACGCUAAGGC 5′-UTR, 3′-UGGUGGUCUCUGGGAUCAAGGGAGCAGGGAUGC UTR, andUUCUGUGCUUCAUCUAUGUCUGCCUGCAACUCU miR-122CUUCCUCUCCGGCAAAGGACCCUCCAAUCCAAA binding siteGACUCAGAGGAGCAGUUACCAGAUGUGAGGAUG GGCAACUAUUCAUCAGCUCAUACAAGAAUGAGUAUCAAACUAUGGAGGUGCAGAACAAUUCGGUUG UCAUCAAGUGCGAUGGGCUUUAUAUCAUCUACCUGAAGGGCUCCUUUUUCCAGGAGGUCAAGAUUG ACCUUCAUUUCCGGGAGGAUCAUAAUCCCAUCUCUAUUCCAAUGCUGAACGAUGGUCGAAGGAUUG UCUUCACUGUGGUGGCCUCUUUGGCUUUCAAAGAUAAAGUUUACCUGACUGUAAAUGCUCCUGAUA CUCUCUGCGAACACCUCCAGAUAAAUGAUGGGGAGCUGAUUGUUGUCCAGCUAACGCCUGGAUACU GUGCUCCUGAAGGAUCUUACCACAGCACUGUGAACCAAGUACCACUGUGAUAAUAGGCUGGAGCCU CGGUGGCCAUGCUUCUUGCCCCUUGGGCCUCCCCCCAGCCCCUCCUCCCCUUCCUGCACCCGUACC CCCCAAACACCAUUGUCACACUCCAGUGGUCUUUGAAUAAAGUCUGAGUGGGCGGC hOX40L miR- CodonATGGAAAGGGTCCAACCCCTGGAAGAGAATGTGGGAAATGCAGCCAGGC SEQ ID 122 optimizedCAAGATTCGAGAGGAACAAGCTATTGCTGGTGGCCTCTGTAATTCAGGG NO: 116 human OX40LACTGGGGCTGCTCCTGTGCTTCACCTACATCTGCCTGCACTTCTCTGCT sequencesCTTCAGGTATCACATCGGTATCCTCGAATTCAAAGTATCAAAGTACAATTTACCGAATATAAGAAGGAGAAAGGTTTCATCCTCACTTCCCAAAAGGAGGATGAAATCATGAAGGTGCAGAACAACTCAGTCATCATCAACTGTGATGGGTTTTATCTCATCTCCCTGAAGGGCTACTTCTCCCAGGAAGTCAACATTAGCCTTCATTACCAGAAGGATGAGGAGCCCCTCTTCCAACTGAAGAAGGTCAGGTCTGTCAACTCCTTGATGGTGGCCTCTCTGACTTACAAAGACAAAGTCTACTTGAATGTGACCACTGACAATACCTCCCTGGATGACTTCCATGTGAATGGCGGAGAACTGATTCTTATCCATCAAAATCCTGGTGAATT CTGTGTCCTT mOX40L +Codon ATGGAAGGGGAAGGGGTTCAACCCCTGGATGAGAATCTGGAAAACGGAT SEQ ID miR-122optimized CAAGGCCAAGATTCAAGTGGAAGAAGACGCTAAGGCTGGTGGTCTCTGG NO: 117mouse OX40L GATCAAGGGAGCAGGGATGCTTCTGTGCTTCATCTATGTCTGCCTGCAA sequencesCTCTCTTCCTCTCCGGCAAAGGACCCTCCAATCCAAAGACTCAGAGGAGCAGTTACCAGATGTGAGGATGGGCAACTATTCATCAGCTCATACAAGAATGAGTATCAAACTATGGAGGTGCAGAACAATTCGGTTGTCATCAAGTGCGATGGGCTTTATATCATCTACCTGAAGGGCTCCTTTTTCCAGGAGGTCAAGATTGACCTTCATTTCCGGGAGGATCATAATCCCATCTCTATTCCAATGCTGAACGATGGTCGAAGGATTGTCTTCACTGTGGTGGCCTCTTTGGCTTTCAAAGATAAAGTTTACCTGACTGTAAATGCTCCTGATACTCTCTGCGAACACCTCCAGATAAATGATGGGGAGCTGATTGTTGTCCAGCTAACGCCTGGATACTGTGCTCCTGAAGGATCTTACCACAGCACTGTGAACCAAGTA CCACTG OX40L Codon-AUGGAGAGAGUGCAGCCCCUGGAGGAGAACGUG SEQ ID (TNFSF4) optimizedGGCAACGCCGCCAGACCCAGAUUCGAGAGAAAC NO: 121 sequence 1 forAAGCUGCUGCUGGUGGCCAGCGUGAUCCAGGGC ENSP 281834CUGGGCCUGCUGCUGUGCUUCACCUACAUCUGC CUGCACUUCAGCGCCCUGCAGGUGAGCCACAGAUACCCCAGAAUCCAGAGCAUCAAGGUGCAGUUC ACCGAGUACAAGAAGGAGAAGGGCUUCAUCCUGACCAGCCAGAAGGAGGACGAGAUCAUGAAGGUG CAGAACAACAGCGUGAUCAUCAACUGCGACGGCUUCUACCUGAUCAGCCUGAAGGGCUACUUCAGC CAGGAGGUGAACAUCAGCCUGCACUACCAGAAGGACGAGGAGCCCCUGUUCCAGCUGAAGAAGGUG AGAAGCGUGAACAGCCUGAUGGUGGCCAGCCUGACCUACAAGGACAAGGUGUACCUGAACGUGACC ACCGACAACACCAGCCUGGACGACUUCCACGUGAACGGCGGCGAGCUGAUCCUGAUCCACCAGAAC CCCGGCGAGUUCUGCGUGCUG OX40L Codon-AUGGAGCGUGUGCAGCCUCUUGAGGAGAAUGUG SEQ ID (TNFSF4) optimizedGGAAAUGCAGCCCGGCCUCGAUUCGAACGUAAU NO: 122 sequence 2 forAAACUCCUGCUCGUGGCCUCCGUGAUCCAGGGU ENSP 281834CUCGGUUUAUUGCUGUGUUUUACCUAUAUAUGC UUACACUUUAGUGCAUUACAGGUCUCACACCGGUACCCUCGCAUUCAGUCUAUAAAAGUGCAGUUU ACCGAGUAUAAGAAGGAGAAAGGUUUUAUACUGACUUCUCAGAAAGAGGACGAGAUCAUGAAGGUG CAGAAUAAUAGCGUCAUUAUCAACUGCGAUGGAUUCUAUCUAAUUUCCCUAAAGGGGUACUUCAGC CAGGAGGUCAAUAUAUCACUGCACUAUCAAAAGGACGAGGAGCCCCUGUUUCAACUGAAGAAAGUG CGAUCAGUUAACUCUCUGAUGGUUGCCUCUCUGACCUAUAAGGACAAAGUCUACUUGAACGUGACA ACUGACAACACCUCACUGGAUGACUUUCAUGUGAAUGGGGGGGAACUGAUUCUUAUCCAUCAGAAU CCAGGAGAAUUCUGUGUGCUC OX40L Codon-AUGGAGCGGGUGCAGCCCCUGGAGGAGAAUGUG SEQ ID (TNFSF4) optimizedGGCAAUGCUGCCCGGCCCAGGUUUGAAAGAAAC NO: 123 sequence 3 forAAGCUGCUGCUGGUGGCCAGCGUCAUCCAGGGC ENSP 281834CUGGGCCUGCUGCUGUGCUUCACCUACAUCUGC CUGCACUUCAGCGCCCUGCAGGUGAGCCACCGCUACCCCCGCAUCCAGAGCAUCAAGGUGCAGUUC ACAGAGUACAAGAAGGAGAAGGGCUUCAUCCUGACCAGCCAGAAGGAGGAUGAGAUCAUGAAGGUG CAGAACAACAGCGUCAUCAUCAACUGUGAUGGCUUCUACCUGAUCAGCCUGAAGGGCUACUUCAGC CAGGAGGUGAACAUCAGCCUGCACUACCAGAAGGAUGAGGAGCCCCUCUUCCAGCUGAAGAAGGUG CGCUCUGUGAACAGCCUGAUGGUGGCCAGCCUGACCUACAAGGACAAGGUGUACCUGAAUGUGACC ACAGACAACACCAGCCUGGAUGACUUCCACGUGAAUGGAGGAGAGCUGAUCCUGAUCCACCAGAAC CCUGGAGAGUUCUGUGUGCUG OX40L Codon-AUGGAGCGGGUGCAGCCCCUGGAGGAGAACGUG SEQ ID (TNFSF4) optimizedGGCAACGCCGCCCGCCCGCGUUUUGAGCGAAAU NO: 124 sequence 4 forAAGUUACUGCUUGUUGCAUCUGUGAUACAGGGG ENSP 281834UUGGGUUUACUUCUUUGCUUUACAUAUAUUUGU CUCCACUUUAGUGCGCUUCAGGUAUCCCAUCGGUACCCGCGCAUCCAGUCAAUCAAGGUCCAGUUC ACUGAAUAUAAAAAGGAGAAAGGAUUCAUUCUGACUUCACAAAAAGAGGACGAAAUCAUGAAAGUG UUCUAUCUGAUCAGUCUGAAGGGAUAUUUUAGCCAGGAAGUAAAUAUUUCACUACAUUAUCAGAAG GACGAAGAACCACUUUUUCAACUGAAGAAAGUCCGGUCCGUGAACUCCCUGAUGGUUGCUAGCCUU ACCUACAAGGAUAAAGUCUAUUUAAACGUCACAACAGAUAACACUAGCCUCGACGAUUUCCAUGUG AACGGAGGUGAACUGAUAUUGAUCCAUCAAAACCCCGGCGAGUUCUGCGUUUUA OX40L Codon- AUGGAGCGGGUCCAGCCCCUCGAGGAGAACGUUSEQ ID (TNFSF4) optimized GGUAAUGCCGCACGUCCCAGGUUUGAACGCAAC NO: 125sequence 5 for AAGCUGCUGUUGGUGGCCAGCGUCAUUCAGGGG ENSP 281834CUGGGUUUGUUGCUGUGCUUCACUUACAUCUGU CUGCAUUUUAGUGCACUCCAGGUGUCCCACCGCUACCCCCGUAUCCAAUCCAUUAAAGUCCAAUUU ACCGAAUACAAAAAAGAGAAGGGUUUCAUUCUUACCUCCCAGAAGGAGGAUGAAAUUAUGAAGGUG UUCUAUCUGAUUUCACUGAAGGGAUACUUUUCCCAGGAGGUGAACAUCAGUCUGCAUUAUCAGAAG GACGAAGAACCGCUUUUUCAACUGAAGAAGGUUAGGAGUGUGAACUCCUUAAUGGUAGCCAGCCUG ACAUAUAAGGACAAGGUAUAUCUGAACGUCACCACUGAUAACACCUCUUUAGACGAUUUUCAUGUA AAUGGGGGAGAAUUGAUACUCAUUCACCAGAAUCCGGGUGAGUUUUGUGUUCUG OX40L Codon- AUGGUGAGCCACAGAUACCCCAGAAUCCAGAGCASEQ ID (TNFSF4) optimized UCAAGGUGCAGUUCACCGAGUACAAGAAGGAGAA NO: 126sequence 1 for GGGCUUCAUCCUGACCAGCCAGAAGGAGGACGAG ENSP 356691AUCAUGAAGGUGCAGAACAACAGCGUGAUCAUCA ACUGCGACGGCUUCUACCUGAUCAGCCUGAAGGGCUACUUCAGCCAGGAGGUGAACAUCAGCCUGCAC UACCAGAAGGACGAGGAGCCCCUGUUCCAGCUGAAGAAGGUGAGAAGCGUGAACAGCCUGAUGGUGGC CAGCCUGACCUACAAGGACAAGGUGUACCUGAACGUGACCACCGACAACACCAGCCUGGACGACUUCC ACGUGAACGGCGGCGAGCUGAUCCUGAUCCACCAGAACCCCGGCGAGUUCUGCGUGCUG OX40L Codon-AUGGUUUCUCACCGUUACCCACGGAUCCAGUCUA SEQ ID (TNFSF4) optimizedUCAAGGUUCAGUUUACCGAGUACAAAAAGGAAAA NO: 127 sequence 2 forAGGGUUCAUCCUCACCUCUCAGAAAGAGGACGAA ENSP 356691AUCAUGAAGGUGCAGAAUAACUCUGUAAUCAUUA AUUGCGACGGUUUUUAUCUGAUUUCACUGAAGGGCUACUUUAGUCAGGAAGUUAAUAUUAGUUUGCAC UACCAAAAGGACGAGGAGCCUCUCUUCCAACUAAAAAAGGUAAGAUCCGUUAAUUCCCUUAUGGUGGC CUCCUUAACUUAUAAGGACAAGGUGUAUCUGAAUGUGACCACAGAUAACACAUCCCUGGACGACUUUC AUGUAAAUGGCGGCGAGUUAAUUCUGAUACACCAGAACCCUGGCGAGUUCUGCGUGCUG OX40L Codon-AUGGUGAGCCACCGCUACCCCCGCAUCCAGAGCA SEQ ID (TNFSF4) optimizedUCAAGGUGCAGUUCACAGAGUACAAGAAGGAGAA NO: 128 sequence 3 forGGGCUUCAUCCUGACCAGCCAGAAGGAGGAUGAG ENSP 356691AUCAUGAAGGUGCAGAACAACAGCGUCAUCAUCA ACUGUGAUGGCUUCUACCUGAUCAGCCUGAAGGGCUACUUCAGCCAGGAGGUGAACAUCAGCCUGCAC UACCAGAAGGAUGAGGAGCCCCUCUUCCAGCUGAAGAAGGUGCGCUCUGUGAACAGCCUGAUGGUGGC CAGCCUGACCUACAAGGACAAGGUGUACCUGAAUGUGACCACAGACAACACCAGCCUGGAUGACUUCC ACGUGAAUGGAGGAGAGCUGAUCCUGAUCCACCAGAACCCUGGAGAGUUCUGUGUGCUG OX40L Codon-AUGGUGAGCCACCGGUACCCCCGGAUCCAGAGCA SEQ ID (TNFSF4) optimizedUCAAGGUGCAGUUCACCGAAUACAAGAAGGAGAA NO: 129 sequence 4 forGGGUUUUAUCCUGACGAGCCAGAAGGAAGACGAG ENSP 356691AUUAUGAAGGUCCAAAACAACUCAGUCAUCAUAA ACUGCGAUGGAUUUUACCUGAUCUCUCUGAAAGGGUACUUCUCCCAGGAAGUGAAUAUUAGCUUGCAC UAUCAAAAAGAUGAGGAGCCUCUAUUCCAGCUCAAGAAGGUCAGAAGCGUCAAUAGUCUGAUGGUCGC AUCAUUAACCUAUAAAGACAAAGUAUAUCUAAAUGUGACGACAGACAAUACAUCCCUCGAUGAUUUUC ACGUCAACGGAGGCGAACUCAUUCUGAUCCACCAGAAUCCAGGGGAAUUUUGCGUGCUG OX40L Codon-AUGGUCUCACACCGGUACCCCCGUAUCCAGAGUA SEQ ID (TNFSF4) optimizedUUAAGGUGCAAUUCACGGAGUAUAAAAAAGAAAA NO: 130 sequence 5 forGGGAUUCAUUCUGACGUCUCAGAAGGAAGAUGAG ENSP 356691AUCAUGAAGGUCCAGAACAAUUCUGUGAUCAUUA AUUGCGAUGGAUUUUAUCUGAUUUCACUUAAAGGAUAUUUUUCCCAGGAGGUUAAUAUCAGUUUGCAC UAUCAGAAAGACGAGGAGCCAUUAUUCCAGCUGAAGAAGGUGAGAUCAGUGAAUAGCCUGAUGGUUGC GUCACUGACGUAUAAAGACAAAGUUUAUCUAAACGUUACCACUGAUAAUACAUCCCUUGAUGAUUUUC AUGUGAACGGGGGUGAACUGAUCCUUAUACACCAGAACCCCGGAGAGUUCUGUGUGUUG OX40L Codon-AUGGUGAGCCACAGAUACCCCAGAAUCCAGAGCAU SEQ ID (TNFSF4) optimizedCAAGGUGCAGUUCACCGAGUACAAGAAGGAGAAG NO: 131 sequence 1 forGGCUUCAUCCUGACCAGCCAGAAGGAGGACGAGA ENSP 439704UCAUGAAGGUGCAGAACAACAGCGUGAUCAUCAA CUGCGACGGCUUCUACCUGAUCAGCCUGAAGGGCUACUUCAGCCAGGAGGUGAACAUCAGCCUGCACU ACCAGAAGGACGAGGAGCCCCUGUUCCAGCUGAAGAAGGUGAGAAGCGUGAACAGCCUGAUGGUGGCC AGCCUGACCUACAAGGACAAGGUGUACCUGAACGUGACCACCGACAACACCAGCCUGGACGACUUCCA CGUGAACGGCGGCGAGCUGAUCCUGAUCCACCAGAACCCCGGCGAGUUCUGCGUGCUG OX40L Codon- AUGGUGUCACACCGGUACCCUCGGAUCCAGUCUASEQ ID (TNFSF4) optimized UUAAAGUUCAAUUUACGGAGUACAAGAAAGAAAA NO: 132sequence 2 for AGGCUUUAUCCUUACAAGCCAAAAGGAAGACGAG ENSP 439704AUCAUGAAAGUGCAAAACAACAGUGUGAUUAUAA AUUGUGAUGGCUUCUACCUUAUUAGUCUGAAGGGCUACUUUAGUCAGGAAGUCAAUAUUAGCCUACAC UACCAGAAAGACGAGGAGCCCCUCUUUCAACUGAAAAAGGUGCGCUCCGUGAAUUCGUUGAUGGUCGC CUCUCUGACCUACAAAGAUAAGGUGUAUCUUAACGUUACUACCGACAAUACUAGUCUGGACGACUUUC ACGUCAACGGAGGCGAACUUAUUCUGAUCCACCAGAACCCCGGCGAAUUCUGCGUGCUG OX40L Codon-AUGGUGAGCCACCGCUACCCCCGCAUCCAGAGCA SEQ ID (TNFSF4) optimizedUCAAGGUGCAGUUCACAGAGUACAAGAAGGAGAA NO: 133 sequence 3 forGGGCUUCAUCCUGACCAGCCAGAAGGAGGAUGAG ENSP 439704AUCAUGAAGGUGCAGAACAACAGCGUCAUCAUCA ACUGUGAUGGCUUCUACCUGAUCAGCCUGAAGGGCUACUUCAGCCAGGAGGUGAACAUCAGCCUGCAC UACCAGAAGGAUGAGGAGCCCCUCUUCCAGCUGAAGAAGGUGCGCUCUGUGAACAGCCUGAUGGUGGC CAGCCUGACCUACAAGGACAAGGUGUACCUGAAUGUGACCACAGACAACACCAGCCUGGAUGACUUCC ACGUGAAUGGAGGAGAGCUGAUCCUGAUCCACCAGAACCCUGGAGAGUUCUGUGUGCUG OX40L Codon-AUGGUGAGCCACCGGUACCCCCGGAUCCAGAGCA SEQ ID (TNFSF4) optimizedUCAAGGUGCAGUUCACAGAGUACAAGAAGGAGAA NO: 134 sequence 4 forGGGAUUUAUUCUCACAAGUCAGAAAGAAGAUGAG ENSP 439704AUCAUGAAGGUUCAGAACAACUCAGUCAUUAUUA AUUGCGACGGAUUCUAUCUCAUUAGCCUCAAAGGCUAUUUCAGCCAGGAGGUCAAUAUCAGCCUGCAC UACCAGAAGGAUGAGGAACCUCUCUUUCAGCUGAAAAAAGUCCGCUCUGUGAAUUCCCUCAUGGUCGC UUCCCUGACCUACAAGGAUAAAGUUUAUUUGAACGUUACAACAGAUAAUACAUCGCUGGACGACUUCC AUGUGAAUGGUGGCGAACUAAUUCUAAUACACCAAAAUCCAGGCGAAUUUUGUGUCCUU OX40L Codon-AUGGUAUCCCAUAGAUACCCACGUAUUCAAAGCA SEQ ID (TNFSF4) optimizedUUAAGGUGCAGUUCACAGAGUACAAAAAGGAGAA NO: 135 sequence 5 forGGGUUUCAUACUGACGUCACAGAAGGAGGACGAG ENSP 439704AUAAUGAAGGUGCAGAAUAAUAGUGUGAUCAUCA AUUGUGAUGGAUUCUAUUUGAUCAGCCUCAAAGGUUAUUUCUCACAGGAAGUCAACAUUUCCCUGCAC UACCAGAAGGACGAAGAGCCUUUGUUUCAGCUGAAGAAGGUGCGCUCAGUGAACAGUUUGAUGGUAGC CUCCCUAACUUAUAAAGAUAAAGUUUAUCUGAACGUGACAACCGAUAACACAUCCCUGGACGACUUUC ACGUCAAUGGAGGUGAGUUAAUCCUGAUCCAUCAGAAUCCCGGAGAAUUCUGCGUUCUU

Based on the RNA sequences provided herein, and in particular in Table 1and Table 1A, a person of ordinary skill in the art would understand thecorresponding DNA sequence (e.g., conversion of uracil to thymine).Likewise, based on the DNA sequences provided, a person of ordinaryskill in the art would understand the corresponding RNA sequence (e.g.,conversion of thymine to uracil).

In some embodiments, the first polynucleotide comprises an mRNA (e.g.,SEQ ID NO: 141) comprising a codon optimized sequence encoding an IL-23polypeptide. In some embodiments, the second polynucleotide comprises anmRNA (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 143) comprising a codon optimized sequenceencoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide. In other embodiments, the thirdpolynucleotide comprises an mRNA (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 145) comprising acodon optimized sequence encoding an OX40L polypeptide.

In some embodiments, the first polynucleotide comprises an mRNA encodingan IL-23 polypeptide which is full length. In some embodiments, thefirst polynucleotide comprises an mRNA encoding a human IL-23polypeptide which lacks at least one, at least two, at least three, atleast four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight,at least nine, at least 10, at least 14, or at least 15 amino acids atthe N-terminus or C-terminus of the wild type IL-23 polypeptide.

In some embodiments, the second polynucleotide comprises an mRNAencoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide which is full length. In someembodiments, the second polynucleotides comprise an mRNA encoding ahuman IL-36-gamma polypeptide which lacks at least one, at least two, atleast three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven,at least eight, at least nine, at least 10, at least 14, or at least 15amino acids at the N-terminus or C-terminus of the wild type IL-36-gammapolypeptide.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprises an mRNA encoding anOX40L polypeptide which is full length. In some embodiments, thepolynucleotide comprises an mRNA encoding a human OX40L polypeptidewhich is 183 amino acids in length. In certain embodiments, the OX40Lpolypeptide can lack at least one, at least two, at least three, atleast four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight,at least nine, at least 10, at least 14, or at least 15 amino acids atthe N-terminus or C-terminus of the OX40L polypeptide.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotides (e.g., mRNA) of the presentdisclosure are “structurally modified” or “chemically modified.” As usedherein, a “structural” modification is one in which two or more linkednucleosides are inserted, deleted, duplicated, inverted or randomized ina polynucleotide without significant chemical modification to the mRNAthemselves. Because chemical bonds will necessarily be broken andreformed to effect a structural modification, structural modificationsare of a chemical nature and hence are chemical modifications. However,structural modifications will result in a different sequence ofnucleotides. For example, the mRNA “AUCG” can be chemically modified to“AU-5meC-G”. The same mRNA can be structurally modified from “AUCG” to“AUCCCG”. Here, the dinucleotide “CC” has been inserted, resulting in astructural modification to the polynucleotide.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotides (e.g., mRNA) of the presentdisclosure, can have a uniform chemical modification of all or any ofthe same nucleoside type or a population of modifications produced bymere downward titration of the same starting modification in all or anyof the same nucleoside type, or a measured percent of a chemicalmodification of all any of the same nucleoside type but with randomincorporation, such as where all uridines are replaced by a uridineanalog, e.g., pseudouridine or 5-methoxyuridine. In another embodiment,the polynucleotide (e.g., an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, an mRNAencoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide and/or an mRNA encoding an OX40Lpolypeptide) can have a uniform chemical modification of two, three, orfour of the same nucleoside type throughout the entire polynucleotide(e.g., mRNA) (such as all uridines and all cytosines, etc. are modifiedin the same way). When a polynucleotide (e.g., an mRNA encoding an IL-23polypeptide, an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide and/or an mRNAencoding an OX40L polypeptide) of the present disclosure is chemicallyand/or structurally modified, the mRNA can be referred to as a “modifiedmRNA.” Non-limiting examples of chemical modifications are describedelsewhere herein.

In some embodiments, the first polynucleotide and/or the secondpolynucleotide comprise at least one chemically modified nucleoside. Insome embodiments, the at least one chemically modified nucleoside isselected from the group consisting of any of the chemically modifiednucleoside disclosed herein and a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the at least one chemically modified nucleoside isselected from the group consisting of pseudouridine,N1-methylpseudouridine, 5-methylcytosine, 5-methoxyuridine, and acombination thereof.

In some embodiments, wherein the nucleosides in the firstpolynucleotide, the second polynucleotide and/or the thirdpolynucleotide are chemically modified by at least about 10%, at leastabout 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%,at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at leastabout 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%,at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at leastabout 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 99%,or 100%.

In some embodiments, the chemically modified nucleosides in the firstpolynucleotide, the second polynucleotide and/or the thirdpolynucleotide are selected from the group consisting of uridine,adenine, cytosine, guanine, and any combination thereof. In someembodiments, the uridine nucleosides in the first polynucleotide, thesecond polynucleotide and/or the third polynucleotide are chemicallymodified by at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%,at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at leastabout 40%, at least about 45%, at least 50%, at least about 55%, atleast about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, atleast about 95%, at least about 99%, or 100%.

In some embodiments, the adenosine nucleosides in the firstpolynucleotide, the second polynucleotide and/or the thirdpolynucleotide are chemically modified by at least about 10%, at leastabout 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%,at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at leastabout 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%,at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at leastabout 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 99%,or 100%.

In some embodiments, the cytidine nucleosides in the firstpolynucleotide, the second polynucleotide and/or the thirdpolynucleotide are chemically modified by at least about 10%, at leastabout 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%,at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at leastabout 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%,at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at leastabout 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 99%,or 100%.

In some embodiments, the guanosine nucleosides in the firstpolynucleotide, the second polynucleotide and/or the thirdpolynucleotide are chemically modified by at least about 10%, at leastabout 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%,at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at leastabout 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%,at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at leastabout 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 99%,or 100%.

In some embodiments, each of the mRNA encoding the first protein, themRNA encoding the second protein, and the mRNA encoding the thirdprotein comprises an open reading frame.

In some embodiments, the IL-23 polypeptide comprises an IL-12p40 subunitcomprising an amino acid sequence at least about 50%, at least about55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, atleast about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about90%, at least about 95%, at least about 99%, or 100% to an IL-23polypeptide sequence listed in Table 1, wherein the amino acid sequenceis capable of binding to an IL-23p19 subunit and forming IL-23, whichhas an IL-23 activity.

In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 subunit is encoded by a nucleic acidsequence at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, atleast about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least 99%,or 100% identical to an IL-23 polypeptide encoding sequence listed inTable 1.

In some embodiments, the IL-23 polypeptide comprises an IL-23p19 subunitcomprising an amino acid sequence at least about 50%, at least about55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, atleast about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about90%, at least about 95%, at least about 99%, or 100% identical to anIL-23 polypeptide sequence listed in Table 1, wherein the amino acidsequence is capable of binding to an IL-12p40 subunit and forming IL-23,which has an IL-23 activity.

In some embodiments, the IL-23p19 subunit is encoded by a nucleic acidsequence at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, atleast about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about99%, or 100% identical to a IL-23 polypeptide encoding sequence listedin Table 1.

In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 subunit and the IL-23p19 subunit ofthe IL-23 protein are on a single polypeptide chain or two differentchains. In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 subunit and the IL-23p19subunit are fused by a linker. In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 subunitcomprises a signal peptide. In some embodiments, the IL-23p19 subunitcomprises a signal peptide. In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 subunit isa mature IL-12p40 (i.e., it does not comprise a signal peptide). In someembodiments, the IL-23p19 subunit is a mature IL-23p19 (i.e., it doesnot comprise a signal peptide). In some embodiments, the IL-12p40subunit comprises a non-native signal peptide. In some aspects, theIL-23p19 subunit comprises a non-native signal peptide.

In some embodiments, the IL-23 is a fusion polypeptide comprising anIL-12p40 subunit and an IL-23p19 subunit according to any of thefollowing alternative formulas:

[signal peptide 1]-[IL-12p40]-[linker]-[IL-23p 19]

[signal peptide 2]-[IL-23p19]-[linker]-[IL-12p40]

wherein [signal peptide 1] can be an IL-12p40 signal peptide or anon-native signal peptide, [signal peptide 2] can be an IL-23p19 signalpeptide or a non-native signal peptide, [IL-12p40] is a mature IL-12p40,[IL-23p19] is a mature IL-23p29, and [linker] is a peptide linker.

In some embodiments, the peptide linker comprises a (GS) linker. In someembodiments, the (GS) linker comprises a (GnS)m (SEQ ID NO: 193)sequence, wherein n is 1-20 and m is 1-100. In some embodiments, the(GS) linker comprises the sequence GGS, GGGS (SEQ ID NO: 194), GGGGS(SEQ ID NO: 136), GGGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 137), GGGGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 138),GGGGGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 139) GGSGGGGSGG (SEQ ID NO: 190), GGSGGGGG (SEQ IDNO: 191), or GSGSGSGS (SEQ ID NO: 192). In some embodiments, the linkercan comprise (EAAAK)_(q) (SEQ ID NO: 163), wherein q is an integer from1 to 5. In one embodiment, the linker can comprise (EAAAK)₃ (SEQ ID NO:195), i.e., EAAAKEAAAKEAAAK (SEQ ID NO: 164). In some embodiments, thelinker can be a Gly-rich linker, for example, comprising (Gly)_(p) (SEQID NO: 196), wherein p is an integer from 1 to 40. In some embodiments,a Gly-rich linker can comprise GGGGG (SEQ ID NO: 165), GGGGGG (SEQ IDNO: 166), GGGGGGG (SEQ ID NO: 167) or GGGGGGGG (SEQ ID NO: 168). Furtherexemplary linkers include, but not limited to, GGGGSLVPRGSGGGGS (SEQ IDNO: 169), GSGSGS (SEQ ID NO: 170), GGGGSLVPRGSGGGG (SEQ ID NO: 171),GGSGGHMGSGG (SEQ ID NO: 172), GGSGGSGGSGG (SEQ ID NO: 173), GGSGG (SEQID NO: 174), GSGSGSGS (SEQ ID NO: 175), GGGSEGGGSEGGGSEGGG (SEQ ID NO:176), AAGAATAA (SEQ ID NO: 177), GGSSG (SEQ ID NO: 178), GSGGGTGGGSG(SEQ ID NO: 179), GSGSGSGSGGSG (SEQ ID NO: 180), GSGGSGSGGSGGSG (SEQ IDNO: 181), and GSGGSGGSGGSGGS (SEQ ID NO: 182). The linkers describedherein can be used in any of the polynucleotides described herein.

In some embodiments, the IL-23 polypeptide according to formulas above(i.e., an IL-23 polypeptide comprising an IL-12p40 subunit and anIL-23p19 subunit) comprises an amino acid sequence at least about 50%,at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at leastabout 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%,at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 99%, or 100%identical to an IL-23 polypeptide sequence listed in Table 1, whereinthe amino acid sequence is capable of having at least one IL-23 activity(e.g., binding to an IL-23 receptor).

In some embodiments, the IL-23 polypeptide according to the formulasabove (i.e., an IL-23 polypeptide comprising an IL-12p40 subunit and anIL-23p19 subunit) is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence at least about70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, atleast about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 99%, or 100%identical to a sequence listed in Table 1.

In some embodiments, the IL-36-gamma polypeptide comprises an amino acidsequence at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, atleast about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, atleast about 99%, or 100% identical to a IL-36-gamma polypeptide sequencelisted in Table 1, wherein the polypeptide is capable of having anIL-36-gamma activity (e.g., binding to an IL-36 receptor)

In some embodiments, the IL-36-gamma polypeptide is encoded by a nucleicacid sequence at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, atleast about 99%, or 100% identical to a IL-36-gamma polypeptide encodingsequence listed in Table 1.

In some embodiments, the IL-18 polypeptide comprises an amino acidsequence at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, atleast about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, atleast about 99%, or 100% identical to a IL-18 polypeptide sequencelisted in Table 1, wherein the polypeptide is capable of having an IL-18activity (e.g., binding to an IL-18 receptor)

In some embodiments, the L-18 polypeptide is encoded by a nucleic acidsequence at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, atleast about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about99%, or 100% identical to a IL-18 polypeptide encoding sequence listedin Table 1.

In other embodiments, the composition of the disclosure furthercomprises a third polynucleotide encoding a third protein. In oneembodiment, the third polynucleotide comprises an mRNA encoding thethird protein. In another embodiment, the third polynucleotide encodesan OX40L polypeptide.

In some embodiments, the OX40L polypeptide comprises an amino acidsequence at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, atleast about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, atleast about 99%, or 100% identical to an OX40L polypeptide sequencelisted in Table 1A, wherein the polypeptide is capable of having anOX40L activity (e.g., binding to an OX40L receptor).

In some embodiments, the OX40L polypeptide is encoded by a nucleic acidsequence at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, atleast about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about99%, or 100% identical to an OX40L polypeptide encoding sequence listedin Table 1A.

In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises a fourthpolynucleotide encoding the fourth protein. In some embodiments, thefourth polynucleotide comprises an mRNA encoding the fourth protein. Insome embodiments, the first polynucleotide, the second polynucleotide,the third polynucleotide, and/or the fourth polynucleotide furthercomprise a nucleic acid sequence comprising a miRNA binding site.

In some embodiments, the miRNA binding site binds to miR-122. In someembodiments, the miRNA binding site binds to miR-122-3p or tomiR-122-5p. In some embodiments, the miRNA binding site comprises anucleotide sequence at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at leastabout 90%, at least about 95%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 24,wherein the miRNA binding site binds to miR-122 (miR-122-3p, 22nts-aacgccauuaucacacuaaaua). In some embodiments, the miRNA binding sitecomprises a nucleotide sequence at least about 80%, at least about 85%,at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO:26 wherein the miRNA binding site binds to miR-122 (miR-122-5p, 22nts-uggaguguga caaugguguuug). In some embodiments, the firstpolynucleotide, the second polynucleotide, the third polynucleotide,and/or the fourth polynucleotide comprise two different miRNA bindingsites or the same miRNA binding site. In some embodiments, the firstpolynucleotide, the second polynucleotide, the third polynucleotide,and/or the fourth polynucleotide comprise at least two, at least three,at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at leasteight, at least nine, or at least ten miRNA binding sites.

In some embodiments, the first polynucleotide, the secondpolynucleotide, the third polynucleotide, and/or the fourthpolynucleotide further comprise a 5′ UTR. In some embodiments, the 5′UTR comprises a nucleic acid sequence at least about 90%, at least about95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, atleast about 99%, or 100% identical to a 5′ UTR sequence listed in Table3. In a particular embodiment, the 5′ UTR comprises a nucleic acidsequence at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, atleast about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 27 or SEQ ID NO: 44. In another particularembodiment, the 5′ UTR consists essentially of a nucleic acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO: 27 or SEQ ID NO: 44. It should be understood that the 5′UTR can be one element within a larger construct, e.g., furtherincluding a 5′ terminal cap, OFR (e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 17, 19, 71, 94, and116), 3′UTR (e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 119 or 120), and/or polyA tail. In someembodiments, one or more miRNA binding sites can be positioned withinthe 5′ UTR at one or more possible insertion sites.

In some embodiments, the first polynucleotide, the secondpolynucleotide, the third polynucleotide, and/or the fourthpolynucleotide comprise a 3′ UTR. In some embodiments, the 3′ UTRcomprises a nucleic acid sequence at least about 90%, at least about95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, atleast about 99%, or 100% identical to a 3′ UTR sequence listed in Table4A or 4B. In a particular embodiment, the 3′ UTR comprises a nucleicacid sequence at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 119 or 120. In another particular embodiment,the 3′ UTR consists essentially of a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:119 or SEQ ID NO: 120. It should be understood that the 3′ UTR can beone element within a larger construct, e.g., further including a 5′terminal cap, 5′ UTR (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 27 or 44), OFR (e.g., SEQ ID NOs:17, 19, 71, 94, and 116), and/or polyA tail.

In some embodiments, the miRNA binding site (e.g., a miR-122 bindingsite) is inserted within the 3′ UTR. In some embodiments, a miRNAbinding site (e.g., miR-122 binding site) is inserted within the 3′ UTRdownstream of the stop codon of the coding region within thepolyribonucleotide of the invention, e.g., mRNA, in which case there are3′ UTR bases between the stop codon and the miR binding site(s). In someembodiments, if there are multiple copies of a stop codon in theconstruct, a miRNA binding site (e.g., miR-122 binding site) is inserteddownstream of the final stop codon. In some embodiments, a miRNA bindingsite (e.g., miR-122 binding site) is inserted about 10, about 20, about30, about 40, about 50, about 60, about 70, about 80, about 90, or about100 bases downstream of the stop codon (or the final stop codon if thereare multiple stop codons in the construct). In a particular embodiment,a miRNA binding site (e.g., miR-122 binding site) is inserted downstreamof the stop codon (or the final stop codon if there are multiple stopcodons in the construct) such that there are 79 3′ UTR bases between thestop codon and the miR binding site(s).

In some embodiments, the first polynucleotide, the secondpolynucleotide, the third polynucleotide, and/or the fourthpolynucleotide further comprise a spacer sequence fused to the miRNAbinding site. In some embodiments, the spacer sequence comprises atleast about 10 nucleotides, at least about 15 nucleotides, at leastabout 20 nucleotides, at least about 25 nucleotides, at least about 30nucleotides, at least about 35 nucleotides, at least about 40nucleotides, at least about 45 nucleotides, at least about 50nucleotides, at least about 55 nucleotides, at least about 60nucleotides, at least about 65 nucleotides, at least about 70nucleotides, at least about 75 nucleotides, at least about 80nucleotides, at least about 85 nucleotides, at least about 90nucleotides, at least about 95 nucleotides, or at least about 100nucleotides.

In some embodiments, the first polynucleotide, the secondpolynucleotide, the third polynucleotide, and/or the fourthpolynucleotide further comprise a 5′ terminal cap. In some embodiments,the 5′ terminal cap is a Cap0, Cap1, ARCA, inosine, N1-methyl-guanosine,2′fluoro-guanosine, 7-deaza-guanosine, 8-oxo-guanosine,2-amino-guanosine, LNA-guanosine, 2-azidoguanosine, Cap2, Cap4, 5′methylG cap, or an analog thereof. In some embodiments, the firstpolynucleotide, the second polynucleotide, the third polynucleotide,and/or the fourth polynucleotide comprise a 3′ polyA tail. In someembodiments, the first polynucleotide, the second polynucleotide, thethird polynucleotide, and/or the fourth polynucleotide are codonoptimized. In some embodiments, the first polynucleotide, the secondpolynucleotide, the third polynucleotide, and/or the fourthpolynucleotide are in vitro transcribed (IVT). In some embodiments, thefirst polynucleotide, the second polynucleotide, the thirdpolynucleotide, and/or the fourth polynucleotide are chimeric. In someembodiments, the first polynucleotide, the second polynucleotide, thethird polynucleotide, and/or the fourth polynucleotide are circular.

In some embodiments, the IL-23 polypeptide IL-12p40 subunit, the IL-23polypeptide IL-23p19 subunit, the IL-36-gamma polypeptide, and/or theOX40L polypeptide are fused to a heterologous polypeptide.

In some embodiments, the first polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA), the secondpolynucleotide (e.g., mRNA), and the third polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA)comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of a 5′ terminal cap, a 5′UTR, an open reading frame (ORF), a 3′ UTR, and a polyA tail. In oneembodiment, the first polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) comprises, consistsessentially of, or consists of a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27or 44, SEQ ID NO: 19, 71 or 141, and SEQ ID NO: 119 or 120. In anotherembodiment, the second polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) comprises, consistsessentially of, or consists of a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27or 44, SEQ ID NO: 17, 94 or 143, and SEQ ID NO: 119 or 120. In yetanother embodiment, the third polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) comprises,consists essentially of, or consists of a nucleic acid sequence of SEQID NO: 27 or 44, SEQ ID NO: 116 or 145, and SEQ ID NO: 119 or 120.

In a particular embodiment, the first polynucleotide comprises a nucleicacid sequence at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, atleast 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least about 96%, at leastabout 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or 100% identical toSEQ ID NO: 142. In another particular embodiment, the firstpolynucleotide consists essentially of a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 142. In yet another particular embodiment, the first polynucleotideconsists of a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 142.

In a particular embodiment, the second polynucleotide comprises anucleic acid sequence at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least about 96%, atleast about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 144. In another particular embodiment, thesecond polynucleotide consists essentially of a nucleic acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 144. In yet another particular embodiment, the secondpolynucleotide consists of a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 144.

In a particular embodiment, the third polynucleotide comprises a nucleicacid sequence at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, atleast 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least about 96%, at leastabout 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or 100% identical toSEQ ID NO: 146. In another particular embodiment, the thirdpolynucleotide consists essentially of a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 146. In yet another particular embodiment, the third polynucleotideconsists of a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 146.

In some embodiments, the first polynucleotide comprises a nucleotidesequence at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, atleast about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, atleast about 99%, or 100% identical to any of the IL-23-encodingsequences disclosed in Table 1.

In some embodiments, the second polynucleotide comprises a nucleotidesequence at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, atleast about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, atleast about 99%, or 100% identical to any of the IL-36-gamma-encodingsequences disclosed in Table 1.

In some embodiments, the second polynucleotide comprises a nucleotidesequence at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, atleast about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, atleast about 99%, or 100% identical to a sequence encoding IL-18, whereinsaid sequence comprises the an IL-18-encoding sequence disclosed inTable 1.

In some embodiments, the third polynucleotide comprises a nucleotidesequence at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, atleast 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% identicalto an OX40L-encoding sequence or OX40L_miR-122 construct of Table 1A.

In other embodiments, the composition for the disclosure comprises afourth protein or a fourth polynucleotide encoding the fourth protein.For example, the fourth polynucleotide can comprise an mRNA encoding thefourth protein.

In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein are for use inreducing or decreasing a size of a tumor or inhibiting a tumor growth ina subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the compositionsdisclosed herein are for use in reducing or decreasing a size of a tumoror inhibiting a tumor growth in a subject in need thereof.

In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein are administeredto a subject in need thereof to treat cancer, and the administration ofthe composition treats or ameliorates the symptoms of the cancer.

In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from the group consisting ofadrenal cortical cancer, advanced cancer, anal cancer, aplastic anemia,bileduct cancer, bladder cancer, bone cancer, bone metastasis, braintumors, brain cancer, breast cancer, childhood cancer, cancer of unknownprimary origin, Castleman disease, cervical cancer, colon/rectal cancer,endometrial cancer, esophagus cancer, Ewing family of tumors, eyecancer, gallbladder cancer, gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors,gastrointestinal stromal tumors, gestational trophoblastic disease,Hodgkin disease, Kaposi sarcoma, renal cell carcinoma, laryngeal andhypopharyngeal cancer, acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloidleukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia,chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC), non-small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, lungcarcinoid tumor, lymphoma of the skin, malignant mesothelioma, multiplemyeloma, myelodysplastic syndrome, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuscancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, neuroblastoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, oralcavity and oropharyngeal cancer, osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer,pancreatic cancer, penile cancer, pituitary tumors, prostate cancer,retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, salivary gland cancer, sarcoma inadult soft tissue, basal and squamous cell skin cancer, melanoma, smallintestine cancer, stomach cancer, testicular cancer, throat cancer,thymus cancer, thyroid cancer, uterine sarcoma, vaginal cancer, vulvarcancer, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, Wilms tumor, secondary cancerscaused by cancer treatment, and any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the first polynucleotide, the second polynucleotideand/or the third polynucleotide are formulated for delivery by a devicecomprising a pump, patch, drug reservoir, short needle device, singleneedle device, multiple needle device, micro-needle device, jetinjection device, ballistic powder/particle delivery device, catheter,lumen, cryoprobe, cannula, microcanular, or devices utilizing heat, RFenergy, electric current, or any combination thereof. In someembodiments, the effective amount of a composition disclosed herein isbetween about 0.10 mg/kg to about 1000 mg/kg. In some embodiments, thecompositions disclosed herein are formulated for administration to ahuman subject.

In some embodiments, the compositions and formulations disclosed hereinare for use in the treatment of cancer. In some embodiments, thecompositions and formulations disclosed are used for the manufacture ofa medicament for the treatment of cancer.

It should be understood that there is no intent to limit thepolynucleotide combinations disclosed herein (e.g., a firstpolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, asecond polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gammapolypeptide or an IL-18 polypeptide and a third polynucleotidecomprising an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide) to the particularforms disclosed. In this respect, the disclosures related to aparticular polynucleotide and its respective encoded polypeptide in thissection are equally applicable to additional polynucleotides and theirrespective encoded polypeptides, e.g., a third, fourth, fifth, etc.polypeptide, to be combined with the IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18, and/orOX40L-encoding polynucleotides disclosed herein. Thus, disclosuresrelated to a “first polynucleotide” or “second polynucleotide” (orrespective encoded polypeptides) are equally applicable to a “thirdpolynucleotide” and successive polynucleotides (or their respectiveencoded polypeptides).

In addition, specific disclosures related to a particular proteinencoded by first or second polynucleotide, e.g., the disclosure that“the second polynucleotides comprise an mRNA encoding a humanIL-36-gamma polypeptide which lacks at least one, at least two, at leastthree, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, atleast eight, at least nine, at least 10, at least 14, or at least 15amino acids at the N-terminus or C-terminus of the wild type IL-36-gammapolypeptide,” would be equally applicable to third and successiveproteins. Accordingly, a person of skill in the art would understandthat if the third protein was, for example, OX40L, the thirdpolynucleotide could comprise an mRNA encoding a human OX40L polypeptidelacking at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, atleast five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least nine,at least 10, at least 14, or at least 15 amino acids at the N-terminusor C-terminus of the wild type OX40L polypeptide, as disclosed abovewith respect to the first or second polypeptides of the presentdisclosure.

III. Methods of Use of Combinations of Polynucleotides Encoding ImmuneModulatory Polypeptides

Immunotherapy, also known as immuno-oncology, has revolutionized cancertreatment, by introducing therapies that target not the tumor, but thehost immune system, therapies that possess unique adverse eventprofiles, and therapies that might cure many types of cancer. As usedherein, the term “immunotherapy” refers to the treatment of disease byinducing, enhancing, or suppressing an immune response. Immunotherapiesdesigned to elicit or amplify an immune response are referred to as“activation immunotherapies”, while immunotherapies that reduce orsuppress an immune response are referred to as “suppressionimmunotherapies”.

Cancers of the lungs, kidney, bladder and skin are among those thatderive substantial efficacy from treatment with immuno-oncology in termsof survival or tumor response, with melanoma possibly showing thegreatest benefits. Immunotherapy often features checkpoint inhibitortreatment with an exciting new class of biologic drugs known ascheckpoint inhibitor antibodies. Targets include, for example, PD-1,PD-L1, and CTLA-4.

Monoclonal antibodies that target PD-1, PD-L1, or CTLA4 can boost theimmune response against cancer cells and have shown a great deal ofpromise in treating certain cancers. For example, pembrolizumab(Keytruda®) and nivolumab (Opdivo®) target PD-1; atezolizumab(Tecentriq®) targets PD-L1; and ipilimumab (Yervoy®) binds to andinhibits CTLA-4.

One concern with these drugs is that they can allow the immune system toattack some normal organs in the body, which can lead to serious or evenlife-threatening side effects in some people. One avenue to reduce suchside effects is to administer other agents in combination with thesecheckpoint inhibitor antibodies, ideally enabling physicians to lowerthe treatment dose of the antibody.

Therefore, the present disclosure provides methods for treating cancer(e.g., reducing or decreasing a size of a tumor or inhibiting a tumorgrowth in a subject in need thereof) comprising the administration ofany of the compositions disclosed in Section II, supra. In particular,the present disclosure provides methods for treating cancer (e.g.,reducing or decreasing a size of a tumor or inhibiting a tumor growth ina subject in need thereof) comprising administering to a subject in needthereof:

(i) at least one polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding a proteincomprising a IL-23 polypeptide,

(ii) at least one polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding a proteincomprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide or an IL-18 polypeptide, and/or

(iii) at least one polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding a proteincomprising an OX40L polypeptide.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method ofreducing or decreasing the size of a tumor and/or inhibiting a tumorgrowth in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to thesubject at least two polynucleotides, wherein the at least twopolynucleotides are selected from a first polynucleotide encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, a second polynucleotide encoding an IL-36-gammapolypeptide or an IL-18 polypeptide, and a third polynucleotide encodingan OX40L polypeptide. In one particular aspect, the method of reducingor decreasing the size of a tumor and/or inhibiting a tumor growth in asubject in need thereof comprises administering to the subject (i) afirst polynucleotide encoding a first protein comprising an IL-23polypeptide, (ii) a second polynucleotide encoding a second proteincomprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide or an IL-18 polypeptide, (iii) athird polypeptide encoding a third protein comprising an OX40Lpolypeptide, and/or (iv) any combination thereof. In another particularembodiment, the method of reducing or decreasing the size of a tumorand/or inhibiting a tumor growth in a subject in need thereof comprisesadministering to the subject (i) a first polynucleotide encoding a firstprotein comprising an IL-23 polypeptide (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 141), (ii) asecond polynucleotide encoding a second protein comprising anIL-36-gamma polypeptide (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 143), and (iii) a thirdpolypeptide encoding a third protein comprising an OX40L polypeptide(e.g., SEQ ID NO: 145), preferably in a mass ratio of 1:2:1 w/w. In someparticular aspects, the method of reducing or decreasing the size of atumor and/or inhibiting a tumor growth in a subject in need thereofcomprises further comprises administering to the subject effectiveamounts of additional polynucleotide, e.g., a fourth or fifthpolynucleotide encoding a fourth or fifth protein.

In other embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods ofpromoting an anti-tumor effect (e.g., induce T cell proliferation,induce T cell infiltration in a tumor, induce a memory T cell response,increasing the number of NK cells, etc.) by administering the first,second, and/or third polynucleotides (e.g., mRNAs) disclosed herein.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method ofactivating T cells in a subject in need thereof, inducing T cellproliferation in a subject in need thereof, inducing T cell infiltrationin a tumor of a subject in need thereof, and/or inducing a memory T cellresponse in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to thesubject a first polynucleotide encoding IL-23, a second polynucleotideencoding IL-36-gamma or IL-18, a third polynucleotide encoding OX40L, orcombinations thereof. In a particular embodiment, the method ofactivating T cells in a subject in need thereof, inducing T cellproliferation in a subject in need thereof, inducing T cell infiltrationin a tumor of a subject in need thereof, and/or inducing a memory T cellresponse in a subject in need thereof comprises administering to thesubject (i) a first polynucleotide encoding a first protein comprisingan IL-23 polypeptide (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 141), (ii) a secondpolynucleotide encoding a second protein comprising an IL-36-gammapolypeptide (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 143), and (iii) a third polypeptideencoding a third protein comprising an OX40L polypeptide (e.g., SEQ IDNO: 145), preferably in a mass ratio of 1:2:1 w/w. In certainembodiments, the intratumoral administration of the first polynucleotide(e.g., mRNA), second polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA), and/or thirdpolynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) can increase the efficacy of the anti-tumoreffect (e.g., T cell infiltration in a tumor) compared to other routesof administration.

In one embodiment, activated T cells in the subject reduce or decreasethe size of a tumor or inhibit the growth of a tumor in the subject.Activation of T cells can be measured using applications in the art suchas measuring T cell proliferation; measuring cytokine production withenzyme-linked immunosorbant assays (ELISA) or enzyme-linked immunospotassays (ELISPOT); or detection of cell-surface markers associated with Tcell activation (e.g., CD69, CD40L, CD 137, CD25, CD71, CD26, CD27,CD28, CD30, CD154, and CD134) with techniques such as flow cytometry.

In one embodiment, T cell proliferation in the subject is directed to ananti-tumor immune response in the subject. In another aspect, the T cellproliferation in the subject reduces or decreases the size of a tumor orinhibits the growth of a tumor in the subject. T cell proliferation canbe measured using applications in the art such as cell counting,viability staining, optical density assays, or detection of cell-surfacemarkers associated with T cell activation (e.g., CD69, CD40L, CD137,CD25, CD71, CD26, CD27, CD28, CD30, CD154, and CD134) with techniquessuch as flow cytometry.

In one embodiment, T cell infiltration in a tumor of the subject isdirected to an anti-tumor immune response in the subject. In anotheraspect, the T cell infiltration in a tumor of the subject reduces ordecreases the size of a tumor or inhibits the growth of a tumor in thesubject. T cell infiltration in a tumor can be measured usingapplications in the art such as tissue sectioning and staining for cellmarkers, measuring local cytokine production at the tumor site, ordetection of T cell-surface markers with techniques such as flowcytometry.

In one embodiment, the memory T cell response in the subject is directedto an anti-tumor immune response in the subject. In another aspect, thememory T cell response in the subject reduces or decreases the size of atumor or inhibits the growth of a tumor in the subject. A memory T cellresponse can be measured using applications in the art such as measuringT cell markers associated with memory T cells, measuring local cytokineproduction related to memory immune response, or detecting memory Tcell-surface markers with techniques such as flow cytometry.

In certain embodiments, the activated T cells by the present methods areCD4⁺ cells, CD8⁺ cells, CD62⁺ (L-selectin⁺) cells, CD69⁺ cells, CD40L⁺cells, CD137⁺ cells, CD25⁺ cells, CD71⁺ cells, CD26⁺ cells, CD27⁺ cells,CD28⁺ cells, CD30⁺ cells, CD45⁺ cells, CD45RA⁺ cells, CD45RO⁺ cells,CD11b⁺ cells, CD154⁺ cells, CD134⁺ cells, CXCR3⁺ cells, CCR4⁺ cells,CCR6⁺ cells, CCR7⁺ cells, CXCR5⁺ cells, Crth2⁺ cells, gamma delta Tcells, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the activated Tcells by the present methods are Th₁ cells. In other embodiments, the Tcells activated by the present methods are Th₂ cells. In otherembodiments, the T cells activated by the present disclosure arecytotoxic T cells.

In some embodiments, the infiltrating T cells by the present methods areCD4⁺ cells, CD8⁺ cells, CD62⁺ (L-selectin⁺) cells, CD69⁺ cells, CD40L⁺cells, CD137⁺ cells, CD25⁺ cells, CD71⁺ cells, CD26⁺ cells, CD27⁺ cells,CD28⁺ cells, CD30⁺ cells, CD45⁺ cells, CD45RA⁺ cells, CD45RO⁺ cells,CD11b⁺ cells, CD154⁺ cells, CD134⁺ cells, CXCR3⁺ cells, CCR4⁺ cells,CCR6⁺ cells, CCR7⁺ cells, CXCR5⁺ cells, Crth2⁺ cells, gamma delta Tcells, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the infiltratingT cells by the present methods are Th₁ cells. In other embodiments, theinfiltrating T cells by the present methods are Th₂ cells. In otherembodiments, the infiltrating T cells by the present disclosure arecytotoxic T cells.

In some embodiments, the memory T cells induced by the present methodsare CD4⁺ cells, CD8⁺ cells, CD62⁺ (L-selectin⁺) cells, CD69⁺ cells,CD40L⁺ cells, CD137⁺ cells, CD25⁺ cells, CD71⁺ cells, CD26⁺ cells, CD27⁺cells, CD28⁺ cells, CD30⁺ cells, CD45⁺ cells, CD45RA⁺ cells, CD45RO⁺cells, CD11b⁺ cells, CD154⁺ cells, CD134⁺ cells, CXCR3⁺ cells, CCR4⁺cells, CCR6⁺ cells, CCR7⁺ cells, CXCR5⁺ cells, Crth2⁺ cells, gamma deltaT cells, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the memory Tcells by the present methods are Th₁ cells. In other embodiments, thememory T cells by the present methods are Th₂ cells. In otherembodiments, the memory T cells by the present disclosure are cytotoxicT cells.

The present disclosure further provides a method of increasing thenumber of Natural Killer (NK) cells in a subject in need thereofcomprising administering a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anOX40L polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding IL-23,and/or a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding IL-36-gamma orIL-18. In a particular embodiment, the method of increasing the numberof Natural Killer (NK) cells in a subject in need thereof in needthereof comprises administering to the subject (i) a firstpolynucleotide encoding a first protein comprising an IL-23 polypeptide(e.g., SEQ ID NO: 141), (ii) a second polynucleotide encoding a secondprotein comprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 143),and (iii) a third polypeptide encoding a third protein comprising anOX40L polypeptide (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 145), preferably in a mass ratio of1:2:1 w/w. In one aspect, the increase in the number of NK cells in thesubject is directed to an anti-tumor immune response in the subject. Inanother aspect, the increase in the number of NK cells in the subjectreduces or decreases the size of a tumor or inhibits the growth of atumor in the subject. Increases in the number of NK cells in a subjectcan be measured using applications in the art such as detection of NKcell-surface markers (e.g., CD335/NKp46; CD336/NKp44; CD337/NPp30) orintracellular NK cell markers (e.g., perforin; granzymes; granulysin).

In certain embodiments, administration of at least two mRNAs selectedfrom the mRNA encoding IL-23, the mRNA encoding IL-36-gamma or the mRNAencoding IL-18, and the mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide increases thetotal number of NK cells in the subject compared to the number of NKcells in a subject who is not administered with the at least two mRNAsor who is administered with the mRNA encoding IL-23 alone, the mRNAencoding IL-36-gamma alone, the mRNA encoding 11-18, or the mRNAencoding OX40L alone. In other embodiments, administration of at leasttwo mRNAs selected from the mRNA encoding L-23, the mRNA encodingIL-36-gamma, the mRNA encoding IL-18, and the mRNA encoding an OX40Lpolypeptide increases the total number of NK cells in the subjectcompared to a subject who is administered a dendritic cell transducedwith the mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide alone, the mRNA encodingIL-23 alone, or the mRNA encoding IL-36-gamma alone, or the mRNAencoding IL-18. In other embodiments, administration of at least twomRNAs selected from the mRNA encoding IL-23, the mRNA encodingIL-36-gamma, the mRNA encoding IL-18, and the the mRNA encoding an OX40Lpolypeptide increases the number of NK cells in the subject within thetumor microenvironment compared to that of a subject who is notadministered with the at least two mRNAs or who is administered with themRNA encoding IL-23 alone, the mRNA encoding IL-36-gamma alone, the mRNAencoding IL-18 alone, or the mRNA encoding the OX40L polypeptide alone.In other embodiments, administration of at least two mRNAs selected fromthe mRNA encoding IL-23, the mRNA encoding IL-36-gamma, the mRNAencoding IL-18, and the the mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide increasesthe number of NK cells in a subject within the tumor microenvironmentcompared to that of a subject who is administered a dendritic celltransduced with the mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide alone, the mRNAencoding IL-23 alone, the mRNA encoding IL-18 alone, or the mRNAencoding IL-36-gamma alone. In other embodiments, the concentration ofNK cells within the tumor microenvironment is increased while the totalnumber of NK cells in the subject remains the same.

In certain embodiments of the disclosure, the number of NK cells isincreased at least about two-fold, at least about three-fold, at leastabout four-fold, at least about five-fold, at least about six-fold, atleast about seven-fold, at least about eight-fold, at least aboutnine-fold, or at least about ten-fold compared to a control (e.g.,saline or an mRNA without IL-23, IL-36-gamma, or OX40L expression). In aparticular embodiment, the number of NK cells is increased by at leasttwo mRNAs selected from the mRNA encoding IL-23, the mRNA encodingIL-36-gamma, the mRNA encoding IL-18, and the mRNA encoding an OX40Lpolypeptide at least about two-fold compared to a control (e.g., salineor an mRNA without IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18, or OX40L expression).

In one aspect, the administration of the combinations disclosed hereinreduces or decreases a size of a tumor or inhibits a tumor growth atleast 1.5 fold, at least 2 fold, at least 2.5 fold, at least 3 fold, atleast 3.5 fold, at least 4 fold, at least 4.5 fold, or at least 5 foldbetter than (i) an administration of the first polynucleotide encodingthe first protein alone (e.g., a polynucleotide encoding a proteincomprising an IL-23 polypeptide), (ii) an administration of the secondpolynucleotide encoding the second protein alone (e.g., a polynucleotideencoding a protein comprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide or an IL-18polypeptide), or (iii) an administration of the third polynucleotideencoding the third protein alone (e.g., a polynucleotide encoding aprotein comprising an OX40L polypeptide). The reduction or decrease insize or the inhibition of tumor growth can be measured using any methodknown in the art without undue experimentation.

In some aspects, the reduction or decrease a size of the tumor, orinhibition of tumor growth is at least 1.5 fold, at least 2 fold, atleast 2.5 fold, at least 3 fold, at least 3.5 fold, at least 4 fold, atleast 4.5 fold, or at least 5 fold higher than a control (e.g.,treatment with PBS, treatment with a polynucleotide encoding a controlprotein, or treatment with a control protein).

In some aspects, the first polynucleotide administered according to themethods disclosed herein comprises a RNA, e.g., an mRNA, encoding thefirst protein (e.g., a protein comprising an IL-23 polypeptide). In someaspects, the second polynucleotide administered according to the methodsdisclosed herein comprises a RNA, e.g., an mRNA, encoding the secondprotein (e.g., a protein comprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide or IL-18polypeptide). In some aspects, the third polynucleotide administeredaccording to the methods disclosed herein comprises a RNA, e.g., anmRNA, encoding the third protein (e.g., a protein comprising an OX40Lpolypeptide).

The methods disclosed herein comprise administering any of thecompositions of the present disclosure by any route available,including, but not limited to, intratumoral, enteral, gastroenteral,epidural, oral, transdermal, epidural (peridural), intracerebral (intothe cerebrum), intracerebroventricular (into the cerebral ventricles),epicutaneous (application onto the skin), intradermal, (into the skinitself), subcutaneous (under the skin), nasal administration (throughthe nose), intravenous (into a vein), intraperitoneal (into theperitoneum), intraarterial (into an artery), intramuscular (into amuscle), intracardiac (into the heart), intraosseous infusion (into thebone marrow), intrathecal (into the spinal canal), intraperitoneal,(infusion or injection into the peritoneum), intravesical infusion,intravitreal, (through the eye), intracavernous injection, (into thebase of the penis), intravaginal administration, intrauterine,extra-amniotic administration, transdermal (diffusion through the intactskin for systemic distribution), transmucosal (diffusion through amucous membrane), insufflation (snorting), sublingual, sublabial, enema,eye drops (onto the conjunctiva), or in ear drops.

In some aspects, the methods disclosed herein comprise administering thefirst polynucleotide, the second polynucleotide, and/or the thirdpolynucleotide subcutaneously, intravenously, intramuscularly,intra-articularly, intra-synovially, intrasternally, intrathecally,intrahepatically, intralesionally, intracranially, intraventricularly,orally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally,vaginally or via an implanted reservoir.

In some aspects, the methods disclosed herein comprise administering thefirst polynucleotide, the second polynucleotide, and/or the thirdpolynucleotide as a formulation for intramuscular, subcutaneous,intratumoral, or intradermal delivery. In some embodiments, theformulation for intramuscular, subcutaneous, intratumoral, orintradermal delivery comprises additional polynucleotides, e.g., athird, a forth or a fifth polynucleotide. In certain embodiments, theintratumoral administration of the first polynucleotide, the secondpolynucleotide, and/or the third polynucleotide can increase theefficacy of the anti-tumor effect compared to other routes ofadministration. In some embodiments, additional polynucleotides, e.g., athird, a forth or a fifth polynucleotide, are administeredintratumorally increasing the efficacy of the anti-tumor effect comparedto other routes of administration.

In some aspects of the methods disclosed herein, the firstpolynucleotide, the second polynucleotide, and/or the thirdpolynucleotide are formulated for in vivo delivery. In some embodiments,the first polynucleotide, the second polynucleotide, and the thirdpolynucleotide can be co-formulated at varying weight ratios, forexample, with equivalent amounts (by weight) of each polynucleotide orwith any one of the polunucleotides present at 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50times the amount (by weight) of the other polynucleotides. In oneembodiment, the IL-23:IL-36gamma:OX40L polynucleotides are co-formulatedat a weight (mass) ratio such that the IL-23 and OX40L polynucleotidesare at about equal amounts and the IL-36gamma polynucleotide is presentat a higher weight (mass) amount, such as 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0,4.5 or 5.0 times greater weight (mass) amount. In one particularembodiment, the IL-23:IL-36gamma:OX40L polynucleotides are co-formulatedat a weight (mass) ratio of 1:2:1. In used herein, the mass ratio canalso be referred to by reference to a composition comprisingpolynucleotides (e.g., mRNAs) encoding OX40L:IL-23:IL-36gamma formulatedat a weight (mass) ratio of 1:1:2.

In other embodiments, the IL-23:IL-36gamma:OX40L polynucleotides areco-formulated at a weight (mass) ratio of 1:1:1, 2:1:1, 1:2:1, 1:1:2,3:1:1, 1:3:1, 1:1:3, 4:1:1, 1:4:1, 1:1:4, 5:1:1, 1:5:1, 1:1:5, 6:1:1,1:6:1, 1:1:6, 7:1:1, 1:7:1, 1:1:8, 9:1:1, 1:9:1, 1:1:9, 10:1:1, 1:10:1,1:1:10, 11:1:1, 1:11:1, 1:1:11, 12:1:1, 1:12:1, 1:1:12, 13:1:1, 1:13:1,1:1:13, 14:1:1, 1:14:1, 1:1:14, 15:1:1, 1:15:1, 1:1:15, 16:1:1, 1:16:1,1:1:16, 17:1:1, 1:17:1, 1:1:17, 18:1:1, 1:18:1, 1:1:18, 19:1:1, 1:19:1,1:1:19, 20:1:1, 1:20:1, 1:1:20, 25:1:1, 1:25:1, 1:1:25, 30:1:1, 1:30:1,1:1:30, 35:1:1, 1:35:1, 1:1:35, 40:1:1, 1:40:1, 1:1:40, 45:1:1, 1:45:1,1:1:45, 50:1:1, 1:50:1, or 1:1:50. In other embodiments, each of thethree polynucleotides can be present in the co-formulation at adifferent weight. By way of example only, the IL-23:IL-36gamma:OX40Lpolynucleotides can be co-formulated at a weight (mass) ratio of 1:2:3,1:3:2, 2:1:3, 2:3:1, 3:1:2, or 3:2:1; or alternative at a weight (mass)ratio of 1:3:5, 1:5:3, 3:5:1, 3:1:5, 5:1:3, or 5:3:1; or alternative ata weight (mass) ratio of 1:5:10, 1:10:5, 5:1:10, 5:10:1, 10:1:5, or10:5:1. In a particular embodiment, (i) a first polynucleotide encodinga first protein comprising an IL-23 polypeptide (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 140),(ii) a second polynucleotide encoding a second protein comprising anIL-36-gamma polypeptide (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 16), and (iii) a thirdpolypeptide encoding a third protein comprising an OX40L polypeptide(e.g., SEQ ID NO: 21) are formulated in a weight (mass) ratio of 1:2:1.While this is a preferred formulation, the skilled artisan will readilyappreciate that amounts of any one of the three constituents outside ofthis ratio may also provide formulations which are suitable for use inany of the methods disclosed herein.

The polynucleotide co-formulation can be administered as a single doseor as multiple doses. Co-formulations with varying weight (mass) ratios,e.g., co-formulation #1 in which the first polynucleotide, the secondpolynucleotide, and the third polynucleotide are present at 1:2:1 w/wand co-formulation #2 in which the first polynucleotide, the secondpolynucleotide, and the third polynucleotide are present at 1:1:2 w/w,can each be administered once or multiple times sequentially,concurrently, or simultaneously.

In one embodiment, the 1:2:1 co-formulation of (i) a firstpolynucleotide encoding a first protein comprising an IL-23 polypeptide(e.g., SEQ ID NO: 140), (ii) a second polynucleotide encoding a secondprotein comprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 16), and(iii) a third polypeptide encoding a third protein comprising an OX40Lpolypeptide (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 21) is administered as a single dose or asmultiple doses.

In some aspects of the methods disclosed herein, the administration of acomposition disclosed herein treats a cancer.

In certain aspects of the method disclosed herein, the compositionsdisclosed herein are administered to treat a cancer selected from thegroup consisting of adrenal cortical cancer, advanced cancer, analcancer, aplastic anemia, bileduct cancer, bladder cancer, bone cancer,bone metastasis, brain tumors, brain cancer, breast cancer, childhoodcancer, cancer of unknown primary origin, Castleman disease, cervicalcancer, colon/rectal cancer, endometrial cancer, esophagus cancer, Ewingfamily of tumors, eye cancer, gallbladder cancer, gastrointestinalcarcinoid tumors, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, gestationaltrophoblastic disease, Hodgkin disease, Kaposi sarcoma, renal cellcarcinoma, laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer, acute lymphocyticleukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronicmyeloid leukemia, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, liver cancer,hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), non-small cell lung cancer, small celllung cancer, lung carcinoid tumor, lymphoma of the skin, malignantmesothelioma, multiple myeloma, myelodysplastic syndrome, nasal cavityand paranasal sinus cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, neuroblastoma,non-Hodgkin lymphoma, oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer,osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, penile cancer,pituitary tumors, prostate cancer, retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma,salivary gland cancer, sarcoma in adult soft tissue, basal and squamouscell skin cancer, melanoma, small intestine cancer, stomach cancer,testicular cancer, throat cancer, thymus cancer, thyroid cancer, uterinesarcoma, vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia,Wilms tumor, secondary cancers caused by cancer treatment, and anycombination thereof.

In some aspects of the methods disclosed herein, the firstpolynucleotide, the second polynucleotide, and/or the thirdpolynucleotide are delivered by a device comprising a pump, patch, drugreservoir, short needle device, single needle device, multiple needledevice, micro-needle device, jet injection device, ballisticpowder/particle delivery device, catheter, lumen, cryoprobe, cannula,microcanular, or devices utilizing heat, RF energy, electric current, orany combination thereof. In other aspects of the methods disclosedherein, additional polynucleotides, e.g., a third, fourth or fifthpolynucleotide are also delivered by a delivered by a device comprisinga pump, patch, drug reservoir, short needle device, single needledevice, multiple needle device, micro-needle device, jet injectiondevice, ballistic powder/particle delivery device, catheter, lumen,cryoprobe, cannula, microcanular, or devices utilizing heat, RF energy,electric current, or any combination thereof

In some embodiments, the effective amount of the compositions disclosedherein used in the methods of the present disclosure is between about0.10 mg/kg to about 1000 mg/kg. In some embodiments, the subject is ahuman.

In some embodiments of the methods disclosed herein, the firstpolynucleotide encoding a first protein comprising an IL-23 polypeptide,the second polynucleotide encoding the second protein comprising anIL-36-gamma polypeptide or an IL-18 polypeptide, and the thirdpolynucleotide encoding a third protein comprising an OX40L polypeptideare part of the same composition (e.g., a solution contains both thefirst, second, and third polynucleotide). In some embodiments of themethods disclosed herein, the first polynucleotide encoding a firstprotein comprising an IL-23 polypeptide, the second polynucleotideencoding the second protein comprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide or anIL-18 polypeptide, and the third polynucleotide encoding a third proteincomprising an OX40L polypeptide are part of different compositions(e.g., each polynucleotide can be in a different solution, or they canbe combined in different solutions).

In some embodiments of the methods disclosed herein, the firstpolynucleotide encoding the first protein comprising an IL-23polypeptide, and the second polynucleotide encoding the second proteincomprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide or an IL-18 polypeptide, areadministered simultaneously. In some embodiments of the methodsdisclosed herein, the first polynucleotide encoding the first proteincomprising an IL-23 polypeptide, and the second polynucleotide encodingthe second protein comprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide or an IL-18polypeptide, are administered concurrently. In some embodiments of themethods disclosed herein, the first polynucleotide encoding the firstprotein comprising an IL-23 polypeptide, and a second polynucleotideencoding the second protein comprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide or anIL-18 polypeptide, are administered sequentially (i.e., the firstpolynucleotide can be administered first, followed by the administrationof the second polynucleotide, or vice versa).

In some embodiments of the methods disclosed herein, the polynucleotideencoding the first protein comprising an OX40L polypeptide, and thepolynucleotide encoding the second protein comprising an IL-36-gammapolypeptide or an IL-18 polypeptide, are administered simultaneously. Insome embodiments of the methods disclosed herein, the polynucleotideencoding the protein comprising an OX40L polypeptide, and thepolynucleotide encoding the protein comprising an IL-36-gammapolypeptide or an IL-18 polypeptide, are administered concurrently. Insome embodiments of the methods disclosed herein, the polynucleotideencoding the protein comprising an OX40L polypeptide, and apolynucleotide encoding the protein comprising an IL-36-gammapolypeptide, are administered sequentially (i.e., the OX40Lpolynucleotide can be administered first, followed by the administrationof the IL-36-gamma polynucleotide or an IL-18 polynucleotide, or viceversa).

In some embodiments of the methods disclosed herein, the firstpolynucleotide encoding the first protein comprising an L-23polypeptide, the second polynucleotide encoding the second proteincomprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide or an L-18 polypeptide, and thethird polynucleotide encoding the third protein comprising an OX40Lpolypeptide are administered simultaneously. In some embodiments of themethods disclosed herein, the first polynucleotide encoding the firstprotein comprising an L-23 polypeptide, the second polynucleotideencoding the second protein comprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide or anL-18 polypeptide, and the third polynucleotide encoding the thirdprotein comprising an OX40L polypeptide are administered concurrently.In some embodiments of the methods disclosed herein, the firstpolynucleotide encoding the first protein comprising an L-23polypeptide, the second polynucleotide encoding the second proteincomprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide or an IL-18 polypeptide, and thethird polynucleotide encoding the third protein comprising an OX40Lpolypeptide are administered sequentially (i.e., the first, second, andthird polynucleotide can be administered according to any administrationsequence). In a particular embodiment, the the first protein comprisingan L-23 polypeptide (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 140, encoded by SEQ ID NO: 141),the second polynucleotide encoding the second protein comprising anL-36-gamma polypeptide (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 16, encoded by SEQ ID NO: 143),and the third polynucleotide encoding the third protein comprising anOX40L polypeptide (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 21, encoded by SEQ ID NO: 145) areadministered at a final weight (mass) ratio of 1:2:1 regardless ofadministration sequence.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method to treat atumor (e.g., reduce the size of a tumor) located distally with respectto a treated tumor (proximal tumor). In some embodiments, the proximaltumor is treated with a first polynucleotide (e.g., an mRNA) encodingthe first protein comprising an IL-23 polypeptide, a secondpolynucleotide (e.g., an mRNA) encoding a second protein comprising anIL-36-gamma polypeptide or an IL-18 polypeptide, and a thirdpolynucleotide (e.g., an mRNA) encoding a third protein comprising anOX40L polypeptide, or a combination thereof. The methods disclosedherein can be used, for example, to treat tumors at locations whereadministration of a therapy intratumorally would be unsafe orimpractical by administering a composition disclosed herein (e.g., anmRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 141), a mRNA anIL-36-gamma polypeptide (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 143), and a third mRNAencoding an OX40L polypeptide (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 145) intratumorally toone or more accessible tumors. In some embodiments, the administrationof a therapy disclosed herein to a proximal tumor can be used to treatmetastases.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method to treat atumor that is not responsive or it is poorly responsive to checkpointinhibitors (e.g., a molecule targeting PD-1 or PD-L1 such as ananti-PD-L1 antibody) comprising the administration of a firstpolynucleotide (e.g., an mRNA) encoding the first protein comprising anIL-23 polypeptide, a second polynucleotide (e.g., an mRNA) encoding asecond protein comprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide or an IL-18polypeptide, and a third polynucleotide (e.g., an mRNA) encoding a thirdprotein comprising an OX40L polypeptide, or a combination thereof,together with a checkpoint inhibitor (e.g., an anti-PD-L1 antibodyand/or an anti-PD-1 antibody and/or an anti-CTLA-4 antibody). In aparticular embodiment, the first protein comprising an IL-23 polypeptide(e.g., SEQ ID NO: 140, encoded by SEQ ID NO: 141), the secondpolynucleotide encoding the second protein comprising an IL-36-gammapolypeptide (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 16, encoded by SEQ ID NO: 143), and thethird polynucleotide encoding the third protein comprising an OX40Lpolypeptide (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 21, encoded by SEQ ID NO: 145) areadministered together with a checkpoint inhibitor (e.g., an anti-PD-L1antibody and/or an anti-PD-1 antibody and/or an anti-CTLA-4 antibody).

As used herein the terms “doublet,” “doublet therapy,” “doubletcombination therapy,” “doublet mRNA therapy” and grammatical variantsthereof refer to a combination treatment in which two mRNAs encoding twoproteins selected from an IL-23 polypeptide, an IL-36-gamma polypeptideor an IL-18 polypeptide, and an OX40L polypeptide are administered to apatient in need thereof. In some embodiments, the doublet therapyconsists essentially of or consists of two mRNAs encoding an IL-23polypeptide and an IL-36-gamma polypeptide or an IL-18 polypeptide,respectively. The doublet therapy can be administered, e.g., (i) as asingle composition comprising both mRNAs, or (ii) as separatecompositions each one comprising one mRNA. In some embodiments, themRNAs in the doublet therapy are administered simultaneously. In otherembodiments, the mRNAs in the doublet therapy are administeredsequentially.

As used herein the terms “triplet,” “triplet therapy,” “tripletcombination therapy,” “triplet mRNA therapy” and grammatical variantsthereof are used interchangeably and refer to a combination treatment inwhich three mRNAs encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, an IL-36-gammapolypeptide or an IL-18 polypeptide, and an OX40L polypeptide areadministered to a patient in need thereof. In some embodiments, thetriplet therapy consists essentially of or consists of three mRNAsencoding an IL-23 polypeptide, an IL-36-gamma polypeptide or an IL-18polypeptide, and an OX40L polypeptide, respectively. The triplet therapycan be administered, e.g., (i) as a single composition comprising thethree mRNAs (e.g., at a final weight (mass) ratio of 1:2:1 w/wIL-23:IL-36gamma:OX40L), or (ii) as separate compositions each onecomprising one or two mRNAs (e.g., at a final weight (mass) ratio of1:2:1 w/w IL-23:IL-36gamma:OX40L). In some embodiments, the mRNAs in thetriplet therapy are administered simultaneously. In other embodiments,each mRNAs in the triplet therapy, or combinations thereof areadministered sequentially. In a particular embodiment, the triplettherapy comprises or consists essentially of (i) a first polynucleotideencoding a first protein comprising an IL-23 polypeptide (e.g., SEQ IDNO: 140, encoded by SEQ ID NO: 141), (ii) a second polynucleotideencoding a second protein comprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide (e.g.,SEQ ID NO: 16, encoded by SEQ ID NO: 143), and (iii) a third polypeptideencoding a third protein comprising an OX40L polypeptide (e.g., SEQ IDNO: 145, encoded by SEQ ID NO: 145), preferably formulated in a weight(mass) ratio of 1:2:1, administered according to any administrationsequence (e.g., sequential, concurrent, or simultaneous).

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods oftreatment wherein the administration of polynucleotides or combinationof polynucleotides (e.g., mRNAs) disclosed herein to a subject in needthereof (e.g., a cancer patient) results in:

-   -   (a) increase in granulocyte level in one or more samples        obtained from the subject after administration of doublet or        triplet relative to a threshold level or relative to the level        after administration of a single polynucleotide encoding an        IL-23, an IL-36-gamma or an IL-18 polypeptide, or an OX40L        polypeptide;    -   (b) increase in cross-presenting dendritic cell level in one or        more samples obtained from the subject after administration of        doublet or triplet relative to a threshold level or relative to        the level after administration of a single polynucleotide        encoding an IL-23, an IL-36-gamma or an IL-18 polypeptide, or an        OX40L polypeptide;    -   (c) increase in effector to suppressor T cell ratio in one or        more samples obtained from the subject after administration of        doublet or triplet relative to a threshold level or relative to        the ratio after administration of a single polynucleotide        encoding an OX40L polypeptide;    -   (d) increase in effector memory T cell level in one or more        samples obtained from the subject after administration of        doublet or triplet relative to a threshold level or relative to        the level after administration of a single polynucleotide        encoding an OX40L polypeptide;    -   (e) increase in PDL1 expression level in one or more samples        obtained from the subject after administration of doublet or        triplet relative to a threshold level or relative to the level        after administration of a single polynucleotide encoding an        IL-23, an IL-36-gamma or an IL-18 polypeptide, or an OX40L        polypeptide; or    -   (f) a combination thereof.

The present disclosure provides a method of reducing or decreasing asize of a tumor or inhibiting a tumor growth in a subject in needthereof comprising administering to the subject a composition comprising(i) two polynucleotides (e.g., mRNAs) in combination (doublet), whereinthe first polynucleotide encodes a first protein comprising aninterleukin-23 polypeptide (IL-23), and the second polynucleotideencodes a second protein comprising an interleukin-36-gamma polypeptide(IL-36-gamma) or an IL-18 polypeptide; or, (ii) three polynucleotides(e.g., mRNAs, e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 141, 143 and 145) in combination(triplet), where the first polynucleotide encodes a first proteincomprising an IL-23 polypeptide, the second polynucleotide encodes asecond protein comprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, and the thirdpolynucleotide encodes a third protein comprising an OX40L polypeptide(OX40L), wherein the administration of the doublet or triplet to thesubject results in:

-   -   (a) increase in granulocyte level in one or more samples        obtained from the subject after administration of doublet or        triplet relative to a threshold level or relative to the level        after administration of a single polynucleotide encoding an        IL-23, an IL-36-gamma or an IL-18 polypeptide, or an OX40L        polypeptide;    -   (b) increase in cross-presenting dendritic cell level in one or        more samples obtained from the subject after administration of        doublet or triplet relative to a threshold level or relative to        the level after administration of a single polynucleotide        encoding an IL-23, an IL-36-gamma or an IL-18 polypeptide, or an        OX40L polypeptide;    -   (c) increase in effector to suppressor T cell ratio in one or        more samples obtained from the subject after administration of        doublet or triplet relative to a threshold level or relative to        the ratio after administration of a single polynucleotide        encoding an OX40L polypeptide;    -   (d) increase in effector memory T cell level in one or more        samples obtained from the subject after administration of        doublet or triplet relative to a threshold level or relative to        the level after administration of a single polynucleotide        encoding an OX40L polypeptide;    -   (e) increase in PDL1 expression level in one or more samples        obtained from the subject after administration of doublet or        triplet relative to a threshold level or relative to the level        after administration of a single polynucleotide encoding an        IL-23, an IL-36-gamma, or an OX40L polypeptide; or    -   (f) a combination thereof.

Levels of granulocytes, cross-presenting dendritic cells (e.g., CD103+cells), effector T cells (e.g., CD4+ or CD8+ cells), suppressor T cells(e.g., Treg cells), effector memory T cells (e.g., CD4+ or CD8+ cells),CD11b+ cells, expression of PD-L1, etc. can be measured in one or moresamples obtained from the subject according to any methods known in theart.

In some embodiments, the increase in granulocyte level is quantitated as(i) granulocytes as percent of CD45+ cells, or (ii) granulocytes per mgof tumor. In some embodiments, the cross-presenting dendritic cells areCD103+ cells. In some embodiments, the increase in cross-presentingdendritic cell level is quantitated as (i) cross-presenting dendriticcells per mg of tumor, (ii) cross-presenting CD103+ dendritic cells intumor draining lymph node (TdLN), (iii) cross-presenting CD103+dendritic cells as percentage of CD45+ cells, or any combinationthereof. In some embodiments, the effector to suppressor T cell ratio isquantitated as CD8:Treg ratio. In embodiments, the effector memory Tcells are CD4+ and/or CD8+ cells. In some embodiments, PD-L1 expressionlevel is quantitated as (i) number of positive CD11b+ cells, or (ii)PD-L1 expression in CD11b+ cells.

The present disclosure also provides a method to increase granulocytelevels in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to thesubject a composition comprising (i) two polynucleotides (e.g., mRNAs)in combination (doublet), wherein first polynucleotide encodes a firstprotein comprising an IL-23 polypeptide, and the second polynucleotideencodes a second protein comprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide or anL-18 polypeptide; or, (ii) three polynucleotides (e.g., mRNAs) incombination (triplet), where first polynucleotide encodes a firstprotein comprising an IL-23 polypeptide, the second polynucleotideencodes a second protein comprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide or anIL-18 polypeptide, and the third polynucleotide encodes a third proteincomprising an OX40L polypeptide, wherein granulocyte levels are measuredin one or more samples obtained from the subject. In some embodiments,the increase in granulocyte level is measured as (i) granulocytes aspercent of CD45+ cells, and/or (ii) granulocytes per mg of tumor,relative to a threshold level or relative to the level afteradministration of a single polynucleotide encoding IL-23 or a singlepolynucleotide encoding IL-36-gamma or an L-18 polypeptide.

Also provided is a method to increase cross-presenting dendritic celllevels in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to thesubject a composition comprising (i) two polynucleotides (e.g., mRNAs)in combination (doublet), wherein first polynucleotide encodes a firstprotein comprising an IL-23 polypeptide, and the second polynucleotideencodes a second protein comprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide or anL-18 polypeptide; or, (ii) three polynucleotides (e.g., mRNAs, e.g., SEQID NOs:141, 143 and 145) in combination (triplet), where firstpolynucleotide encodes a first protein comprising an L-23 polypeptide,the second polynucleotide encodes a second protein comprising anIL-36-gamma polypeptide or an IL-18 polypeptide, and the thirdpolynucleotide encodes a third protein comprising an OX40L polypeptide,wherein cross-presenting dendritic cell levels are measured in one ormore samples obtained from the subject. In some embodiments, thecross-presenting dendritic cells are CD103+ cells. In some embodiments,the increase in cross-presenting CD103+ dendritic cell level is measuredas (i) cross-presenting CD103+ dendritic cells per mg of tumor, (ii)cross-presenting CD103+ dendritic cells in TdLN, (iii) cross-presentingCD103+ dendritic cells as percentage of CD45+ cells, or (iv) acombination thereof, relative to a threshold level or relative to thelevel after administration of a single polynucleotide encoding IL-23, asingle polynucleotide encoding IL-36-gamma or an IL-18 polypeptide, or asingle polynucleotide encoding OX40L.

The present disclosure also provides a method to increase the effectorto suppressor T cell ratio in a subject in need thereof comprisingadministering to the subject a composition comprising (i) twopolynucleotides (e.g., mRNAs) in combination (doublet), wherein firstpolynucleotide encodes a first protein comprising an IL-23 polypeptide,and the second polynucleotide encodes a second protein comprising anIL-36-gamma polypeptide or an IL-18 polypeptide; or, (ii) threepolynucleotides (e.g., mRNAs, e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 141, 143 and 145) incombination (triplet), where the first polynucleotide encodes a firstprotein comprising an IL-23 polypeptide, the second polynucleotideencodes a second protein comprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide or anIL-18 polypeptide, and the third polynucleotide encodes a third proteincomprising an OX40L polypeptide, wherein the effector to suppressor Tcell ratio is measured in one or more samples obtained from the subject.In some embodiments, the effector T cell to suppressor T cell ratio ismeasured as the ratio between CD8+ cells and regulatory T cells (Treg),i.e., the CD8:Treg ratio.

The present disclosure also provides a method to increase effectormemory T cells levels in a subject in need thereof comprisingadministering to the subject a composition comprising (i) twopolynucleotides (e.g., mRNAs) in combination (doublet), wherein thefirst polynucleotide encodes a first protein comprising an IL-23polypeptide, and the second polynucleotide encodes a second proteincomprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide or an IL-18 polypeptide; or, (ii)three polynucleotides (e.g., mRNAs, e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 141, 143 and 145)in combination (triplet), where the first polynucleotide encodes a firstprotein comprising an IL-23 polypeptide, the second polynucleotideencodes a second protein comprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide or anIL-18 polypeptide, and the third polynucleotide encodes a third proteincomprising an OX40L polypeptide, wherein the effector memory T cellslevels are measured in one or more samples obtained from the subject. Insome embodiments, the effector memory T cells are CD4+ and/or CD8+cells. In some embodiments, the increase in effector memory T cellslevels is measured as effector memory T cells within the tumor relativeto a threshold level or relative to the level after administration of asingle polynucleotide encoding OX40L.

The present disclosure also provides a method to increase PD-L1 positivecells levels in a subject in need thereof comprising administering tothe subject a composition comprising (i) two polynucleotides (e.g.,mRNAs) in combination (doublet), wherein the first polynucleotideencodes a first protein comprising an IL-23 polypeptide, and the secondpolynucleotide encodes a second protein comprising an IL-36-gammapolypeptide or an IL-18 polypeptide; or, (ii) three polynucleotides(e.g., mRNAs, e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 141, 143 and 145) in combination(triplet), where the first polynucleotide encodes a first proteincomprising an IL-23 polypeptide, the second polynucleotide encodes asecond protein comprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide or an IL-18polypeptide, and the third polynucleotide encodes a third proteincomprising an OX40L polypeptide, wherein the PD-L1 positive cells levelsare measured in one or more samples obtained from the subject. In someembodiments, the PD-L1 positive cells are CD11b+ cells.

In some aspects of the methods disclosed herein, the sample or samplesobtained from the subject are selected from the group consisting oftumoral tissue, tumor infiltrate, blood, plasma, and any combinationthereof. In some embodiments, the one or more control samples are asample or samples obtained from a healthy subject or a subject with atumor.

In some embodiments, the threshold level is a predetermined value or avalue obtained from one or more samples, e.g., a value obtained from apool of samples from a population of healthy individuals or a populationof subjects with a tumor.

The present disclosure also provides a method of determining whether totreat a subject having a tumor disease with a composition comprising (i)two polynucleotides (e.g., mRNAs) in combination (doublet), wherein thefirst polynucleotide encodes a first protein comprising an IL-23polypeptide, and the second polynucleotide encodes a second proteincomprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide or an IL-18 polypeptide; (ii)three polynucleotides (e.g., mRNAs, e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 141, 143 and 145)in combination (triplet), where the first polynucleotide encodes a firstprotein comprising an IL-23 polypeptide, the second polynucleotideencodes a second protein comprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide or anIL-18 polypeptide, and the third polynucleotide encodes a third proteincomprising an OX40L polypeptide, or (iii) any composition disclosedherein, the method comprising

-   -   (i) administering to the submitted an initial dose of doublet or        triplet, and    -   (ii) treating the subject if after administration of the initial        dose of doublet or triplet the subject is determined to have an        increase in        -   (a) level of granulocytes,        -   (b) level of cross-presenting dendritic cells,        -   (c) effector to suppressor T cell ratio,        -   (d) level of effector memory T cells,        -   (e) level of PD-L1 positive cells,        -   (f) PD-L1 expression, or        -   (g) a combination thereof,            with respect to a threshold level.

Also provided is a method of selecting a subject diagnosed with a tumoras a candidate for treatment with a composition comprising (i) twopolynucleotides (e.g., mRNAs) in combination (doublet), wherein thefirst polynucleotide encodes a first protein comprising an IL-23polypeptide, and the second polynucleotide encodes a second proteincomprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide or an IL-18 polypeptide; or, (ii)three polynucleotides (e.g., mRNAs, e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 141, 143 and 145)in combination (triplet), where the first polynucleotide encodes a firstprotein comprising an IL-23 polypeptide, the second polynucleotideencodes a second protein comprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide or anIL-18 polypeptide, and the third polynucleotide encodes a third proteincomprising an OX40L polypeptide, or (iii) any composition disclosedherein, the method comprising

-   -   (i) administering to the subject an initial dose of doublet or        triplet, and    -   (ii) selecting the subject for treatment if after administration        of the initial dose of doublet or triplet the subject is        determined to have an increase in        -   (a) level of granulocytes,        -   (b) level of cross-presenting dendritic cells,        -   (c) effector to suppressor T cell ratio,        -   (d) level of effector memory T cells,        -   (e) level of PD-L1 positive cells,        -   (f) PD-L1 expression, or        -   (g) a combination thereof,            with respect to a threshold level.

The present disclosure also provides a method of measuring the efficacyof a composition to treat a tumor in a subject in need thereof, whereinthe composition comprises (i) two polynucleotides (e.g., mRNAs) incombination (doublet), wherein the first polynucleotide encodes a firstprotein comprising an IL-23 polypeptide, and the second polynucleotideencodes a second protein comprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide or anIL-18 polypeptide; or, (ii) three polynucleotides (e.g., mRNAs, e.g.,SEQ ID NOs: 141, 143 and 145) in combination (triplet), wherein thefirst polynucleotide encodes a first protein comprising an IL-23polypeptide, the second polynucleotide encodes a second proteincomprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide or an IL-18 polypeptide, and thethird polynucleotide encodes a third protein comprising an OX40Lpolypeptide, or (iii) any composition disclosed herein, wherein themethod comprises measuring in at least one sample taken from the subject(a) level of granulocytes, (b) level of cross-presenting dendriticcells, (c) effector to suppressor T cell ratio, (d) level of effectormemory T cells, (e) level of PD-L1 positive cells, (f) PD-L1 expression,or (g) a combination thereof, wherein an increase in at least one of themeasurements with respect to a threshold level indicates that thesubject is responding to treatment with the doublet or triplet.

IV. Diseases, Disorders and/or Conditions

In some embodiments, the polynucleotides (e.g., mRNA) of the presentdisclosure, e.g., a first polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding afirst protein comprising an IL-23 polypeptide, a second polynucleotidecomprising an mRNA encoding a second protein comprising an IL-36-gammapolypeptide or an IL-18 polypeptide, and/or a third polynucleotidecomprising an mRNA encoding a third protein comprising an OX40Lpolypeptide can be used to reduce or decrease a size of a tumor orinhibit a tumor growth in a subject in need thereof.

In some embodiments, additional polynucleotides (e.g., a forthpolynucleotide) can be administered in combination with a firstpolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding a first protein comprising anIL-23 polypeptide, a second polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding asecond protein comprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide or an IL-18polypeptide, and/or a third polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding athird protein comprising an OX40L polypeptide to reduce or decrease asize of a tumor or inhibit a tumor growth in a subject in need thereof.

Accordingly, in some embodiments, the polynucleotides (e.g., mRNA) ofthe present disclosure, i.e., a first polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding a first protein comprising an IL-23 polypeptide, a secondpolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding a second protein comprisingan IL-36-gamma polypeptide or an IL-18 polypeptide, and a thirdpolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding a third protein comprising anOX40L polypeptide can be used to reduce or decrease a size of a tumor orinhibit a tumor growth in a subject in need thereof.

In some embodiments, the tumor is associated with a disease, disorder,and/or condition. In a particular embodiment, the disease, disorder,and/or condition is a cancer. Thus, in one aspect, the administration ofa first polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding a first proteincomprising an IL-23 polypeptide, a second polynucleotide comprising anmRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide or an IL-18 polypeptide, and/ora third polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide,treats a cancer.

In another aspect, the administration of a first polynucleotidecomprising an mRNA encoding a first protein comprising an IL-23polypeptide, a second polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide or an IL-18 polypeptide, and further incombination with a third polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingthird protein, wherein the third protein comprises an OX40L polypeptide,treats a cancer.

A “cancer” refers to a broad group of various diseases characterized bythe uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. Unregulated celldivision and growth results in the formation of malignant tumors thatinvade neighboring tissues and can also metastasize to distant parts ofthe body through the lymphatic system or bloodstream. A “cancer” or“cancer tissue” can include a tumor at various stages. In certainembodiments, the cancer or tumor is stage 0, such that, e.g., the canceror tumor is very early in development and has not metastasized. In someembodiments, the cancer or tumor is stage I, such that, e.g., the canceror tumor is relatively small in size, has not spread into nearby tissue,and has not metastasized. In other embodiments, the cancer or tumor isstage II or stage III, such that, e.g., the cancer or tumor is largerthan in stage 0 or stage I, and it has grown into neighboring tissuesbut it has not metastasized, except potentially to the lymph nodes. Inother embodiments, the cancer or tumor is stage IV, such that, e.g., thecancer or tumor has metastasized. Stage IV can also be referred to asadvanced or metastatic cancer.

In some aspects, the cancer can include, but is not limited to, adrenalcortical cancer, advanced cancer, anal cancer, aplastic anemia, bileductcancer, bladder cancer, bone cancer, bone metastasis, brain tumors,brain cancer, breast cancer, childhood cancer, cancer of unknown primaryorigin, Castleman disease, cervical cancer, colon/rectal cancer,endometrial cancer, esophagus cancer, Ewing family of tumors, eyecancer, gallbladder cancer, gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors,gastrointestinal stromal tumors, gestational trophoblastic disease,Hodgkin disease, Kaposi sarcoma, renal cell carcinoma, laryngeal andhypopharyngeal cancer, acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloidleukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia,chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, liver cancer, non-small cell lungcancer, small cell lung cancer, lung carcinoid tumor, lymphoma of theskin, malignant mesothelioma, multiple myeloma, myelodysplasticsyndrome, nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer, nasopharyngealcancer, neuroblastoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, oral cavity andoropharyngeal cancer, osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer,penile cancer, pituitary tumors, prostate cancer, retinoblastoma,rhabdomyosarcoma, salivary gland cancer, sarcoma in adult soft tissue,basal and squamous cell skin cancer, melanoma, small intestine cancer,stomach cancer, testicular cancer, throat cancer, thymus cancer, thyroidcancer, uterine sarcoma, vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, Waldenstrommacroglobulinemia, Wilms tumor and secondary cancers caused by cancertreatment.

In some aspects, the tumor is a solid tumor. A “solid tumor” includes,but is not limited to, sarcoma, melanoma, carcinoma, or other solidtumor cancer. “Sarcoma” refers to a tumor which is made up of asubstance like the embryonic connective tissue and is generally composedof closely packed cells embedded in a fibrillar or homogeneoussubstance. Sarcomas include, but are not limited to, chondrosarcoma,fibrosarcoma, lymphosarcoma, melanosarcoma, myxosarcoma, osteosarcoma,Abemethy's sarcoma, adipose sarcoma, liposarcoma, alveolar soft partsarcoma, ameloblastic sarcoma, botryoid sarcoma, chloroma sarcoma,chorio carcinoma, embryonal sarcoma, Wilms' tumor sarcoma, endometrialsarcoma, stromal sarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, fascial sarcoma, fibroblasticsarcoma, giant cell sarcoma, granulocytic sarcoma, Hodgkin's sarcoma,idiopathic multiple pigmented hemorrhagic sarcoma, immunoblastic sarcomaof B cells, lymphoma, immunoblastic sarcoma of T-cells, Jensen'ssarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, Kupffer cell sarcoma, angiosarcoma,leukosarcoma, malignant mesenchymoma sarcoma, parosteal sarcoma,reticulocytic sarcoma, Rous sarcoma, serocystic sarcoma, synovialsarcoma, or telangiectaltic sarcoma.

The term “melanoma” refers to a tumor arising from the melanocyticsystem of the skin and other organs. Melanomas include, for example,acra-lentiginous melanoma, amelanotic melanoma, benign juvenilemelanoma, Cloudman's melanoma, S91 melanoma, Harding-Passey melanoma,juvenile melanoma, lentigo maligna melanoma, malignant melanoma,metastatic melanoma, nodular melanoma, subungal melanoma, or superficialspreading melanoma.

The term “carcinoma” refers to a malignant new growth made up ofepithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and giverise to metastases. Exemplary carcinomas include, e.g., acinarcarcinoma, acinous carcinoma, adenocystic carcinoma, adenoid cysticcarcinoma, carcinoma adenomatosum, carcinoma of adrenal cortex, alveolarcarcinoma, alveolar cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, carcinomabasocellulare, basaloid carcinoma, basosquamous cell carcinoma,bronchioalveolar carcinoma, bronchiolar carcinoma, bronchogeniccarcinoma, cerebriform carcinoma, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chorioniccarcinoma, colloid carcinoma, comedo carcinoma, corpus carcinoma,cribriform carcinoma, carcinoma en cuirasse, carcinoma cutaneum,cylindrical carcinoma, cylindrical cell carcinoma, duct carcinoma,carcinoma durum, embryonal carcinoma, encephaloid carcinoma, epiermoidcarcinoma, carcinoma epitheliale adenoides, exophytic carcinoma,carcinoma ex ulcere, carcinoma fibrosum, gelatiniform carcinoma,gelatinous carcinoma, giant cell carcinoma, carcinoma gigantocellulare,glandular carcinoma, granulosa cell carcinoma, hair-matrix carcinoma,hematoid carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, Hurthle cell carcinoma,hyaline carcinoma, hypemephroid carcinoma, infantile embryonalcarcinoma, carcinoma in situ, intraepidermal carcinoma, intraepithelialcarcinoma, Krompecher's carcinoma, Kulchitzky-cell carcinoma, large-cellcarcinoma, lenticular carcinoma, carcinoma lenticulare, lipomatouscarcinoma, lymphoepithelial carcinoma, carcinoma medullare, medullarycarcinoma, melanotic carcinoma, carcinoma molle, mucinous carcinoma,carcinoma muciparum, carcinoma mucocellulare, mucoepidernoid carcinoma,carcinoma mucosum, mucous carcinoma, carcinoma myxomatodes,naspharyngeal carcinoma, oat cell carcinoma, carcinoma ossificans,osteoid carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, periportal carcinoma,preinvasive carcinoma, prickle cell carcinoma, pultaceous carcinoma,renal cell carcinoma of kidney, reserve cell carcinoma, carcinomasarcomatodes, schneiderian carcinoma, scirrhous carcinoma, carcinomascroti, signet-ring cell carcinoma, carcinoma simplex, small-cellcarcinoma, solanoid carcinoma, spheroidal cell carcinoma, spindle cellcarcinoma, carcinoma spongiosum, squamous carcinoma, squamous cellcarcinoma, string carcinoma, carcinoma telangiectaticum, carcinomatelangiectodes, transitional cell carcinoma, carcinoma tuberosum,tuberous carcinoma, verrucous carcinoma, or carcinoma viflosum.

Additional cancers that can be treated include, e.g., Leukemia,Hodgkin's Disease, Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, multiple myeloma,neuroblastoma, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer,rhabdomyosarcoma, primary thrombocytosis, primary macroglobulinemia,small-cell lung tumors, primary brain tumors, stomach cancer, coloncancer, malignant pancreatic insulanoma, malignant carcinoid, urinarybladder cancer, premalignant skin lesions, testicular cancer, lymphomas,thyroid cancer, papillary thyroid cancer, neuroblastoma, neuroendocrinecancer, esophageal cancer, genitourinary tract cancer, malignanthypercalcemia, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, adrenal corticalcancer, prostate cancer, Müllerian cancer, ovarian cancer, peritonealcancer, fallopian tube cancer, or uterine papillary serous carcinoma.

Cancers and/or tumors amenable to treatment in accordance with themethods of the instant invention include those accessible via directintratumoral and/or regional administration, i.e., administration in theregion of a target tumor. For example, tumors accessible toadministration with a simple syringe injection are readily amenable totreatment. Also amenable to treatment are tumors in which injectionrequires some imaging and/or guided administration, and/or those inwhich injection is possible via image-guided percutaneous injection, orcatheter/cannula directly into site, or endoscopy.

Exemplary cancers and/or tumors amenable to treatment include melanoma,breast cancer, e.g., TNBC, head & neck cancer, sarcoma, CTLC, NHL, basalcell carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), hepatocellularcarcinoma (HCC), glioma, gastric cancer, and pancreatic cancer.Particularly amenable to treatment are melanoma, breast cancer, e.g.,TNBC, and head & neck cancer.

Melanoma

Melanoma is one of the most aggressive forms of skin cancer.Furthermore, incidence rates are increasing and there are few treatmentoptions available. Melanoma is detected at a rate of 132,000 new casesper year worldwide (76,000 new cases per year in the United States)accounting for approximately 10,000 deaths per year in the US. About 25%are in patients <40 years. PD-1 inhibitors (e.g., nivolumab,pembrolizumab) are currently the standard of care and evidence a durableresponse rate of 37%, and progression-free survival of 30% at 2 years.However, there is also observed a rapid progression for non-responders(median 4m) and overall survival of only 40% is observed at 3 years withno evidence of plateau, i.e., treated patients continue to regress.

Thus, there is a clear need for new, more effective treatments in thissetting. Melanoma also serves as a model tumor for understandingimmunity to cancer. Melanoma tumor-associated antigens were among thefirst cancer antigens to be identified and classified, with furtherstudies showing that many of these are also expressed by other tumortypes. In addition, melanoma regression has been associated withvitiligo, visibly confirming an active role of the immune system in thistype of cancer, and spontaneous regression of primary melanomas has alsobeen observed in some cases. These observations, relating to theactivity of the immune system in melanoma, provided strong evidence thatthis tumor should prove to be amenable to immunotherapy. Against thisbackground, melanoma has long been at the cutting edge ofimmuno-oncology research and will likely continue to be used as a modeltumor to increase our understanding of immuno-oncology and to informtreatment options in other types of immune-therapy responsive cancers.

Triple Negative Breast Cancer

Breast cancers display different characteristics that require differenttypes of treatment. Most breast cancers are hormone receptor-positive,meaning that the cancer cells are stimulated to grow from exposure tothe female hormones estrogen and/or progesterone. Other breast cancersare referred to as HER2-positive, which means that they overexpress thehuman epidermal growth factor receptor 2, a biologic pathway that isinvolved in replication and growth of a cell. HER2-positive breastcancers account for approximately 25% of breast cancers and are treatedwith agents that target the receptor to slow growth and replication.Breast cancers that are not stimulated to grow from exposure to estrogenor progesterone and are HER2-negative are called triple-negative breastcancers. Triple-negative breast cancers tend to be more aggressive thanother breast cancers and have fewer treatment options as compared toother breast cancers. Although breast cancer has historically beenconsidered immunologically silent, several preclinical and clinicalstudies suggest that immunotherapy has the potential to improve clinicaloutcomes for patients with breast cancer. Overall, immunotherapy holdsseveral key advantages over conventional chemotherapeutic and targetedtreatments directed at the tumor itself. First, immunotherapy generallyresults in fewer side effects, enabling it to be administered for longerperiods of time and/or in combination with other agents without addedtoxicity. Patients may also be less likely to develop resistance toimmunotherapy because of the immune system's ability to target multiplecancer antigens simultaneously, and adapt to changing cancer cells.

Head and Neck Cancer

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) induces an immunesuppressive state via various mechanisms. Patients with HNSCC havealtered lymphocyte homeostasis (mainly reduced levels of CD3+, CD4+, andCD8+ T cells) compared to healthy controls. This imbalance even remains2 years after treatment with curative intent. Consistently, a highernumber of tumor infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes is associatedwith better overall survival in HNSCC patients. Additionally, naturalkiller cell (NK) function is impaired in HNSCC patients.

HNSCC cells apply certain strategies to escape immuno-surveillance andsubsequent elimination. For example, they interact indirectly with theimmune system to maintain an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Inessence, HNSCC exploit the fact that the immune system is tightlyregulated through immune checkpoints to avoid autoimmunity or immunesystem over-activation under physiological circumstances.

Tumor-Directed Immuno-Therapy

Important goals for the field of immuno-oncology are to improve theresponse rate and increase the number of tumor indications that respondto immunotherapy, without increasing adverse side effects. One approachto achieve these goals is to use tumor-directed immunotherapy, i.e., tofocus the immune activation to the most relevant part of the immunesystem. This may improve anti-tumor efficacy as well as reduceimmune-related adverse events. Tumor-directed immune activation can beachieved by local injections of immune modulators directly into thetumor or into the tumor area. Therapies focused on targeting checkpointinhibitors and co-stimulatory receptors can generate tumor-specific Tcell responses through localized immune activation.

Modulation of Tumor Microenvironments

In certain embodiments, a composition of the invention (e.g., doublet ortriplet mRNA composition) can be used to modulate tumormicroenvironments and/or can be selected for treatment based on thetumor microenvironment in the subject to be treated. In one embodiment,a composition of the invention is used to treat a tumor that has aninflamed tumor microenvironment. In another embodiment, a composition ofthe invention is used to treat a tumor that has an immunosuppressivetumor microenvironment. In yet another embodiment, a composition of theinvention is used to treat a tumor that has an immunologically barrentumor microenvironment. In situations in which the tumor has an inflamedtumor microenvironment, i.e., the tumor microenvironment alreadyexhibits infiltration of immune and/or inflammatory cells, treatmentwith doublet mRNA therapy may be sufficient rather than treatment withtriplet mRNA therapy (see e.g., Example 23, FIG. 45A-B). For example,for treatment of a tumor with an inflamed tumor microenvironment, in oneembodiment, the tumor is treated with a polynucleotide encoding an IL-12family member (e.g., IL-23) and a polynucleotide encoding an immuneresponse co-stimulatory signal (e.g., OX40L).

V. Combination Therapies

In certain embodiments, the methods of treatment disclosed hereincomprise administering a first polynucleotide encoding a first proteincomprising an IL-23 polypeptide, a second polynucleotide encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide or an IL-18 polypeptide, and/or a thirdpolynucleotide encoding a third protein comprising an OX40L polypeptideand further comprise administering one or more anti-cancer agents to thesubject. In certain embodiments, the methods of treatment disclosedherein comprise administering a first polynucleotide encoding a firstprotein comprising an IL-23 polypeptide, a second polynucleotideencoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide or an IL-18 polypeptide, a thirdpolynucleotide encoding an OX40L polypeptide, and further compriseadministering one or more anti-cancer agents to the subject.

In some embodiments, the one or more anti-cancer agents are an mRNA. Incertain embodiments, the one or more anti-cancer agents are an mRNAencoding a tumor antigen. In other embodiments, the one or moreanti-cancer agents are not a tumor antigen or an mRNA encoding a tumorantigen. In some embodiments, the one or more anti-cancer agents is anapproved agent by the United States Food and Drug Administration. Inother embodiments, the one or more anti-cancer agents is a pre-approvedagent by the United States Food and Drug Administration.

In some aspects, the subject for the present methods or compositions hasbeen treated with one or more standard of care therapies. In otheraspects, the subject for the present methods or compositions has notbeen responsive to one or more standard of care therapies or anti-cancertherapies.

In recent years, the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors fortherapeutic purposes has revolutionized cancer treatment. Of interestare therapies featuring combinations of checkpoint inhibitors with othercostimulatory or inhibitory molecules.

T cell regulation, i.e., activation or inhibition is mediated viaco-stimulatory or co-inhibitory signals. This interaction is exerted vialigand/receptor interaction. T cells harbor a myriad of both activatingreceptors, such as OX40, and inhibitory receptors (i.e., immunecheckpoints) such as programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) or cytotoxic Tlymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) (Mellman et al. 2011 Nature;480:480-489). Activation of this immune checkpoints results in T celldeactivation and commandeering these pathways by tumor cells contributesto their successful immune escape.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors such as pembrolizumab or nivolumab, whichtarget the interaction between programmed death receptor 1/programmeddeath ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) and PD-L2, have been recently approved forthe treatment of various malignancies and are currently beinginvestigated in clinical trials for cancers including melanoma, head andneck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Data available from these trialsindicate substantial activity accompanied by a favorable safety andtoxicity profile in these patient populations.

For example, checkpoint inhibitors have been tested in clinical trialsfor the treatment of melanoma. In particular, phase III clinical trialshave revealed that therapies such as ipilimumab and pembrolizumab, whichtarget the CTLA4 and PD-1 immune checkpoints, respectively, have raisedthe three-year survival of patients with melanoma to ˜70%, and overallsurvival (>5 years) to ˜30%.

Likewise, checkpoint inhibitors have been tested in clinical trials forthe treatment of head and neck cancer. In preclinical studies, it hadbeen shown that that 45-80% of HNSCC tumors express programmed deathligand 1 (PD-L1) (Zandberg et al. (2014) Oral Oncol. 50:627-632).Currently there are dozens of clinical trials evaluating the efficacyand safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors as monotherapy or incombination regimens in HNSCC. For example, clinical trials with PD 1,PD-L1, and CTLA-4 inhibitors are being tested in HNSCC. Data that thePD-1 antibody pembrolizumab might be effective in metastatic/recurrent(R/M) HNSCC patients were generated in the phase 1b Keynote-012 phaseI/II trial (Cheng. ASCO 2015, oral presentation). More recently the dataof the randomized CheckMate-141 phase III clinical trial were presented(Gillison. AACR 2016, oral presentation). This study investigated theefficacy of the monoclonal PD 1 antibody nivolumab given every 2 weeksin platinum-refractory R/M HNSCC patients. The study was stopped earlydue to superiority of the nivolumab arm of the study.

In one aspect, the subject has been previously treated with a PD-1antagonist prior to the polynucleotide of the present disclosure. Inanother aspect, the subject has been treated with a monoclonal antibodythat binds to PD-1 prior to the polynucleotide of the presentdisclosure. In another aspect, the subject has been treated with ananti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody therapy prior to the polynucleotide of thepresent methods or compositions. In other aspects, the anti-PD-1monoclonal antibody therapy comprises nivolumab, pembrolizumab,pidilizumab, or any combination thereof. In another aspect, the subjecthas been treated with a monoclonal antibody that binds to PD-L1 prior tothe polynucleotide of the present disclosure. In another aspect, thesubject has been treated with an anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody therapyprior to the polynucleotide of the present methods or compositions. Inother aspects, the anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody therapy comprisesdurvalumab, avelumab, MEDI473, BMS-936559, aezolizumab, or anycombination thereof.

In some aspects, the subject has been treated with a CTLA-4 antagonistprior to treatment with the compositions of present disclosure. Inanother aspect, the subject has been previously treated with amonoclonal antibody that binds to CTLA-4 prior to the compositions ofthe present disclosure. In another aspect, the subject has been treatedwith an anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody prior to the polynucleotide ofthe present disclosure. In other aspects, the anti-CTLA-4 antibodytherapy comprises ipilimumab or tremelimumab.

In some aspects, the disclosure is directed to a method of treatingcancer and/or a method of immunotherapy in a subject in need thereofcomprising administering to the subject (e.g., intratumorally,intraperitoneally, or intravenously) the first, second, and/or thirdpolynucleotide (e.g., RNA, e.g., mRNA) encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, oran IL-36gamma polypeptide, an IL-18 polypeptide, and an OX40Lpolypeptide, respectively, in combination with a PD-1 antagonist, e.g.,an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof that specifically bindsto PD-1, e.g., an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody.

In one embodiment, the anti-PD-1 antibody (or an antigen-binding portionthereof) useful for the disclosure is pembrolizumab. Pembrolizumab (alsoknown as “KEYTRUDA®”, lambrolizumab, and MK-3475) is a humanizedmonoclonal IgG4 antibody directed against human cell surface receptorPD-1 (programmed death-1 or programmed cell death-1). Pembrolizumab isdescribed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 8,900,587; see alsohttp://www.cancer.gov/drugdictionary?cdrid=695789 (last accessed: Dec.14, 2014). Pembrolizumab has been approved by the FDA for the treatmentof relapsed or refractory melanoma and advanced NSCLC.

In another embodiment, the anti-PD-1 antibody useful for the disclosureis nivolumab. Nivolumab (also known as “OPDIVO®”; formerly designated5C4, BMS-936558, MDX-1106, or ONO-4538) is a fully human IgG4 (S228P)PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor antibody that selectively preventsinteraction with PD-1 ligands (PD-L1 and PD-L2), thereby blocking thedown-regulation of antitumor T-cell functions (U.S. Pat. No. 8,008,449;Wang et al., 2014 Cancer Immunol Res. 2(9):846-56). Nivolumab has shownactivity in a variety of advanced solid tumors including renal cellcarcinoma (renal adenocarcinoma, or hypernephroma), melanoma, andnon-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (Topalian et al., 2012a; Topalian etal., 2014; Drake et al., 2013; WO 2013/173223.

In other embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody is MEDI0680 (formerlyAMP-514), which is a monoclonal antibody against the PD-1 receptor.MEDI0680 is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 8,609,089B2 or inhttp://www.cancer.gov/drugdictionary?cdrid=756047 (last accessed Dec.14, 2014).

In certain embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody is BGB-A317, which is ahumanized monoclonal antibody. BGB-A317 is described in U.S. Publ. No.2015/0079109.

In certain embodiments, a PD-1 antagonist is AMP-224, which is a B7-DCFc fusion protein. AMP-224 is discussed in U.S. Publ. No. 2013/0017199or inhttp://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-drug?cdrid=700595(last accessed Jul. 8, 2015).

In other embodiments, the disclosure includes a method of treatingcancer and/or a method of immunotherapy in a subject in need thereofcomprising administering to the subject (e.g., intratumorally,intraperitoneally, or intravenously) the first, second, and/or thirdpolynucleotide (e.g., RNA, e.g., mRNA) encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, oran IL-36gamma polypeptide, an IL-18 polypeptide, and an OX40Lpolypeptide, respectively, together with an antibody or an antigenbinding portion thereof that specifically binds to PD-1, e.g., ananti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody, e.g., an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodycomprises Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab, Pidilizumab, or any combinationthereof.

In some aspects, the disclosure is directed to a method of treatingcancer and/or a method of immunotherapy in a subject in need thereofcomprising administering to the subject (e.g., intratumorally,intraperitoneally, or intravenously) the first, second, and/or thirdpolynucleotide (e.g., RNA, e.g., mRNA) encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, oran IL-36gamma polypeptide, an IL-18 polypeptide, and an OX40Lpolypeptide, respectively, in combination with a PD-L1 antagonist, e.g.,an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof that specifically bindsto PD-L1, e.g., an anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody, e.g., an anti-PD-L1monoclonal antibody comprises Durvalumab, Avelumab, MEDI473, BMS-936559,Atezolizumab, or any combination thereof.

In certain embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody useful for thedisclosure is MSB0010718C (also called Avelumab; See US 2014/0341917) orBMS-936559 (formerly 12A4 or MDX-1105) (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No.7,943,743; WO 2013/173223). In other embodiments, the anti-PD-L1antibody is MPDL3280A (also known as RG7446) (see, e.g., Herbst et al.(2013) J Clin Oncol 31(suppl):3000. Abstract; U.S. Pat. No. 8,217,149),MEDI4736 (also called Durvalumab; Khleif (2013) In: Proceedings from theEuropean Cancer Congress 2013; Sep. 27-Oct. 1, 2013; Amsterdam, TheNetherlands.

In other aspects, the disclosure is directed to a method of treatingcancer and/or a method of immunotherapy in a subject in need thereofcomprising administering to the subject (e.g., intratumorally,intraperitoneally, or intravenously) the first, second, and/or thirdpolynucleotide (e.g., RNA, e.g., mRNA) encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, oran IL-36gamma polypeptide, an IL-18 polypeptide, and an OX40Lpolypeptide, respectively, in combination with a CTLA-4 antagonist,e.g., an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof that specificallybinds to CTLA-4, e.g., an anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody, e.g., ananti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody comprises Ipilimumab or Tremelimumab, orany combination thereof.

An exemplary clinical anti-CTLA-4 antibody is the human mAb 10D1 (nowknown as ipilimumab and marketed as YERVOY®) as disclosed in U.S. Pat.No. 6,984,720. Another anti-CTLA-4 antibody useful for the presentmethods is tremelimumab (also known as CP-675,206). Tremelimumab ishuman IgG2 monoclonal anti-CTLA-4 antibody. Tremelimumab is described inWO/2012/122444, U.S. Publ. No. 2012/263677, or WO Publ. No. 2007/113648A2.

In one embodiment, a first polynucleotide encoding a first proteincomprising an IL-23 polypeptide, a second polynucleotide encoding asecond protein comprising an IL-36 gamma polypeptide or an IL-18polypeptide, and a third polypeptide encoding a third protein comprisingan OX40L polypeptide are administered in combination with an antibody oran antigen-binding portion thereof which specifically binds to CTLA-4,an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof which specifically bindsto a PD-1 receptor, an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof whichspecifically binds to a PD-L1 receptor, a polynucleotide encoding thesame, or any combination thereof.

In one embodiment, a first polynucleotide encoding a first proteincomprising an IL-23 polypeptide, a second polynucleotide encoding asecond protein comprising an IL-36 gamma polypeptide or an IL-18polypeptide, and a third polypeptide encoding a third protein comprisingan OX40L polypeptide are administered in combination with an antibody oran antigen-binding portion thereof that specifically binds to a PD-1 orPD-L1 receptor or a polynucleotide encoding the same.

In another embodiment, a first polynucleotide encoding a first proteincomprising an IL-23 polypeptide, a second polynucleotide encoding asecond protein comprising an IL-36 gamma polypeptide or an IL-18polypeptide, and a third polypeptide encoding a third protein comprisingan OX40L polypeptide are administered in combination with an antibody oran antigen-binding portion thereof that specifically binds to a CTLA-4or a polynucleotide encoding the same.

In yet another embodiment, a first polynucleotide encoding a firstprotein comprising an IL-23 polypeptide, a second polynucleotideencoding a second protein comprising an IL-36 gamma polypeptide or anIL-18 polypeptide, and a third polypeptide encoding a third proteincomprising an OX40L polypeptide are administered in combination with anantibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that specifically bindsto a PD-1 or PD-L1 receptor and an antibody or an antigen-bindingportion thereof that specifically binds to a CTLA-4 (or polynucleotidesof the same).

VI. Sequence-Optimized Polyucleotide Sequences Encoding ImmuneModulatory Polypeptides

In some embodiments, a polynucleotide of the disclosure comprises asequence-optimized nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide disclosedherein, e.g., IL-23 (at least one subunit of IL-23 or a fusion proteincomprising both subunits of IL-23), IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L. Insome embodiments, the polynucleotide of the disclosure comprises an openreading frame (ORF) encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, wherein the ORF hasbeen sequence optimized (e.g., SEQ ID NO:141). In some embodiments, thepolynucleotide of the disclosure comprises an open reading frame (ORF)encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide or an IL-18 polypeptide, wherein theORF has been sequence optimized (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 143). In someembodiments, the polynucleotide of the disclosure comprises an openreading frame (ORF) encoding an OX40L polypeptide, wherein the ORF hasbeen sequence optimized (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 145).

In some embodiments, the sequence optimized IL-23, IL-36-gamma or anIL-18 polypeptide and/or OX40L sequences, fragments, and variantsthereof are used to practice the methods disclosed herein. In someembodiments, the sequence optimized IL-23, IL-36-gamma or an IL-18polypeptide and/or OX40L fragments and variants thereof are combinedwith or alternatives to their respective wild-type sequences (show inTABLES 1 and 1A).

The sequence-optimized nucleotide sequences disclosed herein aredistinct from the corresponding wild type nucleotide acid sequences andfrom other known sequence-optimized nucleotide sequences, e.g., thesesequence-optimized nucleic acids have unique compositionalcharacteristics.

In some embodiments, the percentage of uracil or thymine nucleobases ina sequence-optimized nucleotide sequence (e.g., encoding an IL-23,IL-36-gamma or an IL-18 polypeptide and/or OX40L polypeptide, afunctional fragment, or a variant thereof) is modified (e.g., reduced)with respect to the percentage of uracil or thymine nucleobases in thereference wild-type nucleotide sequence. Such a sequence is referred toas a uracil-modified or thymine-modified sequence. The percentage ofuracil or thymine content in a nucleotide sequence can be determined bydividing the number of uracils or thymines in a sequence by the totalnumber of nucleotides and multiplying by 100. In some embodiments, thesequence-optimized nucleotide sequence has a lower uracil or thyminecontent than the uracil or thymine content in the reference wild-typesequence. In some embodiments, the uracil or thymine content in asequence-optimized nucleotide sequence of the disclosure is greater thanthe uracil or thymine content in the reference wild-type sequence andstill maintain beneficial effects, e.g., increased expression and/orsignaling response when compared to the reference wild-type sequence.

In some embodiments, the optimized sequences of the present disclosurecontain unique ranges of uracils or thymine (if DNA) in the sequence.The uracil or thymine content of the optimized sequences can beexpressed in various ways, e.g., uracil or thymine content of optimizedsequences relative to the theoretical minimum (% U_(TM) or % T_(TM)),relative to the wild-type (% U_(WT) or % T_(WT)), and relative to thetotal nucleotide content (% U_(TL) or % T_(TL)). For DNA it isrecognized that thymine is present instead of uracil, and one wouldsubstitute T where U appears. Thus, all the disclosures related to,e.g., % U_(TM), % U_(WT), or % U_(TL), with respect to RNA are equallyapplicable to % T_(TM),% T_(WT), or % T_(TL) with respect to DNA.

Uracil- or thymine-content relative to the uracil or thymine theoreticalminimum, refers to a parameter determined by dividing the number ofuracils or thymines in a sequence-optimized nucleotide sequence by thetotal number of uracils or thymines in a hypothetical nucleotidesequence in which all the codons in the hypothetical sequence arereplaced with synonymous codons having the lowest possible uracil orthymine content and multiplying by 100. This parameter is abbreviatedherein as % U_(TM) or % T_(TM).

A uracil- or thymine-modified sequence encoding an IL-23, IL-36-gammaand/or OX40L polypeptide of the disclosure can also be describedaccording to its uracil or thymine content relative to the uracil orthymine content in the corresponding wild-type nucleic acid sequence (%U_(WT) or % T_(WT)). The phrases “uracil or thymine content relative tothe uracil or thymine content in the wild type nucleic acid sequence,”refers to a parameter determined by dividing the number of uracils orthymines in a sequence-optimized nucleic acid by the total number ofuracils or thymines in the corresponding wild-type nucleic acid sequenceand multiplying by 100. This parameter is abbreviated herein as % U_(WT)or % T_(WT).

In some embodiments, a uracil-modified sequence encoding an IL-23,IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide of the disclosure has areduced number of consecutive uracils with respect to the correspondingwild-type nucleic acid sequence. For example, two consecutive leucinescan be encoded by the sequence CUUUUG, which includes a four uracilcluster. Such a subsequence can be substituted, e.g., with CUGCUC, whichremoves the uracil cluster. Phenylalanine can be encoded by UUC or UUU.Thus, even if phenylalanines encoded by UUU are replaced by UUC, thesynonymous codon still contains a uracil pair (UU). Accordingly, thenumber of phenylalanines in a sequence establishes a minimum number ofuracil pairs (UU) that cannot be eliminated without altering the numberof phenylalanines in the encoded polypeptide.

In some embodiments, a uracil-modified sequence encoding an L-23,IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide of the disclosure has areduced number of uracil triplets (UUU) with respect to the wild-typenucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, a uracil-modified sequenceencoding an IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide has areduced number of uracil pairs (UU) with respect to the number of uracilpairs (UU) in the wild-type nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments,a uracil-modified sequence encoding an IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/orOX40L polypeptide of the disclosure has a number of uracil pairs (UU)corresponding to the minimum possible number of uracil pairs (UU) in thewild-type nucleic acid sequence.

The phrase “uracil pairs (UU) relative to the uracil pairs (UU) in thewild type nucleic acid sequence,” refers to a parameter determined bydividing the number of uracil pairs (UU) in a sequence-optimizednucleotide sequence by the total number of uracil pairs (UU) in thecorresponding wild-type nucleotide sequence and multiplying by 100. Thisparameter is abbreviated herein as % UU_(wt). In some embodiments, auracil-modified sequence encoding an IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/orOX40L polypeptide has a % UU_(wt) between below 100%.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide of the disclosure comprises auracil-modified sequence encoding an L-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/orOX40L polypeptide disclosed herein. In some embodiments, theuracil-modified sequence encoding IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40Lpolypeptide comprises at least one chemically modified nucleobase, e.g.,5-methoxyuracil. In some embodiments, at least 95% of a nucleobase(e.g., uracil) in a uracil-modified sequence encoding an L-23,IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide of the disclosure aremodified nucleobases. In some embodiments, at least 95% of uracil in auracil-modified sequence encoding an L-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/orOX40L polypeptide is 5-methoxyuracil. In some embodiments, thepolynucleotide comprising a uracil-modified sequence further comprises amiRNA binding site, e.g., a miRNA binding site that binds to miR-122. Insome embodiments, the polynucleotide comprising a uracil-modifiedsequence is formulated with a delivery agent, e.g., a compound havingFormula (I), e.g., any of Compounds 1-147, or any of Compounds 1-232.

VII. Methods for Sequence Optimization

In some embodiments, a polynucleotide of the disclosure (e.g., apolynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an IL-23,IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide (e.g., the wild-typesequence, functional fragment, or variant thereof) is sequenceoptimized.

A sequence optimized nucleotide sequence (nucleotide sequence is alsoreferred to as “nucleic acid” herein) comprises at least one codonmodification with respect to a reference sequence (e.g., a wild-typesequence encoding an IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide.Thus, in a sequence optimized nucleic acid, at least one codon isdifferent from a corresponding codon in a reference sequence (e.g., awild-type sequence).

In general, sequence optimized nucleic acids are generated by at least astep comprising substituting codons in a reference sequence withsynonymous codons (i.e., codons that encode the same amino acid). Suchsubstitutions can be effected, for example, by applying a codonsubstitution map (i.e., a table providing the codons that will encodeeach amino acid in the codon optimized sequence), or by applying a setof rules (e.g., if glycine is next to neutral amino acid, glycine wouldbe encoded by a certain codon, but if it is next to a polar amino acid,it would be encoded by another codon). In addition to codonsubstitutions (i.e., “codon optimization”) the sequence optimizationmethods disclosed herein comprise additional optimization steps whichare not strictly directed to codon optimization such as the removal ofdeleterious motifs (destabilizing motif substitution). Compositions andformulations comprising these sequence optimized nucleic acids (e.g., aRNA, e.g., an mRNA) can be administered to a subject in need thereof tofacilitate in vivo expression of functionally active IL-23, IL-36-gamma,IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide.

The recombinant expression of large molecules in cell cultures can be achallenging task with numerous limitations (e.g., poor proteinexpression levels, stalled translation resulting in truncated expressionproducts, protein misfolding, etc.) These limitations can be reduced oravoided by administering the polynucleotides (e.g., a RNA, e.g., anmRNA), which encode a functionally active IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18and/or OX40L polypeptide or compositions or formulations comprising thesame to a patient suffering from cancer, so the synthesis and deliveryof the IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide to treatcancer takes place endogenously.

Changing from an in vitro expression system (e.g., cell culture) to invivo expression requires the redesign of the nucleic acid sequenceencoding the therapeutic agent. Redesigning a naturally occurring genesequence by choosing different codons without necessarily altering theencoded amino acid sequence can often lead to dramatic increases inprotein expression levels (Gustafsson et al., 2004, Journal/TrendsBiotechnol 22, 346-53). Variables such as codon adaptation index (CAI),mRNA secondary structures, cis-regulatory sequences, GC content and manyother similar variables have been shown to somewhat correlate withprotein expression levels (Villalobos et al., 2006, “Journal/BMCBioinformatics 7, 285). However, due to the degeneracy of the geneticcode, there are numerous different nucleic acid sequences that can allencode the same therapeutic agent. Each amino acid is encoded by up tosix synonymous codons; and the choice between these codons influencesgene expression. In addition, codon usage (i.e., the frequency withwhich different organisms use codons for expressing a polypeptidesequence) differs among organisms (for example, recombinant productionof human or humanized therapeutic antibodies frequently takes place inhamster cell cultures).

In some embodiments, a reference nucleic acid sequence can be sequenceoptimized by applying a codon map. The skilled artisan will appreciatethat the T bases in the codon maps disclosed below are present in DNA,whereas the T bases would be replaced by U bases in corresponding RNAs.For example, a sequence optimized nucleic acid disclosed herein in DNAform, e.g., a vector or an in-vitro translation (IVT) template, wouldhave its T bases transcribed as U based in its corresponding transcribedmRNA. In this respect, both sequence optimized DNA sequences (comprisingT) and their corresponding RNA sequences (comprising U) are consideredsequence optimized nucleic acid of the present disclosure. A skilledartisan would also understand that equivalent codon-maps can begenerated by replaced one or more bases with non-natural bases. Thus,e.g., a TTC codon (DNA map) would correspond to a UUC codon (RNA map),which in turn may correspond to a ΨΨC codon (RNA map in which U has beenreplaced with pseudouridine).

In one embodiment, a reference sequence encoding an IL-23, IL-36-gamma,IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide can be optimized by replacing all thecodons encoding a certain amino acid with only one of the alternativecodons provided in a codon map. For example, all the valines in theoptimized sequence would be encoded by GTG or GTC or GTT.

Sequence optimized polynucleotides of the disclosure can be generatedusing one or more codon optimization methods, or a combination thereof.Sequence optimization methods which may be used to sequence optimizenucleic acid sequences are described in detail herein. This list ofmethods is not comprehensive or limiting.

It will be appreciated that the design principles and rules describedfor each one of the sequence optimization methods discussed below can becombined in many different ways, for example high G/C content sequenceoptimization for some regions or uridine content sequence optimizationfor other regions of the reference nucleic acid sequence, as well astargeted nucleotide mutations to minimize secondary structure throughoutthe sequence or to eliminate deleterious motifs.

The choice of potential combinations of sequence optimization methodscan be, for example, dependent on the specific chemistry used to producea synthetic polynucleotide. Such a choice can also depend oncharacteristics of the protein encoded by the sequence optimized nucleicacid, e.g., a full sequence, a functional fragment, or a fusion proteincomprising IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide, etc. Insome embodiments, such a choice can depend on the specific tissue orcell targeted by the sequence optimized nucleic acid (e.g., atherapeutic synthetic mRNA).

The mechanisms of combining the sequence optimization methods or designrules derived from the application and analysis of the optimizationmethods can be either simple or complex. For example, the combinationcan be:

(i) Sequential: Each sequence optimization method or set of design rulesapplies to a different subsequence of the overall sequence, for examplereducing uridine at codon positions 1 to 30 and then selecting highfrequency codons for the remainder of the sequence;

(ii) Hierarchical: Several sequence optimization methods or sets ofdesign rules are combined in a hierarchical, deterministic fashion. Forexample, use the most GC-rich codons, breaking ties (which are common)by choosing the most frequent of those codons.

(iii) Multifactorial/Multiparametric: Machine learning or other modelingtechniques are used to design a single sequence that best satisfiesmultiple overlapping and possibly contradictory requirements. Thisapproach would require the use of a computer applying a number ofmathematical techniques, for example, genetic algorithms.

Ultimately, each one of these approaches can result in a specific set ofrules which in many cases can be summarized in a single codon table,i.e., a sorted list of codons for each amino acid in the target protein(i.e., an IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide), with aspecific rule or set of rules indicating how to select a specific codonfor each amino acid position.

a Uridine Content Optimization

The presence of local high concentrations of uridine in a nucleic acidsequence can have detrimental effects on translation, e.g., slow orprematurely terminated translation, especially when modified uridineanalogs are used in the production of synthetic mRNAs. Furthermore, highuridine content can also reduce the in vivo half-life of synthetic mRNAsdue to TLR activation.

Accordingly, a nucleic acid sequence can be sequence optimized using amethod comprising at least one uridine content optimization step. Such astep comprises, e.g., substituting at least one codon in the referencenucleic acid with an alternative codon to generate a uridine-modifiedsequence, wherein the uridine-modified sequence has at least one of thefollowing properties:

(i) increase or decrease in global uridine content;

(ii) increase or decrease in local uridine content (i.e., changes inuridine content are limited to specific subsequences);

(iii) changes in uridine distribution without altering the globaluridine content;

(iv) changes in uridine clustering (e.g., number of clusters, locationof clusters, or distance between clusters); or

(v) combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the sequence optimization process comprisesoptimizing the global uridine content, i.e., optimizing the percentageof uridine nucleobases in the sequence optimized nucleic acid withrespect to the percentage of uridine nucleobases in the referencenucleic acid sequence. For example, 30% of nucleobases may be uridinesin the reference sequence and 10% of nucleobases may be uridines in thesequence optimized nucleic acid.

In other embodiments, the sequence optimization process comprisesreducing the local uridine content in specific regions of a referencenucleic acid sequence, i.e., reducing the percentage of uridinenucleobases in a subsequence of the sequence optimized nucleic acid withrespect to the percentage of uridine nucleobases in the correspondingsubsequence of the reference nucleic acid sequence. For example, thereference nucleic acid sequence may have a 5′-end region (e.g., 30codons) with a local uridine content of 30%, and the uridine content inthat same region could be reduced to 10% in the sequence optimizednucleic acid.

In specific embodiments, codons can be replaced in the reference nucleicacid sequence to reduce or modify, for example, the number, size,location, or distribution of uridine clusters that could havedeleterious effects on protein translation. Although as a general ruleit is desirable to reduce the uridine content of the reference nucleicacid sequence, in certain embodiments the uridine content, and inparticular the local uridine content, of some subsequences of thereference nucleic acid sequence can be increased.

The reduction of uridine content to avoid adverse effects on translationcan be done in combination with other optimization methods disclosedhere to achieve other design goals. For example, uridine contentoptimization can be combined with ramp design, since using the rarestcodons for most amino acids will, with a few exceptions, reduce the Ucontent.

In some embodiments, the uridine-modified sequence is designed to inducea lower Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) response when compared to the referencenucleic acid sequence. Several TLRs recognize and respond to nucleicacids. Double-stranded (ds)RNA, a frequent viral constituent, has beenshown to activate TLR3. See Alexopoulou et al. (2001) Nature,413:732-738 and Wang et al. (2004) Nat. Med., 10:1366-1373.Single-stranded (ss)RNA activates TLR7. See Diebold et al. (2004)Science 303:1529-1531. RNA oligonucleotides, for example RNA withphosphorothioate internucleotide linkages, are ligands of human TLR8.See Heil et al. (2004) Science 303:1526-1529. DNA containingunmethylated CpG motifs, characteristic of bacterial and viral DNA,activate TLR9. See Hemmi et al. (2000) Nature, 408: 740-745.

As used herein, the term “TLR response” is defined as the recognition ofsingle-stranded RNA by a TLR7 receptor, and in some embodimentsencompasses the degradation of the RNA and/or physiological responsescaused by the recognition of the single-stranded RNA by the receptor.Methods to determine and quantitate the binding of an RNA to a TLR7 areknown in the art. Similarly, methods to determine whether an RNA hastriggered a TLR7-mediated physiological response (e.g., cytokinesecretion) are well known in the art. In some embodiments, a TLRresponse can be mediated by TLR3, TLR8, or TLR9 instead of TLR7.

Suppression of TLR7-mediated response can be accomplished via nucleosidemodification. RNA undergoes over hundred different nucleosidemodifications in nature (see the RNA Modification Database, available atmods.rna.albany.edu). Human rRNA, for example, has ten times morepseudouridine (Ψ) and 25 times more 2′-O-methylated nucleosides thanbacterial rRNA. Bacterial mRNA contains no nucleoside modifications,whereas mammalian mRNAs have modified nucleosides such as5-methylcytidine (m5C), N6-methyladenosine (m6A), inosine and many2′-O-methylated nucleosides in addition to N7-methylguanosine (m7G).

Uracil and ribose, the two defining features of RNA, are both necessaryand sufficient for TLR7 stimulation, and short single-stranded RNA(ssRNA) act as TLR7 agonists in a sequence-independent manner as long asthey contain several uridines in close proximity. See Diebold et al.(2006) Eur. J. Immunol. 36:3256-3267, which is herein incorporated byreference in its entirety. Accordingly, one or more of the optimizationmethods disclosed herein comprises reducing the uridine content (locallyand/or locally) and/or reducing or modifying uridine clustering toreduce or to suppress a TLR7-mediated response.

In some embodiments, the TLR response (e.g., a response mediated byTLR7) caused by the uridine-modified sequence is at least about 10%, atleast about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, atleast about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, atleast about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at leastabout 100% lower than the TLR response caused by the reference nucleicacid sequence.

In some embodiments, the TLR response caused by the reference nucleicacid sequence is at least about 1-fold, at least about 1.1-fold, atleast about 1.2-fold, at least about 1.3-fold, at least about 1.4-fold,at least about 1.5-fold, at least about 1.6-fold, at least about1.7-fold, at least about 1.8-fold, at least about 1.9-fold, at leastabout 2-fold, at least about 3-fold, at least about 4-fold, at leastabout 5-fold, at least about 6-fold, at least about 7-fold, at leastabout 8-fold, at least about 9-fold, or at least about 10-fold higherthan the TLR response caused by the uridine-modified sequence.

In some embodiments, the uridine content (average global uridinecontent) (absolute or relative) of the uridine-modified sequence ishigher than the uridine content (absolute or relative) of the referencenucleic acid sequence. Accordingly, in some embodiments, theuridine-modified sequence contains at least about 5%, at least about10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, atleast about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, atleast about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or atleast about 100% more uridine that the reference nucleic acid sequence.

In other embodiments, the uridine content (average global uridinecontent) (absolute or relative) of the uridine-modified sequence islower than the uridine content (absolute or relative) of the referencenucleic acid sequence. Accordingly, in some embodiments, theuridine-modified sequence contains at least about 5%, at least about10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, atleast about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, atleast about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or atleast about 100% less uridine that the reference nucleic acid sequence.

In some embodiments, the uridine content (average global uridinecontent) (absolute or relative) of the uridine-modified sequence is lessthan 50%, 49%, 48%, 47%, 46%, 45%, 44%, 43%, 42%, 41%, 40%, 39%, 38%,37%, 36%, 35%, 34%, 33%, 32%, 31%, 30%, 29%, 28%, 27%, 26%, 25%, 24%,23%, 22%, 21%, 20%, 19%, 18%, 17%, 16%, 15%, 14%, 13%, 12%, 11%, 10%,9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2% or 1% of the total nucleobases in theuridine-modified sequence. In some embodiments, the uridine content ofthe uridine-modified sequence is between about 10% and about 20%. Insome particular embodiments, the uridine content of the uridine-modifiedsequence is between about 12% and about 16%.

In some embodiments, the uridine content of the reference nucleic acidsequence can be measured using a sliding window. In some embodiments,the length of the sliding window is 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32,33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40 nucleobases. In some embodiments, thesliding window is over 40 nucleobases in length. In some embodiments,the sliding window is 20 nucleobases in length. Based on the uridinecontent measured with a sliding window, it is possible to generate ahistogram representing the uridine content throughout the length of thereference nucleic acid sequence and sequence optimized nucleic acids.

In some embodiments, a reference nucleic acid sequence can be modifiedto reduce or eliminate peaks in the histogram that are above or below acertain percentage value. In some embodiments, the reference nucleicacid sequence can be modified to eliminate peaks in the sliding-windowrepresentation which are above 65%, 60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, or 30%uridine. In another embodiment, the reference nucleic acid sequence canbe modified so no peaks are over 30% uridine in the sequence optimizednucleic acid, as measured using a 20 nucleobase sliding window. In someembodiments, the reference nucleic acid sequence can be modified so nomore or no less than a predetermined number of peaks in the sequenceoptimized nucleic sequence, as measured using a 20 nucleobase slidingwindow, are above or below a certain threshold value. For example, insome embodiments, the reference nucleic acid sequence can be modified sono peaks or no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 peaks in thesequence optimized nucleic acid are above 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% or 30%uridine. In another embodiment, the sequence optimized nucleic acidcontains between 0 peaks and 2 peaks with uridine contents 30% ofhigher.

In some embodiments, a reference nucleic acid sequence can be sequenceoptimized to reduce the incidence of consecutive uridines. For example,two consecutive leucines could be encoded by the sequence CUUUUG, whichwould include a four uridine cluster. Such subsequence could besubstituted with CUGCUC, which would effectively remove the uridinecluster. Accordingly, a reference nucleic sequence can be sequenceoptimized by reducing or eliminating uridine pairs (UU), uridinetriplets (UUU) or uridine quadruplets (UUUU). Higher order combinationsof U are not considered combinations of lower order combinations. Thus,for example, UUUU is strictly considered a quadruplet, not twoconsecutive U pairs; or UUUUUU is considered a sextuplet, not threeconsecutive U pairs, or two consecutive U triplets, etc.

In some embodiments, all uridine pairs (UU) and/or uridine triplets(UUU) and/or uridine quadruplets (UUUU) can be removed from thereference nucleic acid sequence. In other embodiments, uridine pairs(UU) and/or uridine triplets (UUU) and/or uridine quadruplets (UUUU) canbe reduced below a certain threshold, e.g., no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 occurrences inthe sequence optimized nucleic acid. In a particular embodiment, thesequence optimized nucleic acid contains less than 20, 19, 18, 17, 16,15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 uridine pairs. Inanother particular embodiment, the sequence optimized nucleic acidcontains no uridine pairs and/or triplets.

Phenylalanine codons, i.e., UUC or UUU, comprise a uridine pair ortriples and therefore sequence optimization to reduce uridine contentcan at most reduce the phenylalanine U triplet to a phenylalanine Upair. In some embodiments, the occurrence of uridine pairs (UU) and/oruridine triplets (UUU) refers only to non-phenylalanine U pairs ortriplets. Accordingly, in some embodiments, non-phenylalanine uridinepairs (UU) and/or uridine triplets (UUU) can be reduced below a certainthreshold, e.g., no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 occurrences in the sequence optimizednucleic acid. In a particular embodiment, the sequence optimized nucleicacid contains less than 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9,8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 non-phenylalanine uridine pairs and/ortriplets. In another particular embodiment, the sequence optimizednucleic acid contains no non-phenylalanine uridine pairs and/ortriplets.

In some embodiments, the reduction in uridine combinations (e.g., pairs,triplets, quadruplets) in the sequence optimized nucleic acid can beexpressed as a percentage reduction with respect to the uridinecombinations present in the reference nucleic acid sequence.

In some embodiments, a sequence optimized nucleic acid can contain about1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, %,5% 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%,17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, or 65% ofthe total number of uridine pairs present in the reference nucleic acidsequence. In some embodiments, a sequence optimized nucleic acid cancontain about 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%,14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%,60%, or 65% of the total number of uridine triplets present in thereference nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, a sequenceoptimized nucleic acid can contain about 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%,9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 25%, 30%,35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, or 65% of the total number of uridinequadruplets present in the reference nucleic acid sequence.

In some embodiments, a sequence optimized nucleic acid can contain about1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%,17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, or 65% ofthe total number of non-phenylalanine uridine pairs present in thereference nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, a sequenceoptimized nucleic acid can contain about 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%,9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 25%, 30%,35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, or 65% of the total number ofnon-phenylalanine uridine triplets present in the reference nucleic acidsequence.

In some embodiments, the uridine content in the sequence optimizedsequence can be expressed with respect to the theoretical minimumuridine content in the sequence. The term “theoretical minimum uridinecontent” is defined as the uridine content of a nucleic acid sequence asa percentage of the sequence's length after all the codons in thesequence have been replaced with synonymous codon with the lowesturidine content. In some embodiments, the uridine content of thesequence optimized nucleic acid is identical to the theoretical minimumuridine content of the reference sequence (e.g., a wild type sequence).In some aspects, the uridine content of the sequence optimized nucleicacid is about 90%, about 95%, about 100%, about 105%, about 110%, about115%, about 120%, about 125%, about 130%, about 135%, about 140%, about145%, about 150%, about 155%, about 160%, about 165%, about 170%, about175%, about 180%, about 185%, about 190%, about 195% or about 200% ofthe theoretical minimum uridine content of the reference sequence (e.g.,a wild type sequence).

In some embodiments, the uridine content of the sequence optimizednucleic acid is identical to the theoretical minimum uridine content ofthe reference sequence (e.g., a wild type sequence).

The reference nucleic acid sequence (e.g., a wild type sequence) cancomprise uridine clusters which due to their number, size, location,distribution or combinations thereof have negative effects ontranslation. As used herein, the term “uridine cluster” refers to asubsequence in a reference nucleic acid sequence or sequence optimizednucleic sequence with contains a uridine content (usually described as apercentage) which is above a certain threshold. Thus, in certainembodiments, if a subsequence comprises more than about 10%, 15%, 20%,25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60% or 65% uridine content, suchsubsequence would be considered a uridine cluster.

The negative effects of uridine clusters can be, for example, elicitinga TLR7 response. Thus, in some implementations of the nucleic acidsequence optimization methods disclosed herein it is desirable to reducethe number of clusters, size of clusters, location of clusters (e.g.,close to the 5′ and/or 3′ end of a nucleic acid sequence), distancebetween clusters, or distribution of uridine clusters (e.g., a certainpattern of cluster along a nucleic acid sequence, distribution ofclusters with respect to secondary structure elements in the expressedproduct, or distribution of clusters with respect to the secondarystructure of an mRNA).

In some embodiments, the reference nucleic acid sequence comprises atleast one uridine cluster, wherein said uridine cluster is a subsequenceof the reference nucleic acid sequence wherein the percentage of totaluridine nucleobases in said subsequence is above a predeterminedthreshold. In some embodiments, the length of the subsequence is atleast about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, at least about 25,at least about 30, at least about 35, at least about 40, at least about45, at least about 50, at least about 55, at least about 60, at leastabout 65, at least about 70, at least about 75, at least about 80, atleast about 85, at least about 90, at least about 95, or at least about100 nucleobases. In some embodiments, the subsequence is longer than 100nucleobases. In some embodiments, the threshold is 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%,6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%,21%, 22%, 23%, 24% or 25% uridine content. In some embodiments, thethreshold is above 25%.

For example, an amino acid sequence comprising A, D, G, S and R could beencoded by the nucleic acid sequence GCU, GAU, GGU, AGU, CGU. Althoughsuch sequence does not contain any uridine pairs, triplets, orquadruplets, one third of the nucleobases would be uridines. Such auridine cluster could be removed by using alternative codons, forexample, by using GCC, GAC, GGC, AGC, and CGC, which would contain nouridines.

In other embodiments, the reference nucleic acid sequence comprises atleast one uridine cluster, wherein said uridine cluster is a subsequenceof the reference nucleic acid sequence wherein the percentage of uridinenucleobases of said subsequence as measured using a sliding window thatis above a predetermined threshold. In some embodiments, the length ofthe sliding window is 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36,37, 38, 39, or 40 nucleobases. In some embodiments, the sliding windowis over 40 nucleobases in length. In some embodiments, the threshold is1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%,17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24% or 25% uridine content. In someembodiments, the threshold is above 25%.

In some embodiments, the reference nucleic acid sequence comprises atleast two uridine clusters. In some embodiments, the uridine-modifiedsequence contains fewer uridine-rich clusters than the reference nucleicacid sequence. In some embodiments, the uridine-modified sequencecontains more uridine-rich clusters than the reference nucleic acidsequence. In some embodiments, the uridine-modified sequence containsuridine-rich clusters with are shorter in length than correspondinguridine-rich clusters in the reference nucleic acid sequence. In otherembodiments, the uridine-modified sequence contains uridine-richclusters which are longer in length than the corresponding uridine-richcluster in the reference nucleic acid sequence.

See, Kariko et al. (2005) Immunity 23:165-175; Kormann et al. (2010)Nature Biotechnology 29:154-157; or Sahin et al. (2014) Nature ReviewsDrug Discovery I AOP, published online 19 Sep. 2014mdoi:10.1038/nrd4278; all of which are herein incorporated by referencetheir entireties.

b. Guanine/Cytosine (G/C) Content

A reference nucleic acid sequence can be sequence optimized usingmethods comprising altering the Guanine/Cytosine (G/C) content (absoluteor relative) of the reference nucleic acid sequence. Such optimizationcan comprise altering (e.g., increasing or decreasing) the global G/Ccontent (absolute or relative) of the reference nucleic acid sequence;introducing local changes in G/C content in the reference nucleic acidsequence (e.g., increase or decrease G/C in selected regions orsubsequences in the reference nucleic acid sequence); altering thefrequency, size, and distribution of G/C clusters in the referencenucleic acid sequence, or combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the sequence optimized nucleic acid encoding anIL-23, IL-36-gamma and/or OX40L polypeptide comprises an overallincrease in G/C content (absolute or relative) relative to the G/Ccontent (absolute or relative) of the reference nucleic acid sequence.In some embodiments, the overall increase in G/C content (absolute orrelative) is at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%,at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at leastabout 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%,at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at leastabout 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%,at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 100% relativeto the G/C content (absolute or relative) of the reference nucleic acidsequence.

In some embodiments, the sequence optimized nucleic acid encoding anIL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide comprises an overalldecrease in G/C content (absolute or relative) relative to the G/Ccontent of the reference nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, theoverall decrease in G/C content (absolute or relative) is at least about5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at leastabout 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%,at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at leastabout 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%,at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at leastabout 95%, or at least about 100% relative to the G/C content (absoluteor relative) of the reference nucleic acid sequence.

In some embodiments, the sequence optimized nucleic acid encoding anL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide comprises a localincrease in Guanine/Cytosine (G/C) content (absolute or relative) in asubsequence (i.e., a G/C modified subsequence) relative to the G/Ccontent (absolute or relative) of the corresponding subsequence in thereference nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the local increasein G/C content (absolute or relative) is by at least about 5%, at leastabout 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%,at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at leastabout 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%,at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at leastabout 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%,or at least about 100% relative to the G/C content (absolute orrelative) of the corresponding subsequence in the reference nucleic acidsequence.

In some embodiments, the sequence optimized nucleic acid encoding anIL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide comprises a localdecrease in Guanine/Cytosine (G/C) content (absolute or relative) in asubsequence (i.e., a G/C modified subsequence) relative to the G/Ccontent (absolute or relative) of the corresponding subsequence in thereference nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the local decreasein G/C content (absolute or relative) is by at least about 5%, at leastabout 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%,at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at leastabout 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%,at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at leastabout 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%,or at least about 100% relative to the G/C content (absolute orrelative) of the corresponding subsequence in the reference nucleic acidsequence.

In some embodiments, the G/C content (absolute or relative) is increasedor decreased in a subsequence which is at least about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25,30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 100nucleobases in length.

In some embodiments, the G/C content (absolute or relative) is increasedor decreased in a subsequence which is at least about 100, 110, 120,130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260,270, 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350, 360, 370, 380, 390, 400,410, 420, 430, 440, 450, 460, 470, 480, 490, 500, 510, 520, 530, 540,550, 560, 570, 580, 590, 600, 610, 620, 630, 640, 650, 660, 670, 680,690, 700, 710, 720, 730, 740, 750, 760, 770, 780, 790, 800, 810, 820,830, 840, 850, 860, 870, 880, 890, 900, 910, 920, 930, 940, 950, 960,970, 980, 990, or 1000 nucleobases in length.

In some embodiments, the G/C content (absolute or relative) is increasedor decreased in a subsequence which is at least about 1100, 1200, 1300,1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2400, 2500,2600, 2700, 2800, 2900, 3000, 3100, 3200, 3300, 3400, 3500, 3600, 3700,3800, 3900, 4000, 4100, 4200, 4300, 4400, 4500, 4600, 4700, 4800, 4900,5000, 5100, 5200, 5300, 5400, 5500, 5600, 5700, 5800, 5900, 6000, 6100,6200, 6300, 6400, 6500, 6600, 6700, 6800, 6900, 7000, 7100, 7200, 7300,7400, 7500, 7600, 7700, 7800, 7900, 8000, 8100, 8200, 8300, 8400, 8500,8600, 8700, 8800, 8900, 9000, 9100, 9200, 9300, 9400, 9500, 9600, 9700,9800, 9900, or 10000 nucleobases in length.

The increases or decreases in G and C content (absolute or relative)described herein can be conducted by replacing synonymous codons withlow G/C content with synonymous codons having higher G/C content, orvice versa. For example, L has 6 synonymous codons: two of them have 2G/C (CUC, CUG), 3 have a single G/C (UUG, CUU, CUA), and one has no G/C(UUA). So if the reference nucleic acid had a CUC codon in a certainposition, G/C content at that position could be reduced by replacing CUCwith any of the codons having a single G/C or the codon with no G/C.

See, U.S. Publ. Nos. US20140228558, US20050032730 A1; Gustafsson et al.(2012) Protein Expression and Purification 83: 37-46; all of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

c. Codon Frequency—Codon Usage Bias

Numerous codon optimization methods known in the art are based on thesubstitution of codons in a reference nucleic acid sequence with codonshaving higher frequencies. Thus, in some embodiments, a nucleic acidsequence encoding an IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptidedisclosed herein can be sequence optimized using methods comprising theuse of modifications in the frequency of use of one or more codonsrelative to other synonymous codons in the sequence optimized nucleicacid with respect to the frequency of use in the non-codon optimizedsequence.

As used herein, the term “codon frequency” refers to codon usage bias,i.e., the differences in the frequency of occurrence of synonymouscodons in coding DNA/RNA. It is generally acknowledged that codonpreferences reflect a balance between mutational biases and naturalselection for translational optimization. Optimal codons help to achievefaster translation rates and high accuracy. As a result of thesefactors, translational selection is expected to be stronger in highlyexpressed genes. In the field of bioinformatics and computationalbiology, many statistical methods have been proposed and used to analyzecodon usage bias. See, e.g., Comeron & Aguade (1998) J. Mol. Evol. 47:268-74. Methods such as the ‘frequency of optimal codons’ (Fop) (Ikemura(1981) J. Mol. Biol. 151 (3): 389-409), the Relative Codon Adaptation(RCA) (Fox & Eril (2010) DNA Res. 17 (3): 185-96) or the ‘CodonAdaptation Index’ (CAI) (Sharp & Li (1987) Nucleic Acids Res. 15 (3):1281-95) are used to predict gene expression levels, while methods suchas the ‘effective number of codons’ (Nc) and Shannon entropy frominformation theory are used to measure codon usage evenness.Multivariate statistical methods, such as correspondence analysis andprincipal component analysis, are widely used to analyze variations incodon usage among genes (Suzuki et al. (2008) DNA Res. 15 (6): 357-65;Sandhu et al., In Silico Biol. 2008; 8(2):187-92).

The nucleic acid sequence encoding an IL-23, IL-36-gamma and/or OX40Lpolypeptide disclosed herein (e.g., a wild type nucleic acid sequence, amutant nucleic acid sequence, a chimeric nucleic sequence, etc. whichcan be, for example, an mRNA), can be codon optimized using methodscomprising substituting at least one codon in the reference nucleic acidsequence with an alternative codon having a higher or lower codonfrequency in the synonymous codon set; wherein the resulting sequenceoptimized nucleic acid has at least one optimized property with respectto the reference nucleic acid sequence.

In some embodiments, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at leastabout 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%,at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at leastabout 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%,at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at leastabout 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 99%,or 100% of the codons in the reference nucleic acid sequence encoding anIL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide are substituted withalternative codons, each alternative codon having a codon frequencyhigher than the codon frequency of the substituted codon in thesynonymous codon set.

In some embodiments, at least one codon in the reference nucleic acidsequence encoding an IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptideis substituted with an alternative codon having a codon frequency higherthan the codon frequency of the substituted codon in the synonymouscodon set, and at least one codon in the reference nucleic acid sequenceis substituted with an alternative codon having a codon frequency lowerthan the codon frequency of the substituted codon in the synonymouscodon set.

In some embodiments, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at leastabout 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%,at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at leastabout 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%,at least about 70%, or at least about 75% of the codons in the referencenucleic acid sequence encoding IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40Lpolypeptide are substituted with alternative codons, each alternativecodon having a codon frequency higher than the codon frequency of thesubstituted codon in the synonymous codon set.

In some embodiments, at least one alternative codon having a highercodon frequency has the highest codon frequency in the synonymous codonset. In other embodiments, all alternative codons having a higher codonfrequency have the highest codon frequency in the synonymous codon set.

In some embodiments, at least one alternative codon having a lower codonfrequency has the lowest codon frequency in the synonymous codon set. Insome embodiments, all alternative codons having a higher codon frequencyhave the highest codon frequency in the synonymous codon set.

In some specific embodiments, at least one alternative codon has thesecond highest, the third highest, the fourth highest, the fifth highestor the sixth highest frequency in the synonymous codon set. In somespecific embodiments, at least one alternative codon has the secondlowest, the third lowest, the fourth lowest, the fifth lowest, or thesixth lowest frequency in the synonymous codon set.

Optimization based on codon frequency can be applied globally, asdescribed above, or locally to the reference nucleic acid sequenceencoding an IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide. In someembodiments, when applied locally, regions of the reference nucleic acidsequence can modified based on codon frequency, substituting all or acertain percentage of codons in a certain subsequence with codons thathave higher or lower frequencies in their respective synonymous codonsets. Thus, in some embodiments, at least about 5%, at least about 10%,at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at leastabout 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%,at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at leastabout 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%,at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at leastabout 99%, or 100% of the codons in a subsequence of the referencenucleic acid sequence are substituted with alternative codons, eachalternative codon having a codon frequency higher than the codonfrequency of the substituted codon in the synonymous codon set.

In some embodiments, at least one codon in a subsequence of thereference nucleic acid sequence encoding an IL-23, IL-36-gamma and/orOX40L polypeptide is substituted with an alternative codon having acodon frequency higher than the codon frequency of the substituted codonin the synonymous codon set, and at least one codon in a subsequence ofthe reference nucleic acid sequence is substituted with an alternativecodon having a codon frequency lower than the codon frequency of thesubstituted codon in the synonymous codon set.

In some embodiments, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at leastabout 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%,at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at leastabout 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%,at least about 70%, or at least about 75% of the codons in a subsequenceof the reference nucleic acid sequence encoding an IL-23 and/orIL-36-gamma, IL-18 polypeptide are substituted with alternative codons,each alternative codon having a codon frequency higher than the codonfrequency of the substituted codon in the synonymous codon set.

In some embodiments, at least one alternative codon substituted in asubsequence of the reference nucleic acid sequence encoding an IL-23,IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide and having a higher codonfrequency has the highest codon frequency in the synonymous codon set.In other embodiments, all alternative codons substituted in asubsequence of the reference nucleic acid sequence and having a lowercodon frequency have the lowest codon frequency in the synonymous codonset.

In some embodiments, at least one alternative codon substituted in asubsequence of the reference nucleic acid sequence encoding an IL-23,IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide and having a lower codonfrequency has the lowest codon frequency in the synonymous codon set. Insome embodiments, all alternative codons substituted in a subsequence ofthe reference nucleic acid sequence and having a higher codon frequencyhave the highest codon frequency in the synonymous codon set.

In specific embodiments, a sequence optimized nucleic acid encoding anIL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide can comprise asubsequence having an overall codon frequency higher or lower than theoverall codon frequency in the corresponding subsequence of thereference nucleic acid sequence at a specific location, for example, atthe 5′ end or 3′ end of the sequence optimized nucleic acid, or within apredetermined distance from those region (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80,85, 90, 95 or 100 codons from the 5′ end or 3′ end of the sequenceoptimized nucleic acid).

In some embodiments, an sequence optimized nucleic acid encoding anIL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide can comprise morethan one subsequence having an overall codon frequency higher or lowerthan the overall codon frequency in the corresponding subsequence of thereference nucleic acid sequence. A skilled artisan would understand thatsubsequences with overall higher or lower overall codon frequencies canbe organized in innumerable patterns, depending on whether the overallcodon frequency is higher or lower, the length of the subsequence, thedistance between subsequences, the location of the subsequences, etc.

See, U.S. Pat. No. 5,082,767, U.S. Pat. No. 8,126,653, U.S. Pat. No.7,561,973, U.S. Pat. No. 8,401,798; U.S. Publ. No. US 20080046192, US20080076161; Int'l. Publ. No. WO2000018778; Welch et al. (2009) PLoS ONE4(9): e7002; Gustafsson et al. (2012) Protein Expression andPurification 83: 37-46; Chung et al. (2012) BMC Systems Biology 6:134;all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

d. Destabilizing Motif Substitution

There is a variety of motifs that can affect sequence optimization,which fall into various non-exclusive categories, for example:

(i) Primary sequence based motifs: Motifs defined by a simplearrangement of nucleotides.

(ii) Structural motifs: Motifs encoded by an arrangement of nucleotidesthat tends to form a certain secondary structure.

(iii) Local motifs: Motifs encoded in one contiguous subsequence.

(iv) Distributed motifs: Motifs encoded in two or more disjointsubsequences.

(v) Advantageous motifs: Motifs which improve nucleotide structure orfunction.

(vi) Disadvantageous motifs: Motifs with detrimental effects onnucleotide structure or function.

There are many motifs that fit into the category of disadvantageousmotifs. Some examples include, for example, restriction enzyme motifs,which tend to be relatively short, exact sequences such as therestriction site motifs for Xba1 (TCTAGA), EcoRI (GAATTC), EcoRII(CCWGG, wherein W means A or T, per the IUPAC ambiguity codes), orHindll (AAGCTT); enzyme sites, which tend to be longer and based onconsensus not exact sequence, such in the T7 RNA polymerase(GnnnnWnCRnCTCnCnnWnD, wherein n means any nucleotide, R means A or G, Wmeans A or T, D means A or G or T but not C) (SEQ ID NO: 197);structural motifs, such as GGGG repeats (Kim et al. (1991) Nature351(6324):331-2); or other motifs such as CUG-triplet repeats (Queridoet al. (2014) J. Cell Sci. 124:1703-1714).

Accordingly, the nucleic acid sequence encoding an IL-23, IL-36-gamma,IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide e disclosed herein can be sequenceoptimized using methods comprising substituting at least onedestabilizing motif in a reference nucleic acid sequence, and removingsuch disadvantageous motif or replacing it with an advantageous motif.

In some embodiments, the optimization process comprises identifyingadvantageous and/or disadvantageous motifs in the reference nucleicsequence, wherein such motifs are, e.g., specific subsequences that cancause a loss of stability in the reference nucleic acid sequence prioror during the optimization process. For example, substitution ofspecific bases during optimization may generate a subsequence (motif)recognized by a restriction enzyme. Accordingly, during the optimizationprocess the appearance of disadvantageous motifs can be monitored bycomparing the sequence optimized sequence with a library of motifs knownto be disadvantageous. Then, the identification of disadvantageousmotifs could be used as a post-hoc filter, i.e., to determine whether acertain modification which potentially could be introduced in thereference nucleic acid sequence should be actually implemented or not.

In some embodiments, the identification of disadvantageous motifs can beused prior to the application of the sequence optimization methodsdisclosed herein, i.e., the identification of motifs in the referencenucleic acid sequence encoding an IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40Lpolypeptide and their replacement with alternative nucleic acidsequences can be used as a preprocessing step, for example, beforeuridine reduction.

In other embodiments, the identification of disadvantageous motifs andtheir removal is used as an additional sequence optimization techniqueintegrated in a multiparametric nucleic acid optimization methodcomprising two or more of the sequence optimization methods disclosedherein. When used in this fashion, a disadvantageous motif identifiedduring the optimization process would be removed, for example, bysubstituting the lowest possible number of nucleobases in order topreserve as closely as possible the original design principle(s) (e.g.,low U, high frequency, etc.).

See, e.g., U.S. Publ. Nos. US20140228558, US20050032730, orUS20140228558, which are herein incorporated by reference in theirentireties.

e. Limited Codon Set Optimization

In some particular embodiments, sequence optimization of a referencenucleic acid sequence encoding an IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40Lpolypeptide can be conducted using a limited codon set, e.g., a codonset wherein less than the native number of codons is used to encode the20 natural amino acids, a subset of the 20 natural amino acids, or anexpanded set of amino acids including, for example, non-natural aminoacids.

The genetic code is highly similar among all organisms and can beexpressed in a simple table with 64 entries which would encode the 20standard amino acids involved in protein translation plus start and stopcodons. The genetic code is degenerate, i.e., in general, more than onecodon specifies each amino acid. For example, the amino acid leucine isspecified by the UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, or CUG codons, while the aminoacid serine is specified by UCA, UCG, UCC, UCU, AGU, or AGC codons(difference in the first, second, or third position). Native geneticcodes comprise 62 codons encoding naturally occurring amino acids. Thus,in some embodiments of the methods disclosed herein optimized codon sets(genetic codes) comprising less than 62 codons to encode 20 amino acidscan comprise 61, 60, 59, 58, 57, 56, 55, 54, 53, 52, 51, 50, 49, 48, 47,46, 45, 44, 43, 42, 41, 40, 39, 38, 37, 36, 35, 34, 33, 32, 31, 30, 30,29, 28, 27, 26, 25, 24, 23, 22, 21, or 20 codons.

In some embodiments, the limited codon set comprises less than 20codons. For example, if a protein contains less than 20 types of aminoacids, such protein could be encoded by a codon set with less than 20codons. Accordingly, in some embodiments, an optimized codon setcomprises as many codons as different types of amino acids are presentin the protein encoded by the reference nucleic acid sequence. In someembodiments, the optimized codon set comprises 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14,13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or even 1 codon.

In some embodiments, at least one amino acid selected from the groupconsisting of Ala, Arg, Asn, Asp, Cys, Gln, Glu, Gly, His, Ile, Leu,Lys, Phe, Pro, Ser, Thr, Tyr, and Val, i.e., amino acids which arenaturally encoded by more than one codon, is encoded with less codonsthan the naturally occurring number of synonymous codons. For example,in some embodiments, Ala can be encoded in the sequence optimizednucleic acid by 3, 2 or 1 codons; Cys can be encoded in the sequenceoptimized nucleic acid by 1 codon; Asp can be encoded in the sequenceoptimized nucleic acid by 1 codon; Glu can be encoded in the sequenceoptimized nucleic acid by 1 codon; Phe can be encoded in the sequenceoptimized nucleic acid by 1 codon; Gly can be encoded in the sequenceoptimized nucleic acid by 3 codons, 2 codons or 1 codon; His can beencoded in the sequence optimized nucleic acid by 1 codon; Ile can beencoded in the sequence optimized nucleic acid by 2 codons or 1 codon;Lys can be encoded in the sequence optimized nucleic acid by 1 codon;Leu can be encoded in the sequence optimized nucleic acid by 5 codons, 4codons, 3 codons, 2 codons or 1 codon; Asn can be encoded in thesequence optimized nucleic acid by 1 codon; Pro can be encoded in thesequence optimized nucleic acid by 3 codons, 2 codons, or 1 codon; Glncan be encoded in the sequence optimized nucleic acid by 1 codon; Argcan be encoded in the sequence optimized nucleic acid by 5 codons, 4codons, 3 codons, 2 codons, or 1 codon; Ser can be encoded in thesequence optimized nucleic acid by 5 codons, 4 codons, 3 codons, 2codons, or 1 codon; Thr can be encoded in the sequence optimized nucleicacid by 3 codons, 2 codons, or 1 codon; Val can be encoded in thesequence optimized nucleic acid by 3 codons, 2 codons, or 1 codon; and,Tyr can be encoded in the sequence optimized nucleic acid by 1 codon.

In some embodiments, at least one amino acid selected from the groupconsisting of Ala, Arg, Asn, Asp, Cys, Gln, Glu, Gly, His, Ile, Leu,Lys, Phe, Pro, Ser, Thr, Tyr, and Val, i.e., amino acids which arenaturally encoded by more than one codon, is encoded by a single codonin the limited codon set.

In some specific embodiments, the sequence optimized nucleic acid is aDNA and the limited codon set consists of 20 codons, wherein each codonencodes one of 20 amino acids. In some embodiments, the sequenceoptimized nucleic acid is a DNA and the limited codon set comprises atleast one codon selected from the group consisting of GCT, GCC, GCA, andGCG; at least a codon selected from the group consisting of CGT, CGC,CGA, CGG, AGA, and AGG; at least a codon selected from AAT or ACC; atleast a codon selected from GAT or GAC; at least a codon selected fromTGT or TGC; at least a codon selected from CAA or CAG; at least a codonselected from GAA or GAG; at least a codon selected from the groupconsisting of GGT, GGC, GGA, and GGG; at least a codon selected from CATor CAC; at least a codon selected from the group consisting of ATT, ATC,and ATA; at least a codon selected from the group consisting of TTA,TTG, CTT, CTC, CTA, and CTG; at least a codon selected from AAA or AAG;an ATG codon; at least a codon selected from TTT or TTC; at least acodon selected from the group consisting of CCT, CCC, CCA, and CCG; atleast a codon selected from the group consisting of TCT, TCC, TCA, TCG,AGT, and AGC; at least a codon selected from the group consisting ofACT, ACC, ACA, and ACG; a TGG codon; at least a codon selected from TATor TAC; and, at least a codon selected from the group consisting of GTT,GTC, GTA, and GTG.

In other embodiments, the sequence optimized nucleic acid is an RNA(e.g., an mRNA) and the limited codon set consists of 20 codons, whereineach codon encodes one of 20 amino acids. In some embodiments, thesequence optimized nucleic acid is an RNA and the limited codon setcomprises at least one codon selected from the group consisting of GCU,GCC, GCA, and GCG; at least a codon selected from the group consistingof CGU, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, and AGG; at least a codon selected from AAUor ACC; at least a codon selected from GAU or GAC; at least a codonselected from UGU or UGC; at least a codon selected from CAA or CAG; atleast a codon selected from GAA or GAG; at least a codon selected fromthe group consisting of GGU, GGC, GGA, and GGG; at least a codonselected from CAU or CAC; at least a codon selected from the groupconsisting of AUU, AUC, and AUA; at least a codon selected from thegroup consisting of UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, and CUG; at least a codonselected from AAA or AAG; an AUG codon; at least a codon selected fromUUU or UUC; at least a codon selected from the group consisting of CCU,CCC, CCA, and CCG; at least a codon selected from the group consistingof UCU, UCC, UCA, UCG, AGU, and AGC; at least a codon selected from thegroup consisting of ACU, ACC, ACA, and ACG; a UGG codon; at least acodon selected from UAU or UAC; and, at least a codon selected from thegroup consisting of GUU, GUC, GUA, and GUG.

In some specific embodiments, the limited codon set has been optimizedfor in vivo expression of a sequence optimized nucleic acid (e.g., asynthetic mRNA) following administration to a certain tissue or cell.

In some embodiments, the optimized codon set (e.g., a 20 codon setencoding 20 amino acids) complies at least with one of the followingproperties:

(i) the optimized codon set has a higher average G/C content than theoriginal or native codon set; or,

(ii) the optimized codon set has a lower average U content than theoriginal or native codon set; or,

(iii) the optimized codon set is composed of codons with the highestfrequency; or,

(iv) the optimized codon set is composed of codons with the lowestfrequency; or,

(v) a combination thereof.

In some specific embodiments, at least one codon in the optimized codonset has the second highest, the third highest, the fourth highest, thefifth highest or the sixth highest frequency in the synonymous codonset. In some specific embodiments, at least one codon in the optimizedcodon has the second lowest, the third lowest, the fourth lowest, thefifth lowest, or the sixth lowest frequency in the synonymous codon set.

As used herein, the term “native codon set” refers to the codon set usednatively by the source organism to encode the reference nucleic acidsequence. As used herein, the term “original codon set” refers to thecodon set used to encode the reference nucleic acid sequence before thebeginning of sequence optimization, or to a codon set used to encode anoptimized variant of the reference nucleic acid sequence at thebeginning of a new optimization iteration when sequence optimization isapplied iteratively or recursively.

In some embodiments, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%,55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% of codons in thecodon set are those with the highest frequency. In other embodiments,5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%,75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% of codons in the codon set are thosewith the lowest frequency.

In some embodiments, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%,55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% of codons in thecodon set are those with the highest uridine content. In someembodiments, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%,65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% of codons in the codon set arethose with the lowest uridine content.

In some embodiments, the average G/C content (absolute or relative) ofthe codon set is 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%,60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% higher than the averageG/C content (absolute or relative) of the original codon set. In someembodiments, the average G/C content (absolute or relative) of the codonset is 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%,70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% lower than the average G/C content(absolute or relative) of the original codon set.

In some embodiments, the uracil content (absolute or relative) of thecodon set is 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%,65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% higher than the average uracilcontent (absolute or relative) of the original codon set. In someembodiments, the uracil content (absolute or relative) of the codon setis 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%,75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% lower than the average uracil content(absolute or relative) of the original codon set.

See also U.S. Appl. Publ. No. 2011/0082055, and Int'l. Publ. No.WO2000018778, both of which are incorporated herein by reference intheir entireties.

VIII. Characterization of Sequence Optimized Nucleic Acids

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the polynucleotide (e.g., a RNA,e.g., an mRNA) comprising a sequence optimized nucleic acid disclosedherein encoding an IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptidecan be can be tested to determine whether at least one nucleic acidsequence property (e.g., stability when exposed to nucleases) orexpression property has been improved with respect to the non-sequenceoptimized nucleic acid.

As used herein, “expression property” refers to a property of a nucleicacid sequence either in vivo (e.g., translation efficacy of a syntheticmRNA after administration to a subject in need thereof) or in vitro(e.g., translation efficacy of a synthetic mRNA tested in an in vitromodel system). Expression properties include but are not limited to theamount of protein produced by an mRNA encoding an IL-23, IL-36-gamma,IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide after administration, and the amount ofsoluble or otherwise functional protein produced. In some embodiments,sequence optimized nucleic acids disclosed herein can be evaluatedaccording to the viability of the cells expressing a protein encoded bya sequence optimized nucleic acid sequence (e.g., a RNA, e.g., an mRNA)encoding an IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide disclosedherein.

In a particular embodiment, a plurality of sequence optimized nucleicacids disclosed herein (e.g., a RNA, e.g., an mRNA) containing codonsubstitutions with respect to the non-optimized reference nucleic acidsequence can be characterized functionally to measure a property ofinterest, for example an expression property in an in vitro modelsystem, or in vivo in a target tissue or cell.

a. Optimization of Nucleic Acid Sequence Intrinsic Properties

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the desired property of thepolynucleotide is an intrinsic property of the nucleic acid sequence.For example, the nucleotide sequence (e.g., a RNA, e.g., an mRNA) can besequence optimized for in vivo or in vitro stability. In someembodiments, the nucleotide sequence can be sequence optimized forexpression in a particular target tissue or cell. In some embodiments,the nucleic acid sequence is sequence optimized to increase its plasmahalf by preventing its degradation by endo and exonucleases.

In other embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence is sequence optimized toincrease its resistance to hydrolysis in solution, for example, tolengthen the time that the sequence optimized nucleic acid or apharmaceutical composition comprising the sequence optimized nucleicacid can be stored under aqueous conditions with minimal degradation.

In other embodiments, the sequence optimized nucleic acid can beoptimized to increase its resistance to hydrolysis in dry storageconditions, for example, to lengthen the time that the sequenceoptimized nucleic acid can be stored after lyophilization with minimaldegradation.

b. Nucleic Acids Sequence Optimized for Protein Expression

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the desired property of thepolynucleotide is the level of expression of an IL-23, IL-36-gamma,IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide encoded by a sequence optimized sequencedisclosed herein. Protein expression levels can be measured using one ormore expression systems. In some embodiments, expression can be measuredin cell culture systems, e.g., CHO cells or HEK293 cells. In someembodiments, expression can be measured using in vitro expressionsystems prepared from extracts of living cells, e.g., rabbitreticulocyte lysates, or in vitro expression systems prepared byassembly of purified individual components. In other embodiments, theprotein expression is measured in an in vivo system, e.g., mouse,rabbit, monkey, etc.

In some embodiments, protein expression in solution form can bedesirable. Accordingly, in some embodiments, a reference sequence can besequence optimized to yield a sequence optimized nucleic acid sequencehaving optimized levels of expressed proteins in soluble form. Levels ofprotein expression and other properties such as solubility, levels ofaggregation, and the presence of truncation products (i.e., fragmentsdue to proteolysis, hydrolysis, or defective translation) can bemeasured according to methods known in the art, for example, usingelectrophoresis (e.g., native or SDS-PAGE) or chromatographic methods(e.g., HPLC, size exclusion chromatography, etc.).

c. Optimization of Target Tissue or Target Cell Viability

In some embodiments, the expression of heterologous therapeutic proteinsencoded by a nucleic acid sequence can have deleterious effects in thetarget tissue or cell, reducing protein yield, or reducing the qualityof the expressed product (e.g., due to the presence of protein fragmentsor precipitation of the expressed protein in inclusion bodies), orcausing toxicity.

Accordingly, in some embodiments of the disclosure, the sequenceoptimization of a nucleic acid sequence disclosed herein, e.g., anucleic acid sequence encoding an IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40Lpolypeptide, can be used to increase the viability of target cellsexpressing the protein encoded by the sequence optimized nucleic acid.

Heterologous protein expression can also be deleterious to cellstransfected with a nucleic acid sequence for autologous or heterologoustransplantation. Accordingly, in some embodiments of the presentdisclosure the sequence optimization of a nucleic acid sequencedisclosed herein can be used to increase the viability of target cellsexpressing the protein encoded by the sequence optimized nucleic acidsequence. Changes in cell or tissue viability, toxicity, and otherphysiological reaction can be measured according to methods known in theart.

d. Reduction of Immune and/or Inflammatory Response

In some cases, the administration of a sequence optimized nucleic acidencoding an IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide or afunctional fragment thereof may trigger an immune response, which couldbe caused by (i) the therapeutic agent (e.g., an mRNA encoding an IL-23,IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide), or (ii) the expressionproduct of such therapeutic agent (e.g., the IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18and/or OX40L polypeptide encoded by the mRNA), or (iv) a combinationthereof. Accordingly, in some embodiments of the present disclosure thesequence optimization of nucleic acid sequence (e.g., an mRNA) disclosedherein can be used to decrease an immune or inflammatory responsetriggered by the administration of a nucleic acid encoding an IL-23,IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide or by the expression productof IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide encoded by suchnucleic acid.

In some aspects, an inflammatory response can be measured by detectingincreased levels of one or more inflammatory cytokines using methodsknown in the art, e.g., ELISA. The term “inflammatory cytokine” refersto cytokines that are elevated in an inflammatory response. Examples ofinflammatory cytokines include interleukin-6 (IL-6), CXCL1 (chemokine(C-X-C motif) ligand 1; also known as GROα, interferon-γ (IFNγ), tumornecrosis factor α (TNFα), interferon γ-induced protein 10 (IP-10), orgranulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF). The term inflammatorycytokines includes also other cytokines associated with inflammatoryresponses known in the art, e.g., interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-8(IL-8), interleukin-13 (IL-13), interferon α (IFN-α), etc.

IX. Polynucleotides Encoding Immune Modulatory Polypeptides ComprisingmicroRNA Binding Sites

The polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) encoding an IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18and/or OX40L polypeptide can further comprise one or more microRNAbinding sites. microRNAs (or miRNA) are 19-25 nucleotides long noncodingRNAs that bind to the 3′UTR of nucleic acid molecules and down-regulategene expression either by reducing nucleic acid molecule stability or byinhibiting translation.

The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions andformulations that comprise any of the polyribonucleotides describedabove. In some embodiments, the composition or formulation furthercomprises a delivery agent.

In some embodiments, the composition or formulation can contain apolyribonucleotide comprising a sequence optimized nucleic acid sequencedisclosed herein which encodes a polypeptide. In some embodiments, thecomposition or formulation can contain a polyribonucleotide (e.g., aRNA, e.g., an mRNA) comprising a polyribonucleotide (e.g., an ORF)having significant sequence identity to a sequence optimized nucleicacid sequence disclosed herein which encodes a polypeptide. In someembodiments, the polyribonucleotide further comprises a miRNA bindingsite, e.g., a miRNA binding site that binds miR-122.

By engineering microRNA target sequences into the polynucleotides (e.g.,in a 3′UTR like region or other region) of the disclosure, one cantarget the molecule for degradation or reduced translation, provided themicroRNA in question is available. This can reduce off-target effectsupon delivery of the polyribonucleotide. For example, if apolyribonucleotide of the invention is not intended to be delivered to atissue or cell but ends up is said tissue or cell, then a miRNA abundantin the tissue or cell can inhibit the expression of the gene of interestif one or multiple binding sites of the miRNA are engineered into the5′UTR and/or 3′UTR of the polyribonucleotide. Thus, in some embodiments,incorporation of one or more miRNA binding sites into an mRNA of thedisclosure may reduce the hazard of off-target effects upon nucleic acidmolecule delivery and/or enable tissue-specific regulation of expressionof a polypeptide encoded by the mRNA. In yet other embodiments,incorporation of one or more miRNA binding sites into an mRNA of thedisclosure can modulate immune responses upon nucleic acid delivery invivo. In further embodiments, incorporation of one or more miRNA bindingsites into an mRNA of the disclosure can modulate accelerated bloodclearance (ABC) of lipid-comprising compounds and compositions describedherein.

Conversely, miRNA binding sites can be removed from polyribonucleotidesequences in which they naturally occur in order to increase proteinexpression in specific tissues. For example, a binding site for aspecific miRNA can be removed from a polyribonucleotide to improveprotein expression in tissues or cells containing the miRNA.

microRNAs derive enzymatically from regions of RNA transcripts that foldback on themselves to form short hairpin structures often termed apre-miRNA (precursor-miRNA). A pre-miRNA typically has a two-nucleotideoverhang at its 3′ end, and has 3′ hydroxyl and 5′ phosphate groups.This precursor-mRNA is processed in the nucleus and subsequentlytransported to the cytoplasm where it is further processed by DICER (aRNase III enzyme), to form a mature microRNA of approximately 22nucleotides. The mature microRNA is then incorporated into a ribonuclearparticle to form the RNA-induced silencing complex, RISC, which mediatesgene silencing. Art-recognized nomenclature for mature miRNAs typicallydesignates the arm of the pre-miRNA from which the mature miRNA derives;“5p” means the microRNA is from the 5 prime arm of the pre-miRNA hairpinand “3p” means the microRNA is from the 3 prime end of the pre-miRNAhairpin. A miR referred to by number herein can refer to either of thetwo mature microRNAs originating from opposite arms of the samepre-miRNA (e.g., either the 3p or 5p microRNA). All miRs referred toherein are intended to include both the 3p and 5p arms/sequences, unlessparticularly specified by the 3p or 5p designation.

In one embodiment, the miRNA binding site (e.g., miR-122 binding site)binds to the corresponding mature miRNA that is part of an activeRNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) containing Dicer. In anotherembodiment, binding of the miRNA binding site to the corresponding miRNAin RISC degrades the mRNA containing the miRNA binding site or preventsthe mRNA from being translated.

As used herein, the term “microRNA binding site” refers to a microRNAtarget site or a microRNA recognition site, or any nucleotide sequenceto which a microRNA binds or associates. It should be understood that“binding” can follow traditional Watson-Crick hybridization rules or canreflect any stable association of the microRNA with the target sequenceat or adjacent to the microRNA site.

Some microRNAs, e.g., miR-122, are abundant in normal tissue but arepresent in much lower levels in cancer or tumor tissue. Thus,engineering microRNA target sequences (i.e., microRNA binding site) intothe polynucleotides encoding an IL-23 and/or IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or athird protein (e.g., OX40L polypeptide) (e.g., in a 3′UTR like region orother region) can effectively target the molecule for degradation orreduced translation in normal tissue (where the microRNA is abundant)while providing high levels of translation in the cancer or tumor tissue(where the microRNA is present in much lower levels). This provides atumor-targeting approach for the methods and compositions of thedisclosure.

In some embodiments, the microRNA binding site (e.g., miR-122 bindingsite) is fully complementary to miRNA (e.g., miR-122), thereby degradingthe mRNA fused to the miRNA binding site. In other embodiments, themiRNA binding site is not fully complementary to the correspondingmiRNA. In certain embodiments, the miRNA binding site (e.g., miR-122binding site) is the same length as the corresponding miRNA (e.g.,miR-122). In other embodiments, the microRNA binding site (e.g., miR-122binding site) is one nucleotide shorter than the corresponding microRNA(e.g., miR-122, which has 22 nts) at the 5′ terminus, the 3′ terminus,or both. In still other embodiments, the microRNA binding site (e.g.,miR-122 binding site) is two nucleotides shorter than the correspondingmicroRNA (e.g., miR-122) at the 5′ terminus, the 3′ terminus, or both.In yet other embodiments, the microRNA binding site (e.g., miR-122binding site) is three nucleotides shorter than the correspondingmicroRNA (e.g., miR-122) at the 5′ terminus, the 3′ terminus, or both.In some embodiments, the microRNA binding site (e.g., miR-122 bindingsite) is four nucleotides shorter than the corresponding microRNA (e.g.,miR-122) at the 5′ terminus, the 3′ terminus, or both. In otherembodiments, the microRNA binding site (e.g., miR-122 binding site) isfive nucleotides shorter than the corresponding microRNA (e.g., miR-122)at the 5′ terminus, the 3′ terminus, or both. In some embodiments, themicroRNA binding site (e.g., miR-122 binding site) is six nucleotidesshorter than the corresponding microRNA (e.g., miR-122) at the 5′terminus, the 3′ terminus, or both. In other embodiments, the microRNAbinding site (e.g., miR-122 binding site) is seven nucleotides shorterthan the corresponding microRNA (e.g., miR-122) at the 5′ terminus orthe 3′ terminus. In other embodiments, the microRNA binding site (e.g.,miR-122 binding site) is eight nucleotides shorter than thecorresponding microRNA (e.g., miR-122) at the 5′ terminus or the 3′terminus. In other embodiments, the microRNA binding site (e.g., miR-122binding site) is nine nucleotides shorter than the correspondingmicroRNA (e.g., miR-122) at the 5′ terminus or the 3′ terminus. In otherembodiments, the microRNA binding site (e.g., miR-122 binding site) isten nucleotides shorter than the corresponding microRNA (e.g., miR-122)at the 5′ terminus or the 3′ terminus. In other embodiments, themicroRNA binding site (e.g., miR-122 binding site) is eleven nucleotidesshorter than the corresponding microRNA (e.g., miR-122) at the 5′terminus or the 3′ terminus. In other embodiments, the microRNA bindingsite (e.g., miR-122 binding site) is twelve nucleotides shorter than thecorresponding microRNA (e.g., miR-122) at the 5′ terminus or the 3′terminus. The miRNA binding sites that are shorter than thecorresponding miRNAs are still capable of degrading the mRNAincorporating one or more of the miRNA binding sites or preventing themRNA from translation.

In some embodiments, the microRNA binding site (e.g., miR-122 bindingsite) has sufficient complementarity to miRNA (e.g., miR-122) so that aRISC complex comprising the miRNA (e.g., miR-122) cleaves thepolynucleotide comprising the microRNA binding site. In otherembodiments, the microRNA binding site (e.g., miR-122 binding site) hasimperfect complementarity so that a RISC complex comprising the miRNA(e.g., miR-122) induces instability in the polynucleotide comprising themicroRNA binding site. In another embodiment, the microRNA binding site(e.g., miR-122 binding site) has imperfect complementarity so that aRISC complex comprising the miRNA (e.g., miR-122) repressestranscription of the polynucleotide comprising the microRNA bindingsite.

A miRNA binding site having sufficient complementarity to a miRNA refersto a degree of complementarity sufficient to facilitate miRNA-mediatedregulation of a polyribonucleotide, e.g., miRNA-mediated translationalrepression or degradation of the polyribonucleotide. In exemplaryaspects of the invention, a miRNA binding site having sufficientcomplementarity to the miRNA refers to a degree of complementaritysufficient to facilitate miRNA-mediated degradation of thepolyribonucleotide, e.g., miRNA-guided RNA-induced silencing complex(RISC)-mediated cleavage of mRNA. The miRNA binding site can havecomplementarity to, for example, a 19-25 nucleotide long miRNA sequence,to a long 19-23 nucleotide miRNA sequence, or to a long 22 nucleotidemiRNA sequence. A miRNA binding site can be complementary to only aportion of a miRNA, e.g., to a portion less than 1, 2, 3, or 4nucleotides of the full length of a naturally-occurring miRNA sequence,or to a portion less than 1, 2, 3, or 4 nucleotides shorter than anaturally-occurring miRNA sequence (such an miRNA binding site has“imperfect complementarity”). Full or complete complementarity (e.g.,full complementarity or complete complementarity over all or asignificant portion of the length of a naturally-occurring miRNA) ispreferred when the desired regulation is mRNA degradation.

In one embodiment, the miRNA binding site (e.g., miR-122 binding site)has one mismatch from the corresponding miRNA (e.g., miR-122). Inanother embodiment, the miRNA binding site has two mismatches from thecorresponding miRNA. In other embodiments, the miRNA binding site hasthree mismatches from the corresponding miRNA. In other embodiments, themiRNA binding site has four mismatches from the corresponding miRNA. Insome embodiments, the miRNA binding site has five mismatches from thecorresponding miRNA. In other embodiments, the miRNA binding site hassix mismatches from the corresponding miRNA. In certain embodiments, themiRNA binding site has seven mismatches from the corresponding miRNA. Inother embodiments, the miRNA binding site has eight mismatches from thecorresponding miRNA. In other embodiments, the miRNA binding site hasnine mismatches from the corresponding miRNA. In other embodiments, themiRNA binding site has ten mismatches from the corresponding miRNA. Inother embodiments, the miRNA binding site has eleven mismatches from thecorresponding miRNA. In other embodiments, the miRNA binding site hastwelve mismatches from the corresponding miRNA.

In certain embodiments, the miRNA binding site (e.g., miR-122 bindingsite) has at least about ten contiguous nucleotides complementary to atleast about ten contiguous nucleotides of the corresponding miRNA (e.g.,miR-122), at least about eleven contiguous nucleotides complementary toat least about eleven contiguous nucleotides of the corresponding miRNA,at least about twelve contiguous nucleotides complementary to at leastabout twelve contiguous nucleotides of the corresponding miRNA, at leastabout thirteen contiguous nucleotides complementary to at least aboutthirteen contiguous nucleotides of the corresponding miRNA, or at leastabout fourteen contiguous nucleotides complementary to at least aboutfourteen contiguous nucleotides of the corresponding miRNA. In someembodiments, the miRNA binding sites have at least about fifteencontiguous nucleotides complementary to at least about fifteencontiguous nucleotides of the corresponding miRNA, at least aboutsixteen contiguous nucleotides complementary to at least about sixteencontiguous nucleotides of the corresponding miRNA, at least aboutseventeen contiguous nucleotides complementary to at least aboutseventeen contiguous nucleotides of the corresponding miRNA, at leastabout eighteen contiguous nucleotides complementary to at least abouteighteen contiguous nucleotides of the corresponding miRNA, at leastabout nineteen contiguous nucleotides complementary to at least aboutnineteen contiguous nucleotides of the corresponding miRNA, at leastabout twenty contiguous nucleotides complementary to at least abouttwenty contiguous nucleotides of the corresponding miRNA, or at leastabout twenty one contiguous nucleotides complementary to at least abouttwenty one contiguous nucleotides of the corresponding miRNA.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotides comprise an mRNA encoding anIL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide and at least onemiR-122 binding site, at least two miR-122 binding sites, at least threemiR-122 binding sites, at least four miR-122 binding sites, or at leastfive miR-122 binding sites. In one aspect, the miRNA binding site bindsmiR-122 or is complementary to miR-122. In another aspect, the miRNAbinding site binds to miR-122-3p or miR-122-5p. In a particular aspect,the miRNA binding site comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 80%, atleast 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO:24, wherein the miRNA binding site binds to miR-122. In anotherparticular aspect, the miRNA binding site comprises a nucleotidesequence at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 26, wherein the miRNA binding site binds tomiR-122. These sequences are shown below in TABLE 2.

TABLE 2 miR-122 and miR-122 binding sites SEQ ID NO. DescriptionSequence SEQ ID NO: 22 miR-122 CCUUAGCAGAGCUGUGGAGUGUGACAAUGGUGUUUGUGUCUAAACUAUCAAACGCCAUUAUCACACUAAAUAGCUA CUGCUAGGC SEQ ID NO: 23miR-122-3p AACGCCAUUAUCACACUAAAUA SEQ ID NO: 24 miR-122-3pUAUUUAGUGUGAUAAUGGCGUU binding site SEQ ID NO: 25 miR-122-5pUGGAGUGUGACAAUGGUGUUUG SEQ ID NO: 26 miR-122-5p CAAACACCAUUGUCACACUCCAbinding site

In some embodiments, a miRNA binding site (e.g., miR-122 binding site)is inserted in the polynucleotide of the disclosure in any position ofthe polynucleotide (e.g., 3′ UTR); the insertion site in thepolynucleotide can be anywhere in the polynucleotide as long as theinsertion of the miRNA binding site in the polynucleotide does notinterfere with the translation of the functional IL-23, IL-36-gamma,IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide in the absence of the corresponding miRNA(e.g., miR-122); and in the presence of the miRNA (e.g., miR-122), theinsertion of the miRNA binding site in the polynucleotide and thebinding of the miRNA binding site to the corresponding miRNA are capableof degrading the polynucleotide or preventing the translation of thepolynucleotide. In one embodiment, a miRNA binding site is inserted in a3′UTR of the polynucleotide.

In certain embodiments, a miRNA binding site is inserted in at leastabout 30 nucleotides downstream from the stop codon of the IL-23,IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide encoding mRNA. In otherembodiments, a miRNA binding site is inserted in at least about 10nucleotides, at least about 15 nucleotides, at least about 20nucleotides, at least about 25 nucleotides, at least about 30nucleotides, at least about 35 nucleotides, at least about 40nucleotides, at least about 45 nucleotides, at least about 50nucleotides, at least about 55 nucleotides, at least about 60nucleotides, at least about 65 nucleotides, at least about 70nucleotides, at least about 75 nucleotides, at least about 80nucleotides, at least about 85 nucleotides, at least about 90nucleotides, at least about 95 nucleotides, or at least about 100nucleotides downstream from the stop codon of the polynucleotide, e.g.,the IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide encoding mRNA. Inother embodiments, a miRNA binding site is inserted in about 10nucleotides to about 100 nucleotides, about 20 nucleotides to about 90nucleotides, about 30 nucleotides to about 80 nucleotides, about 40nucleotides to about 70 nucleotides, about 50 nucleotides to about 60nucleotides, about 45 nucleotides to about 65 nucleotides downstreamfrom the stop codon of the polynucleotide, e.g., the IL-23, IL-36-gamma,IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide encoding mRNA.

IVT Polynucleotide Architecture

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide of the present disclosurecomprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40Lpolypeptide is an IVT polynucleotide. Traditionally, the basiccomponents of an mRNA molecule include at least a coding region, a5′UTR, a 3′UTR, a 5′ cap and a poly-A tail. The IVT polynucleotides ofthe present disclosure can function as mRNA but are distinguished fromwild-type mRNA in their functional and/or structural design featureswhich serve, e.g., to overcome existing problems of effectivepolypeptide production using nucleic-acid based therapeutics.

The primary construct of an IVT polynucleotide comprises a first regionof linked nucleotides that is flanked by a first flanking region and asecond flaking region. This first region can include, but is not limitedto, the encoded IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide. Thefirst flanking region can include a sequence of linked nucleosides whichfunction as a 5′ untranslated region (UTR) such as the 5′ UTR of any ofthe nucleic acids encoding the native 5′ UTR of the polypeptide or anon-native 5′UTR such as, but not limited to, a heterologous 5′ UTR or asynthetic 5′ UTR. The IVT encoding an IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/orOX40L polypeptide can comprise at its 5 terminus a signal sequenceregion encoding one or more signal sequences. The flanking region cancomprise a region of linked nucleotides comprising one or more completeor incomplete 5′ UTRs sequences. The flanking region can also comprise a5′ terminal cap. The second flanking region can comprise a region oflinked nucleotides comprising one or more complete or incomplete 3′ UTRswhich can encode the native 3′ UTR of IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/orOX40L polypeptide or a non-native 3′ UTR such as, but not limited to, aheterologous 3′ UTR or a synthetic 3′ UTR. The flanking region can alsocomprise a 3′ tailing sequence. The 3′ tailing sequence can be, but isnot limited to, a polyA tail, a polyA-G quartet and/or a stem loopsequence.

Bridging the 5′ terminus of the first region and the first flankingregion is a first operational region. Traditionally, this operationalregion comprises a Start codon. The operational region can alternativelycomprise any translation initiation sequence or signal including a Startcodon.

Bridging the 3′ terminus of the first region and the second flankingregion is a second operational region. Traditionally this operationalregion comprises a Stop codon. The operational region can alternativelycomprise any translation initiation sequence or signal including a Stopcodon. Multiple serial stop codons can also be used in the IVTpolynucleotide. In some embodiments, the operation region of the presentdisclosure can comprise two stop codons. The first stop codon can be“TGA” or “UGA” and the second stop codon can be selected from the groupconsisting of “TAA,” “TGA,” “TAG,” “UAA,” “UGA” or “UAG.”

The IVT polynucleotide primary construct comprises a first region oflinked nucleotides that is flanked by a first flanking region and asecond flaking region. As used herein, the “first region” can bereferred to as a “coding region” or “region encoding” or simply the“first region.” This first region can include, but is not limited to,the encoded polypeptide of interest. In one aspect, the first region caninclude, but is not limited to, the open reading frame encoding at leastone polypeptide of interest. The open reading frame can be codonoptimized in whole or in part. The flanking region can comprise a regionof linked nucleotides comprising one or more complete or incomplete 5′UTRs sequences which can be completely codon optimized or partiallycodon optimized. The flanking region can include at least one nucleicacid sequence including, but not limited to, miR sequences, TERZAK™sequences and translation control sequences. The flanking region canalso comprise a 5′ terminal cap 138. The 5′ terminal capping region caninclude a naturally occurring cap, a synthetic cap or an optimized cap.The second flanking region can comprise a region of linked nucleotidescomprising one or more complete or incomplete 3′ UTRs. The secondflanking region can be completely codon optimized or partially codonoptimized. The flanking region can include at least one nucleic acidsequence including, but not limited to, miR sequences and translationcontrol sequences. After the second flanking region the polynucleotideprimary construct can comprise a 3′ tailing sequence. The 3′ tailingsequence can include a synthetic tailing region and/or a chainterminating nucleoside. Non-liming examples of a synthetic tailingregion include a polyA sequence, a polyC sequence, a polyA-G quartet.Non-limiting examples of chain terminating nucleosides include 2′-Omethyl, F and locked nucleic acids (LNA).

Bridging the 5′ terminus of the first region and the first flankingregion is a first operational region. Traditionally this operationalregion comprises a Start codon. The operational region can alternativelycomprise any translation initiation sequence or signal including a Startcodon.

Bridging the 3′ terminus of the first region and the second flankingregion is a second operational region. Traditionally this operationalregion comprises a Stop codon. The operational region can alternativelycomprise any translation initiation sequence or signal including a Stopcodon. According to the present disclosure, multiple serial stop codonscan also be used.

In some embodiments, the first and second flanking regions of the IVTpolynucleotide can range independently from 15-1,000 nucleotides inlength (e.g., greater than 30, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120,140, 160, 180, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900,1,000, 1,500, 2,000, 2,500, 3,000, 3,500, 4,000, 4,500, 5,000, 5,500nucleotides or at least 30, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120,140, 160, 180, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900,1,000, 1,500, 2,000, 2,500, 3,000, 3,500, 4,000, 4,500, 5,000, 5,500nucleotides).

In some embodiments, the tailing sequence of the IVT polynucleotide canrange from absent to 500 nucleotides in length (e.g., at least 60, 70,80, 90, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500nucleotides). Where the tailing region is a polyA tail, the length canbe determined in units of or as a function of polyA Binding Proteinbinding. In this embodiment, the polyA tail is long enough to bind atleast 4 monomers of PolyA Binding Protein. PolyA Binding Proteinmonomers bind to stretches of approximately 38 nucleotides. As such, ithas been observed that polyA tails of about 80 nucleotides and 160nucleotides are functional.

In some embodiments, the capping region of the IVT polynucleotide cancomprise a single cap or a series of nucleotides forming the cap. Inthis embodiment the capping region can be from 1 to 10, e.g. 2-9, 3-8,4-7, 1-5, 5-10, or at least 2, or 10 or fewer nucleotides in length. Insome embodiments, the cap is absent.

In some embodiments, the first and second operational regions of the IVTpolynucleotide can range from 3 to 40, e.g., 5-30, 10-20, 15, or atleast 4, or 30 or fewer nucleotides in length and can comprise, inaddition to a Start and/or Stop codon, one or more signal and/orrestriction sequences.

In some embodiments, the IVT polynucleotides can be structurallymodified or chemically modified. When the IVT polynucleotides arechemically and/or structurally modified the polynucleotides can bereferred to as “modified IVT polynucleotides.”

In some embodiments, if the IVT polynucleotides are chemically modifiedthey can have a uniform chemical modification of all or any of the samenucleoside type or a population of modifications produced by meredownward titration of the same starting modification in all or any ofthe same nucleoside type, or a measured percent of a chemicalmodification of all any of the same nucleoside type but with randomincorporation, such as where all uridines are replaced by a uridineanalog, e.g., pseudouridine or 5-methoxyuridine. In another embodiment,the IVT polynucleotides can have a uniform chemical modification of two,three, or four of the same nucleoside type throughout the entirepolynucleotide (such as all uridines and all cytosines, etc. aremodified in the same way).

In some embodiments, the IVT polynucleotides can include a sequenceencoding a self-cleaving peptide, described herein, such as but notlimited to the 2A peptide. The polynucleotide sequence of the 2A peptidein the IVT polynucleotide can be modified or codon optimized by themethods described herein and/or are known in the art. In someembodiments, this sequence can be used to separate the coding region oftwo or more polypeptides of interest in the IVT polynucleotide.

Chimeric Polynucleotide Architecture

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide of the present disclosure is achimeric polynucleotide. The chimeric polynucleotides or RNA constructsdisclosed herein maintain a modular organization similar to IVTpolynucleotides, but the chimeric polynucleotides comprise one or morestructural and/or chemical modifications or alterations which impartuseful properties to the polynucleotide. As such, the chimericpolynucleotides which are modified mRNA molecules of the presentdisclosure are termed “chimeric modified mRNA” or “chimeric mRNA.”

Chimeric polynucleotides have portions or regions which differ in sizeand/or chemical modification pattern, chemical modification position,chemical modification percent or chemical modification population andcombinations of the foregoing.

Examples of parts or regions, where the chimeric polynucleotidefunctions as an mRNA and encodes an IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/orOX40L polypeptide, but is not limited to, untranslated regions (UTRs,such as the 5′ UTR or 3′ UTR), coding regions, cap regions, polyA tailregions, start regions, stop regions, signal sequence regions, andcombinations thereof. Regions or parts that join or lie between otherregions can also be designed to have subregions.

In some embodiments, the chimeric polynucleotides of the disclosure havea structure comprising Formula X.

5′[An]x-L1-[Bo]y-L2-[Cp]z-L3 3′   Formula X

wherein:each of A and B independently comprise a region of linked nucleosides;either A or B or both A and B encode an IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/orOX40L polypeptide described elsewhere herein;C is an optional region of linked nucleosides;at least one of regions A, B, or C is positionally modified, whereinsaid positionally modified region comprises at least two chemicallymodified nucleosides of one or more of the same nucleoside type ofadenosine, thymidine, guanosine, cytidine, or uridine, and wherein atleast two of the chemical modifications of nucleosides of the same typeare different chemical modifications;n, o and p are independently an integer between 15-1000;x and y are independently 1-20;z is 0-5;L1 and L2 are independently optional linker moieties, said linkermoieties being either nucleic acid based or non-nucleic acid based; andL3 is an optional conjugate or an optional linker moiety, said linkermoiety being either nucleic acid based or non-nucleic acid based.

In some embodiments, at least one of the regions of linked nucleosidesof A comprises a sequence of linked nucleosides which can function as a5′ untranslated region (UTR). The sequence of linked nucleosides can bea natural or synthetic 5′ UTR. As a non-limiting example, the chimericpolynucleotide can encode an IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40Lpolypeptide, and the sequence of linked nucleosides of A can encode thenative 5′ UTR of the IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptideor a non-heterologous 5′ UTR such as, but not limited to a syntheticUTR.

In another embodiment, at least one of the regions of linked nucleosidesof A is a cap region. The cap region can be located 5′ to a region oflinked nucleosides of A functioning as a 5′UTR. The cap region cancomprise at least one cap such as, but not limited to, Cap0, Cap1, ARCA,inosine, N1-methyl-guanosine, 2′fluoro-guanosine, 7-deaza-guanosine,8-oxo-guanosine, 2-amino-guanosine, LNA-guanosine, 2-azido-guanosine,Cap2 and Cap4.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide of the disclosure comprises aCap1 5′UTR. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide comprising 5′UTRsequence, e.g., Cap1, for encoding an IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/orOX40L polypeptide disclosed herein increases expression of IL-23,IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide compared to polynucleotidesencoding IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide comprising adifferent 5′UTR (e.g., Cap0, ARCA, inosine, N1-methyl-guanosine,2′fluoro-guanosine, 7-deaza-guanosine, 8-oxo-guanosine,2-amino-guanosine, LNA-guanosine, 2-azido-guanosine, Cap2 or Cap4). Insome embodiments, a polynucleotide comprises the Cap1 5′UTR, wherein thepolynucleotide encodes an IL-23, IL-36-gamma and/or OX40L polypeptide.In some embodiments, polynucleotide comprising the Cap 1 5′UTR,increases IL-23, IL-36-gamma and/or OX40L polypeptide expression.

In some embodiments, at least one of the regions of linked nucleosidesof B comprises at least one open reading frame of a nucleic acidsequence encoding an IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide.The nucleic acid sequence can be codon optimized and/or comprise atleast one modification.

In some embodiments, at least one of the regions of linked nucleosidesof C comprises a sequence of linked nucleosides which can function as a3′ UTR. The sequence of linked nucleosides can be a natural or synthetic3′ UTR. As a non-limiting example, the chimeric polynucleotide canencode an IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide, and thesequence of linked nucleosides of C can encode the native 3′ UTR of anIL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide or a non-heterologous3′ UTR such as, but not limited to a synthetic UTR.

In some embodiments, at least one of the regions of linked nucleosidesof A comprises a sequence of linked nucleosides which functions as a 5′UTR and at least one of the regions of linked nucleosides of C comprisesa sequence of linked nucleosides which functions as a 3′ UTR. In someembodiments, the 5′ UTR and the 3′ UTR can be from the same or differentspecies. In another embodiment, the 5′ UTR and the 3′ UTR can encode thenative untranslated regions from different proteins from the same ordifferent species.

Chimeric polynucleotides, including the parts or regions thereof, of thepresent disclosure can be classified as hemimers, gapmers, wingmers, orblockmers.

As used herein, a “hemimer” is a chimeric polynucleotide comprising aregion or part which comprises half of one pattern, percent, position orpopulation of a chemical modification(s) and half of a second pattern,percent, position or population of a chemical modification(s). Chimericpolynucleotides of the present disclosure can also comprise hemimersubregions. In some embodiments, a part or region is 50% of one and 50%of another.

In some embodiments, the entire chimeric polynucleotide is 50% of oneand 50% of the other. Any region or part of any chimeric polynucleotideof the disclosure can be a hemimer. Types of hemimers include patternhemimers, population hemimers or position hemimers. By definition,hemimers are 50:50 percent hemimers.

As used herein, a “gapmer” is a chimeric polynucleotide having at leastthree parts or regions with a gap between the parts or regions. The“gap” can comprise a region of linked nucleosides or a single nucleosidewhich differs from the chimeric nature of the two parts or regionsflanking it. The two parts or regions of a gapmer can be the same ordifferent from each other.

As used herein, a “wingmer” is a chimeric polynucleotide having at leastthree parts or regions with a gap between the parts or regions. Unlike agapmer, the two flanking parts or regions surrounding the gap in awingmer are the same in degree or kind. Such similarity can be in thelength of number of units of different modifications or in the number ofmodifications. The wings of a wingmer can be longer or shorter than thegap. The wing parts or regions can be 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 70, 80, 90 or95% greater or shorter in length than the region which comprises thegap.

As used herein, a “blockmer” is a patterned polynucleotide where partsor regions are of equivalent size or number and type of modifications.Regions or subregions in a blockmer can be 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56,57, 58, 59, 60, 61 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74,75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92,93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108,109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122,123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136,137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150,151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164,165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178,179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192,193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206,207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220,221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234,235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248,249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262,263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276,277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290,291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 310, 320, 330, 340,350, 360, 370, 380, 390, 400, 410, 420, 430, 440, 450, 460, 470, 480,490 or 500, nucleosides long.

Chimeric polynucleotides, including the parts or regions thereof, of thepresent disclosure having a chemical modification pattern are referredto as “pattern chimeras.” Pattern chimeras can also be referred to asblockmers. Pattern chimeras are those polynucleotides having a patternof modifications within, across or among regions or parts.

Patterns of modifications within a part or region are those which startand stop within a defined region. Patterns of modifications across apart or region are those patterns which start in on part or region andend in another adjacent part or region. Patterns of modifications amongparts or regions are those which begin and end in one part or region andare repeated in a different part or region, which is not necessarilyadjacent to the first region or part.

The regions or subregions of pattern chimeras or blockmers can havesimple alternating patterns such as ABAB[AB]n where each “A” and each“B” represent different chemical modifications (at least one of thebase, sugar or backbone linker), different types of chemicalmodifications (e.g., naturally occurring and non-naturally occurring),different percentages of modifications or different populations ofmodifications. The pattern can repeat n number of times where n=3-300.Further, each A or B can represent from 1-2500 units (e.g., nucleosides)in the pattern. Patterns can also be alternating multiples such asAABBAABB[AABB]n (an alternating double multiple) orAAABBBAAABBB[AAABBB]n (an alternating triple multiple) pattern. Thepattern can repeat n number of times where n=3-300.

Different patterns can also be mixed together to form a second orderpattern. For example, a single alternating pattern can be combined witha triple alternating pattern to form a second order alternating patternA′B′. One example would be [ABABAB][AAABBBAAABBB][ABABAB][AAABBBAAABBB][ABABAB][AAABBBAAABBB], where [ABABAB] is A′ and [AAABBBAAABBB] is B′.In like fashion, these patterns can be repeated n number of times, wheren=3-300.

Patterns can include three or more different modifications to form anABCABC[ABC]n pattern. These three component patterns can also bemultiples, such as AABBCCAABBCC[AABBCC]n and can be designed ascombinations with other patterns such as ABCABCAABBCCABCABCAABBCC, andcan be higher order patterns.

Regions or subregions of position, percent, and population modificationsneed not reflect an equal contribution from each modification type. Theycan form series such as “1-2-3-4”, “1-2-4-8”, where each integerrepresents the number of units of a particular modification type.Alternatively, they can be odd only, such as “1-3-3-1-3-1-5” or evenonly “2-4-2-4-6-4-8” or a mixture of both odd and even number of unitssuch as “1-3-4-2-5-7-3-3-4”.

Pattern chimeras can vary in their chemical modification by degree (suchas those described above) or by kind (e.g., different modifications).

Chimeric polynucleotides, including the parts or regions thereof, of thepresent disclosure having at least one region with two or more differentchemical modifications of two or more nucleoside members of the samenucleoside type (A, C, G, T, or U) are referred to as “positionallymodified” chimeras. Positionally modified chimeras are also referred toherein as “selective placement” chimeras or “selective placementpolynucleotides”. As the name implies, selective placement refers to thedesign of polynucleotides which, unlike polynucleotides in the art wherethe modification to any A, C, G, T or U is the same by virtue of themethod of synthesis, can have different modifications to the individualAs, Cs, Gs, Ts or Us in a polynucleotide or region thereof. For example,in a positionally modified chimeric polynucleotide, there can be two ormore different chemical modifications to any of the nucleoside types ofAs, Cs, Gs, Ts, or Us. There can also be combinations of two or more toany two or more of the same nucleoside type. For example, a positionallymodified or selective placement chimeric polynucleotide can comprise 3different modifications to the population of adenines in the moleculeand also have 3 different modifications to the population of cytosinesin the construct-all of which can have a unique, non-random, placement.

Chimeric polynucleotides, including the parts or regions thereof, of thepresent disclosure having a chemical modification percent are referredto as “percent chimeras.” Percent chimeras can have regions or partswhich comprise at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 5%, at least 8%, atleast 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, atleast 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or atleast 99% positional, pattern or population of modifications.Alternatively, the percent chimera can be completely modified as tomodification position, pattern, or population. The percent ofmodification of a percent chimera can be split between naturallyoccurring and non-naturally occurring modifications.

Chimeric polynucleotides, including the parts or regions thereof, of thepresent disclosure having a chemical modification population arereferred to as “population chimeras.” A population chimera can comprisea region or part where nucleosides (their base, sugar or backbonelinkage, or combination thereof) have a select population ofmodifications. Such modifications can be selected from functionalpopulations such as modifications which induce, alter or modulate aphenotypic outcome. For example, a functional population can be apopulation or selection of chemical modifications which increase thelevel of a cytokine. Other functional populations can individually orcollectively function to decrease the level of one or more cytokines.Use of a selection of these like-function modifications in a chimericpolynucleotide would therefore constitute a “functional populationchimera.” As used herein, a “functional population chimera” can be onewhose unique functional feature is defined by the population ofmodifications as described above or the term can apply to the overallfunction of the chimeric polynucleotide itself. For example, as a wholethe chimeric polynucleotide can function in a different or superior wayas compared to an unmodified or non-chimeric polynucleotide.

It should be noted that polynucleotides which have a uniform chemicalmodification of all of any of the same nucleoside type or a populationof modifications produced by mere downward titration of the samestarting modification in all of any of the same nucleoside type, or ameasured percent of a chemical modification of all any of the samenucleoside type but with random incorporation, such as where alluridines are replaced by a uridine analog, e.g., pseudouridine or5-methoxyuridine, are not considered chimeric polynucleotides. Likewise,polynucleotides having a uniform chemical modification of two, three, orfour of the same nucleoside type throughout the entire polynucleotide(such as all uridines and all cytosines, etc. are modified in the sameway) are not considered chimeric polynucleotides. One example of apolynucleotide which is not chimeric is the canonicalpseudouridine/5-methyl cytosine modified polynucleotide. These uniformpolynucleotides are arrived at entirely via in vitro transcription (IVT)enzymatic synthesis; and due to the limitations of the synthesizingenzymes, they contain only one kind of modification at the occurrence ofeach of the same nucleoside type, i.e., adenosine (A), thymidine (T),guanosine (G), cytidine (C) or uridine (U), found in the polynucleotide.Such polynucleotides can be characterized as IVT polynucleotides.

The chimeric polynucleotides of the present disclosure can bestructurally modified or chemically modified. When the chimericpolynucleotides of the present disclosure are chemically and/orstructurally modified the polynucleotides can be referred to as“modified chimeric polynucleotides.”

The regions or parts of the chimeric polynucleotides can be separated bya linker or spacer moiety. Such linkers or spaces can be nucleic acidbased or non-nucleosidic.

In some embodiments, the chimeric polynucleotides can include a sequenceencoding a self-cleaving peptide described herein, such as, but notlimited to, a 2A peptide. The polynucleotide sequence of the 2A peptidein the chimeric polynucleotide can be modified or codon optimized by themethods described herein and/or are known in the art.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, the chimeric polynucleotides of thepresent disclosure can comprise a region or part which is notpositionally modified or not chimeric as defined herein. For example, aregion or part of a chimeric polynucleotide can be uniformly modified atone or more A, T, C, G, or U, but the polynucleotides will not beuniformly modified throughout the entire region or part.

Chimeric polynucleotides of the present disclosure can be completelypositionally modified or partially positionally modified. They can alsohave subregions which can be of any pattern or design.

In some embodiments, regions or subregions of the polynucleotides canrange from absent to 500 nucleotides in length (e.g., at least 60, 70,80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300,350, 400, 450, or 500 nucleotides). Where the region is a polyA tail,the length can be determined in units of or as a function of polyABinding Protein binding. In this embodiment, the polyA tail is longenough to bind at least 4 monomers of PolyA Binding Protein. PolyABinding Protein monomers bind to stretches of approximately 38nucleotides. As such, it has been observed that polyA tails of about 80nucleotides to about 160 nucleotides are functional. The chimericpolynucleotides of the present disclosure which function as an mRNA neednot comprise a polyA tail.

According to the present disclosure, chimeric polynucleotides whichfunction as an mRNA can have a capping region. The capping region cancomprise a single cap or a series of nucleotides forming the cap. Inthis embodiment the capping region can be from 1 to 10, e.g. 2-9, 3-8,4-7, 1-5, 5-10, or at least 2, or 10 or fewer nucleotides in length. Insome embodiments, the cap is absent.

The present disclosure contemplates chimeric polynucleotides which arecircular or cyclic. As the name implies circular polynucleotides arecircular in nature meaning that the termini are joined in some fashion,whether by ligation, covalent bond, common association with the sameprotein or other molecule or complex or by hybridization.

Chimeric polynucleotides, formulations and compositions comprisingchimeric polynucleotides, and methods of making, using and administeringchimeric polynucleotides are also described in International PatentApplication No. PCT/US2014/53907.

In some embodiments, the chimeric polynucleotide encodes an IL-23,IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide. In some embodiments, thechimeric polynucleotides of the disclosure comprise any one of the IL-23and/or IL-36-gamma, IL-18 nucleic acid sequences listed in TABLE 1and/or an OX40L nucleic acid sequence listed in TABLE 1A. In someembodiments the chimeric polynucleotide of the disclosure encodes anyone of the IL-23 and/or IL-36-gamma, IL-18 listed in TABLE 1 and/orOX40L polypeptides listed in TABLE 1A.

Circular Polynucleotide

The polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) encoding an IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18and/or OX40L polypeptide can be circular or cyclic. As used herein,“circular polynucleotides” or “circP” means a single stranded circularpolynucleotide which acts substantially like, and has the properties of,an RNA. The term “circular” is also meant to encompass any secondary ortertiary configuration of the circP. Circular polynucleotides arecircular in nature meaning that the termini are joined in some fashion,whether by ligation, covalent bond, common association with the sameprotein or other molecule or complex or by hybridization.

Circular polynucleotides, formulations and compositions comprisingcircular polynucleotides, and methods of making, using and administeringcircular polynucleotides are also disclosed in International PatentApplication No. PCT/US2014/53904 (published as WO2015034925, see also,US 2016-0194368).

In some embodiments, the circular polynucleotide encodes an IL-23polypeptide, an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, or an OX40L polypeptide. Insome embodiments, the circular polynucleotides of the disclosurecomprise any one of the IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 nucleic acid sequenceslisted in TABLE 1, or OX40L nucleic acid sequences listed in TABLE 1A.In some embodiments, the circular polynucleotides of the disclosureencode any one of the IL-23 polypeptide, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 polypeptidessited in TABLE 1, or OX40L polypeptides listed in TABLE 1A. In someembodiments, the circular polynucleotide increases IL-23 polypeptide,IL-36-gamma polypeptide, IL-18 or OX40L polypeptide expression.

Multimers of Polynucleotides

In some embodiments, multiple distinct chimeric polynucleotides and/orIVT polynucleotides can be linked together through the 3′-end usingnucleotides which are modified at the 3′-terminus. Chemical conjugationcan be used to control the stoichiometry of delivery into cells. Thiscan be controlled by chemically linking chimeric polynucleotides and/orIVT polynucleotides using a 3′-azido terminated nucleotide on onepolynucleotides species and a C5-ethynyl or alkynyl-containingnucleotide on the opposite polynucleotide species. The modifiednucleotide is added post-transcriptionally using terminal transferase(New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Mass.) according to the manufacturer'sprotocol. After the addition of the 3′-modified nucleotide, the twopolynucleotides species can be combined in an aqueous solution, in thepresence or absence of copper, to form a new covalent linkage via aclick chemistry mechanism as described in the literature.

In another example, more than two chimeric polynucleotides and/or IVTpolynucleotides can be linked together using a functionalized linkermolecule. For example, a functionalized saccharide molecule can bechemically modified to contain multiple chemical reactive groups (SH—,NH₂—, N₃, etc.) to react with the cognate moiety on a 3′-functionalizedmRNA molecule (i.e., a 3′-maleimide ester, 3′-NHS-ester, alkynyl). Thenumber of reactive groups on the modified saccharide can be controlledin a stoichiometric fashion to directly control the stoichiometric ratioof conjugated chimeric polynucleotides and/or IVT polynucleotides.

In some embodiments, the chimeric polynucleotides and/or IVTpolynucleotides can be linked together in a pattern. The pattern can bea simple alternating pattern such as CD[CD]x where each “C” and each “D”represent a chimeric polynucleotide, IVT polynucleotide, differentchimeric polynucleotides or different IVT polynucleotides. The patterncan repeat x number of times, where x=1-300. Patterns can also bealternating multiples such as CCDD[CCDD]×(an alternating doublemultiple) or CCCDDD[CCCDDD]×(an alternating triple multiple) pattern.The alternating double multiple or alternating triple multiple canrepeat x number of times, where x=1-300.

Conjugates and Combinations of Polynucleotides

The polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, an IL-18 polypeptide, or an OX40L polypeptideof the present disclosure can be designed to be conjugated to otherpolynucleotides, dyes, intercalating agents (e.g. acridines),cross-linkers (e.g. psoralene, mitomycin C), porphyrins (TPPC4,texaphyrin, Sapphyrin), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g.,phenazine, dihydrophenazine), artificial endonucleases (e.g. EDTA),alkylating agents, phosphate, amino, mercapto, PEG (e.g., PEG-40K),MPEG, [MPEG]₂, polyamino, alkyl, substituted alkyl, radiolabeledmarkers, enzymes, haptens (e.g. biotin), transport/absorptionfacilitators (e.g., aspirin, vitamin E, folic acid), syntheticribonucleases, proteins, e.g., glycoproteins, or peptides, e.g.,molecules having a specific affinity for a co-ligand, or antibodiese.g., an antibody, that binds to a specified cell type such as a cancercell, endothelial cell, or bone cell, hormones and hormone receptors,non-peptidic species, such as lipids, lectins, carbohydrates, vitamins,cofactors, or a drug.

Conjugation can result in increased stability and/or half-life and canbe particularly useful in targeting the polynucleotides to specificsites in the cell, tissue or organism.

A polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, an IL-18 polypeptide, or an OX40L polypeptideof the disclosure can further comprise a nucleotide sequence encodingone or more heterologous polypeptides. In one embodiment, the one ormore heterologous polypeptides improves a pharmacokinetic property orpharmacodynamics property of the IL-23 polypeptide, IL-36-gammapolypeptide, an IL-18 polypeptide, or OX40L polypeptide, or apolynucleotide (e.g., at least one mRNA) encoding the IL-23 polypeptide,IL-36-gamma polypeptide, an IL-18 polypeptide, or OX40L polypeptide. Inanother embodiment, the one or more heterologous polypeptides comprise apolypeptide that can extend a half-life of the IL-23 polypeptide,IL-36-gamma polypeptide, an IL-18 polypeptide, or OX40L polypeptide.

A polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, an IL-18 polypeptide, or an OX40L polypeptideof the present disclosure can further comprise one or more regions orparts which act or function as an untranslated region. By definition,wild type untranslated regions (UTRs) of a gene are transcribed but nottranslated. In mRNA, the 5′UTR starts at the transcription start siteand continues to the start codon but does not include the start codon;whereas, the 3′UTR starts immediately following the stop codon andcontinues until the transcriptional termination signal. There is growingbody of evidence about the regulatory roles played by the UTRs in termsof stability of the nucleic acid molecule and translation. Theregulatory features of a UTR can be incorporated into thepolynucleotides of the present disclosure to, among other things,enhance the stability of the molecule. The specific features can also beincorporated to ensure controlled down-regulation of the transcript incase they are misdirected to undesired organs sites. TABLE 3 and TABLES4A and 4B provide a listing of exemplary UTRs which can be utilized inthe polynucleotides of the present disclosure.

5′ UTR and Translation Initiation

In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, an IL-36-gamma polypeptide an IL-18 polypeptide, oran OX40L polypeptide of the present disclosure further comprises a 5′UTR and/or a translation initiation sequence. Natural 5′UTRs bearfeatures which play roles in translation initiation. They harborsignatures like Kozak sequences which are commonly known to be involvedin the process by which the ribosome initiates translation of manygenes. 5′UTR also have been known to form secondary structures which areinvolved in elongation factor binding.

By engineering the features typically found in abundantly expressedgenes of specific target organs, one can enhance the stability andprotein production of the polynucleotides of the disclosure. Forexample, introduction of 5′ UTR of mRNA known to be upregulated incancers, such as c-myc, could be used to enhance expression of a nucleicacid molecule, such as a polynucleotide, in cancer cells. Untranslatedregions useful in the design and manufacture of polynucleotides include,but are not limited, to those disclosed in International PatentPublication No. WO 2014/164253 (see also US20160022840).

Shown in TABLE 3 is a listing of a 5′-untranslated region of thedisclosure. Variants of 5′ UTRs can be utilized wherein one or morenucleotides are added or removed to the termini, including A, U, C or G.

TABLE 3 5′-Untranslated Regions 5′ UTR Name/ SEQ ID IdentifierDescription Sequence NO. 5UTR-001 Upstream UTRGGGAAAUAAGAGAGAAAAGAAGAGUAAGAAGAAAUAU SEQ ID AAGAGCCACC NO: 27 5UTR-002Upstream UTR GGGAGAUCAGAGAGAAAAGAAGAGUAAGAAGAAAUAU SEQ ID AAGAGCCACCNO: 28 5UTR-003 Upstream UTR GGAAUAAAAGUCUCAACACAACAUAUACAAAACAAACGAAUCUCAAGCAAUCAAGCAUUCUACUUCUAUUGCAG SEQ IDCAAUUUAAAUCAUUUCUUUUAAAGCAAAAGCAAUUUU NO: 29cUGAAAAUUUUCACCAUUUACGAACGAUAGCAAC 5UTR-004 Upstream UTRGGGAGACAAGCUUGGCAUUCCGGUACUGUU SEQ ID GGUAAAGCCACC NO: 30 5UTR-005Upstream UTR GGGAGAUCAGAGAGAAAAGAAGAGUAAGAAGAAAUAU SEQ ID AAGAGCCACCNO: 31 5UTR-006 Upstream UTR GGAAUAAAAGUCUCAACACAACAUAUACAAAACAAACGAAUCUCAAGCAAUCAAGCAUUCUACUUCUAUUGCAG SEQ IDCAAUUUAAAUCAUUUCUUUUAAAGCAAAAGCAAUUUU NO: 32CUGAAAAUUUUCACCAUUUACGAACGAUAGCAAC 5UTR-007 Upstream UTRGGGAGACAAGCUUGGCAUUCCGGUACUGUU SEQ ID GGUAAAGCCACC NO: 33 5UTR-008Upstream UTR GGGAAUUAACAGAGAAAAGAAGAGUAAGAAGAAAUAU SEQ ID AAGAGCCACCNO: 34 5UTR-009 Upstream UTR GGGAAAUUAGACAGAAAAGAAGAGUAAGAAGAAAUAUSEQ ID AAGAGCCACC NO: 35 5UTR-010 Upstream UTRGGGAAAUAAGAGAGUAAAGAACAGUAAGAAGAAAUAU SEQ ID AAGAGCCACC NO: 36 5UTR-011Upstream UTR GGGAAAAAAGAGAGAAAAGAAGACUAAGAAGAAAUAU SEQ ID AAGAGCCACCNO: 37 5UTR-012 Upstream UTR GGGAAAUAAGAGAGAAAAGAAGAGUAAGAAGAUAUAUSEQ ID AAGAGCCACC NO: 38 5UTR-013 Upstream UTRGGGAAAUAAGAGACAAAACAAGAGUAAGAAGAAAUAU SEQ ID AAGAGCCACC NO: 39 5UTR-014Upstream UTR GGGAAAUUAGAGAGUAAAGAACAGUAAGUAGAAUUAA SEQ ID AAGAGCCACCNO: 40 5UTR-015 Upstream UTR GGGAAAUAAGAGAGAAUAGAAGAGUAAGAAGAAAUAUSEQ ID AAGAGCCACC NO: 41 5UTR-016 Upstream UTRGGGAAAUAAGAGAGAAAAGAAGAGUAAGAAGAAAAUU SEQ ID AAGAGCCACC NO: 42 5UTR-017Upstream UTR GGGAAAUAAGAGAGAAAAGAAGAGUAAGAAGAAAUUU SEQ ID AAGAGCCACCNO: 43 5UTR-018 Upstream UTR GGGAAAUAAGAGAGAAAAGAAGAGUAAGAAGAAAUAUSEQ ID AAGAGCCACC NO: 44 5UTR-019 Upstream UTRUCAAGCUUUUGGACCCUCGUACAGAAGCUAAUACGACUCACUAUAGGGAAAUAAGAGAGAAAAGAAGAGUAAGA SEQ ID AGAAAUAUAAGAGCCACC NO: 118

Other non-UTR sequences can also be used as regions or subregions withinthe polynucleotides. For example, introns or portions of intronssequences can be incorporated into regions of the polynucleotides.Incorporation of intronic sequences can increase protein production aswell as polynucleotide levels.

Combinations of features can be included in flanking regions and can becontained within other features. For example, the ORF can be flanked bya 5′ UTR which can contain a strong Kozak translational initiationsignal and/or a 3′ UTR which can include an oligo(dT) sequence fortemplated addition of a poly-A tail. 5′UTR can comprise a firstpolynucleotide fragment and a second polynucleotide fragment from thesame and/or different genes such as the 5′UTRs described in U.S. PatentApplication Publication No. 2010-0293625.

These UTRs or portions thereof can be placed in the same orientation asin the transcript from which they were selected or can be altered inorientation or location. Hence a 5′ or 3′ UTR can be inverted,shortened, lengthened, made with one or more other 5′ UTRs or 3′ UTRs.

In some embodiments, the UTR sequences can be changed in some way inrelation to a reference sequence. For example, a 3′ or 5′ UTR can bealtered relative to a wild type or native UTR by the change inorientation or location as taught above or can be altered by theinclusion of additional nucleotides, deletion of nucleotides, swappingor transposition of nucleotides. Any of these changes producing an“altered” UTR (whether 3′ or 5′) comprise a variant UTR.

In some embodiments, a double, triple or quadruple UTR such as a 5′ or3′ UTR can be used. As used herein, a “double” UTR is one in which twocopies of the same UTR are encoded either in series or substantially inseries. For example, a double beta-globin 3′ UTR can be used asdescribed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010-0129877.

In some embodiments, flanking regions can be heterologous. In someembodiments, the 5′ untranslated region can be derived from a differentspecies than the 3′ untranslated region. The untranslated region canalso include translation enhancer elements (TEE). As a non-limitingexample, the TEE can include those described in U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication No. 2009-0226470.

3′ UTR and the AU Rich Elements

In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, an IL-18 polypeptide, oran OX40L polypeptide further comprises a 3′ UTR. 3′-UTR is the sectionof mRNA that immediately follows the translation termination codon andoften contains regulatory regions that post-transcriptionally influencegene expression. Regulatory regions within the 3′-UTR can influencepolyadenylation, translation efficiency, localization, and stability ofthe mRNA. In one embodiment, the 3′-UTR useful for the disclosurecomprises a binding site for regulatory proteins or microRNAs. In someembodiments, the 3′-UTR has a silencer region, which binds to repressorproteins and inhibits the expression of the mRNA. In other embodiments,the 3′-UTR comprises an AU-rich element. Proteins bind AREs to affectthe stability or decay rate of transcripts in a localized manner oraffect translation initiation. In other embodiments, the 3′-UTRcomprises the sequence AAUAAA that directs addition of several hundredadenine residues called the poly(A) tail to the end of the mRNAtranscript.

TABLE 4A shows a listing of 3′-untranslated regions useful for the mRNAsencoding an IL-23 polypeptide, an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, or an OX40Lpolypeptide. Variants of 3′ UTRs can be utilized wherein one or morenucleotides are added or removed to the termini, including A, U, C or G.

TABLE 4A Exemplary 3′-Untranslated Regions 3′ UTR Name/ SEQ IDIdentifier Description Sequence NO. 3UTR-001 CreatineGCGCCUGCCCACCUGCCACCGACUGCUGGAACCCAGCCA SEQ ID KinaseGUGGGAGGGCCUGGCCCACCAGAGUCCUGCUCCCUCACU NO: 45CCUCGCCCCGCCCCCUGUCCCAGAGUCCCACCUGGGGGCUCUCUCCACCCUUCUCAGAGUUCCAGUUUCAACCAGAGUUCCAACCAAUGGGCUCCAUCCUCUGGAUUCUGGCCAAUGAAAUAUCUCCCUGGCAGGGUCCUCUUCUUUUCCCAGAGCUCCACCCCAACCAGGAGCUCUAGUUAAUGGAGAGCUCCCAGCACACUCGGAGCUUGUGCUUUGUCUCCACGCAAAGCGAUAAAUAAAAGCAUUGGUGGCCUUUGGUCUUUGAAUAAA GCCUGAGUAGGAAGUCUAGA 3UTR-002Myoglobin GCCCCUGCCGCUCCCACCCCCACCCAUCUGGGCCCCGGG SEQ IDUUCAAGAGAGAGCGGGGUCUGAUCUCGUGUAGCCAUAUA NO: 46GAGUUUGCUUCUGAGUGUCUGCUUUGUUUAGUAGAGGUGGGCAGGAGGAGCUGAGGGGCUGGGGCUGGGGUGUUGAAGUUGGCUUUGCAUGCCCAGCGAUGCGCCUCCCUGUGGGAUGUCAUCACCCUGGGAACCGGGAGUGGCCCUUGGCUCACUGUGUUCUGCAUGGUUUGGAUCUGAAUUAAUUGUCCUUUCUUCUAAAUCCCAACCGAACUUCUUCCAACCUCCAAACUGGCUGUAACCCCAAAUCCAAGCCAUUAACUACACCUGACAGUAGCAAUUGUCUGAUUAAUCACUGGCCCCUUGAAGACAGCAGAAUGUCCCUUUGCAAUGAGGAGGAGAUCUGGGCUGGGCGGGCCAGCUGGGGAAGCAUUUGACUAUCUGGAACUUGUGUGUGCCUCCUCAGGUAUGGCAGUGACUCACCUGGUUUUAAUAAAACAACCUGCAACAUCUCAUGGUCUUUGAAUA AAGCCUGAGUAGGAAGUCUAGA 3UTR-003α-actin ACACACUCCACCUCCAGCACGCGACUUCUCAGGACGACG SEQ IDAAUCUUCUCAAUGGGGGGGCGGCUGAGCUCCAGCCACCC NO: 47CGCAGUCACUUUCUUUGUAACAACUUCCGUUGCUGCCAUCGUAAACUGACACAGUGUUUAUAACGUGUACAUACAUUAACUUAUUACCUCAUUUUGUUAUUUUUCGAAACAAAGCCCUGUGGAAGAAAAUGGAAAACUUGAAGAAGCAUUAAAGUCAUUCUGUUAAGCUGCGUAAAUGGUCUUUGAAUAAAGCCU GAGUAGGAAGUCUAGA 3UTR-004Albumin CAUCACAUUUAAAAGCAUCUCAGCCUACCAUGAGAAUAA SEQ IDGAGAAAGAAAAUGAAGAUCAAAAGCUUAUUCAUCUGUUU NO: 48UUCUUUUUCGUUGGUGUAAAGCCAACACCCUGUCUAAAAAACAUAAAUUUCUUUAAUCAUUUUGCCUCUUUUCUCUGUGCUUCAAUUAAUAAAAAAUGGAAAGAAUCUAAUAGAGUGGUACAGCACUGUUAUUUUUCAAAGAUGUGUUGCUAUCCUGAAAAUUCUGUAGGUUCUGUGGAAGUUCCAGUGUUCUCUCUUAUUCCACUUCGGUAGAGGAUUUCUAGUUUCUUGUGGGCUAAUUAAAUAAAUCAUUAAUACUCUUCUAAUGGUCUU UGAAUAAAGCCUGAGUAGGAAGUCUAGA3UTR-005 α-globin GCUGCCUUCUGCGGGGCUUGCCUUCUGGCCAUGCCCUUC SEQ IDUUCUCUCCCUUGCACCUGUACCUCUUGGUCUUUGAAUAA NO: 49AGCCUGAGUAGGAAGGCGGCCGCUCGAGCAUGCAUCUAG A 3UTR-006 G-CSFGCCAAGCCCUCCCCAUCCCAUGUAUUUAUCUCUAUUUAA SEQ IDUAUUUAUGUCUAUUUAAGCCUCAUAUUUAAAGACAGGGA NO: 50AGAGCAGAACGGAGCCCCAGGCCUCUGUGUCCUUCCCUGCAUUUCUGAGUUUCAUUCUCCUGCCUGUAGCAGUGAGAAAAAGCUCCUGUCCUCCCAUCCCCUGGACUGGGAGGUAGAUAGGUAAAUACCAAGUAUUUAUUACUAUGACUGCUCCCCAGCCCUGGCUCUGCAAUGGGCACUGGGAUGAGCCGCUGUGAGCCCCUGGUCCUGAGGGUCCCCACCUGGGACCCUUGAGAGUAUCAGGUCUCCCACGUGGGAGACAAGAAAUCCCUGUUUAAUAUUUAAACAGCAGUGUUCCCCAUCUGGGUCCUUGCACCCCUCACUCUGGCCUCAGCCGACUGCACAGCGGCCCCUGCAUCCCCUUGGCUGUGAGGCCCCUGGACAAGCAGAGGUGGCCAGAGCUGGGAGGCAUGGCCCUGGGGUCCCACGAAUUUGCUGGGGAAUCUCGUUUUUCUUCUUAAGACUUUUGGGACAUGGUUUGACUCCCGAACAUCACCGACGCGUCUCCUGUUUUUCUGGGUGGCCUCGGGACACCUGCCCUGCCCCCACGAGGGUCAGGACUGUGACUCUUUUUAGGGCCAGGCAGGUGCCUGGACAUUUGCCUUGCUGGACGGGGACUGGGGAUGUGGGAGGGAGCAGACAGGAGGAAUCAUGUCAGGCCUGUGUGUGAAAGGAAGCUCCACUGUCACCCUCCACCUCUUCACCCCCCACUCACCAGUGUCCCCUCCACUGUCACAUUGUAACUGAACUUCAGGAUAAUAAAGUGUUUGCCUCCAUGGUCUUUGAAUAAAGCCUGAGUAGGAAGGCGGCCGCUCGAGC AUGCAUCUAGA 3UTR-007 Col1a2;ACUCAAUCUAAAUUAAAAAAGAAAGAAAUUUGAAAAAAC SEQ ID collagen,UUUCUCUUUGCCAUUUCUUCUUCUUCUUUUUUAACUGAA NO: 51 type I,AGCUGAAUCCUUCCAUUUCUUCUGCACAUCUACUUGCUU alpha 2AAAUUGUGGGCAAAAGAGAAAAAGAAGGAUUGAUCAGAGCAUUGUGCAAUACAGUUUCAUUAACUCCUUCCCCCGCUCCCCCAAAAAUUUGAAUUUUUUUUUCAACACUCUUACACCUGUUAUGGAAAAUGUCAACCUUUGUAAGAAAACCAAAAUAAAAAUUGAAAAAUAAAAACCAUAAACAUUUGCACCACUUGUGGCUUUUGAAUAUCUUCCACAGAGGGAAGUUUAAAACCCAAACUUCCAAAGGUUUAAACUACCUCAAAACACUUUCCCAUGAGUGUGAUCCACAUUGUUAGGUGCUGACCUAGACAGAGAUGAACUGAGGUCCUUGUUUUGUUUUGUUCAUAAUACAAAGGUGCUAAUUAAUAGUAUUUCAGAUACUUGAAGAAUGUUGAUGGUGCUAGAAGAAUUUGAGAAGAAAUACUCCUGUAUUGAGUUGUAUCGUGUGGUGUAUUUUUUAAAAAAUUUGAUUUAGCAUUCAUAUUUUCCAUCUUAUUCCCAAUUAAAAGUAUGCAGAUUAUUUGCCCAAAUCUUCUUCAGAUUCAGCAUUUGUUCUUUGCCAGUCUCAUUUUCAUCUUCUUCCAUGGUUCCACAGAAGCUUUGUUUCUUGGGCAAGCAGAAAAAUUAAAUUGUACCUAUUUUGUAUAUGUGAGAUGUUUAAAUAAAUUGUGAAAAAAAUGAAAUAAAGCAUGUUUGGUU UUCCAAAAGAACAUAU 3UTR-008Col6a2; CGCCGCCGCCCGGGCCCCGCAGUCGAGGGUCGUGAGCCC SEQ ID collagen,ACCCCGUCCAUGGUGCUAAGCGGGCCCGGGUCCCACACG NO: 52 type VI,GCCAGCACCGCUGCUCACUCGGACGACGCCCUGGGCCUG alpha 2CACCUCUCCAGCUCCUCCCACGGGGUCCCCGUAGCCCCGGCCCCCGCCCAGCCCCAGGUCUCCCCAGGCCCUCCGCAGGCUGCCCGGCCUCCCUCCCCCUGCAGCCAUCCCAAGGCUCCUGACCUACCUGGCCCCUGAGCUCUGGAGCAAGCCCUG ACCCAAUAAAGGCUUUGAACCCAU3UTR-009 RPN1; GGGGCUAGAGCCCUCUCCGCACAGCGUGGAGACGGGGCA SEQ IDribophorin I AGGAGGGGGGUUAUUAGGAUUGGUGGUUUUGUUUUGCUU NO: 53UGUUUAAAGCCGUGGGAAAAUGGCACAACUUUACCUCUGUGGGAGAUGCAACACUGAGAGCCAAGGGGUGGGAGUUGGGAUAAUUUUUAUAUAAAAGAAGUUUUUCCACUUUGAAUUGCUAAAAGUGGCAUUUUUCCUAUGUGCAGUCACUCCUCUCAUUUCUAAAAUAGGGACGUGGCCAGGCACGGUGGCUCAUGCCUGUAAUCCCAGCACUUUGGGAGGCCGAGGCAGGCGGCUCACGAGGUCAGGAGAUCGAGACUAUCCUGGCUAACACGGUAAAACCCUGUCUCUACUAAAAGUACAAAAAAUUAGCUGGGCGUGGUGGUGGGCACCUGUAGUCCCAGCUACUCGGGAGGCUGAGGCAGGAGAAAGGCAUGAAUCCAAGAGGCAGAGCUUGCAGUGAGCUGAGAUCACGCCAUUGCACUCCAGCCUGGGCAACAGUGUUAAGACUCUGUCUCAAAUAUAAAUAAAUAAAUAAAUAAAUAAAUAAAUAAAUAAAAAUAAAGC GAGAUGUUGCCCUCAAA 3UTR-010LRP1; low GGCCCUGCCCCGUCGGACUGCCCCCAGAAAGCCUCCUGC SEQ ID densityCCCCUGCCAGUGAAGUCCUUCAGUGAGCCCCUCCCCAGC NO: 54 lipoproteinCAGCCCUUCCCUGGCCCCGCCGGAUGUAUAAAUGUAAAA receptor-AUGAAGGAAUUACAUUUUAUAUGUGAGCGAGCAAGCCGG relatedCAAGCGAGCACAGUAUUAUUUCUCCAUCCCCUCCCUGCC protein 1UGCUCCUUGGCACCCCCAUGCUGCCUUCAGGGAGACAGGCAGGGAGGGCUUGGGGCUGCACCUCCUACCCUCCCACCAGAACGCACCCCACUGGGAGAGCUGGUGGUGCAGCCUUCCCCUCCCUGUAUAAGACACUUUGCCAAGGCUCUCCCCUCUCGCCCCAUCCCUGCUUGCCCGCUCCCACAGCUUCCUGAGGGCUAAUUCUGGGAAGGGAGAGUUCUUUGCUGCCCCUGUCUGGAAGACGUGGCUCUGGGUGAGGUAGGCGGGAAAGGAUGGAGUGUUUUAGUUCUUGGGGGAGGCCACCCCAAACCCCAGCCCCAACUCCAGGGGCACCUAUGAGAUGGCCAUGCUCAACCCCCCUCCCAGACAGGCCCUCCCUGUCUCCAGGGCCCCCACCGAGGUUCCCAGGGCUGGAGACUUCCUCUGGUAAACAUUCCUCCAGCCUCCCCUCCCCUGGGGACGCCAAGGAGGUGGGCCACACCCAGGAAGGGAAAGCGGGCAGCCCCGUUUUGGGGACGUGAACGUUUUAAUAAUUUUUGCUGAAUUCCUUUACAACUAAAUAACACAGAUAUUGUUAUAAAUAAA AUUGU 3UTR-011 Nnt1;AUAUUAAGGAUCAAGCUGUUAGCUAAUAAUGCCACCUCU SEQ ID cardio-GCAGUUUUGGGAACAGGCAAAUAAAGUAUCAGUAUACAU NO: 55 trophin-GGUGAUGUACAUCUGUAGCAAAGCUCUUGGAGAAAAUGA likeAGACUGAAGAAAGCAAAGCAAAAACUGUAUAGAGAGAUU cytokineUUUCAAAAGCAGUAAUCCCUCAAUUUUAAAAAAGGAUUG factor 1AAAAUUCUAAAUGUCUUUCUGUGCAUAUUUUUUGUGUUAGGAAUCAAAAGUAUUUUAUAAAAGGAGAAAGAACAGCCUCAUUUUAGAUGUAGUCCUGUUGGAUUUUUUAUGCCUCCUCAGUAACCAGAAAUGUUUUAAAAAACUAAGUGUUUAGGAUUUCAAGACAACAUUAUACAUGGCUCUGAAAUAUCUGACACAAUGUAAACAUUGCAGGCACCUGCAUUUUAUGUUUUUUUUUUCAACAAAUGUGACUAAUUUGAAACUUUUAUGAACUUCUGAGCUGUCCCCUUGCAAUUCAACCGCAGUUUGAAUUAAUCAUAUCAAAUCAGUUUUAAUUUUUUAAAUUGUACUUCAGAGUCUAUAUUUCAAGGGCACAUUUUCUCACUACUAUUUUAAUACAUUAAAGGACUAAAUAAUCUUUCAGAGAUGCUGGAAACAAAUCAUUUGCUUUAUAUGUUUCAUUAGAAUACCAAUGAAACAUACAACUUGAAAAUUAGUAAUAGUAUUUUUGAAGAUCCCAUUUCUAAUUGGAGAUCUCUUUAAUUUCGAUCAACUUAUAAUGUGUAGUACUAUAUUAAGUGCACUUGAGUGGAAUUCAACAUUUGACUAAUAAAAUGAGUUCAUCAUGUUGGCAAGUGAUGUGGCAAUUAUCUCUGGUGACAAAAGAGUAAAAUCAAAUAUUUCUGCCUGUUACAAAUAUCAAGGAAGACCUGCUACUAUGAAAUAGAUGACAUUAAUCUGUCUUCACUGUUUAUAAUACGGAUGGAUUUUUUUUCAAAUCAGUGUGUGUUUUGAGGUCUUAUGUAAUUGAUGACAUUUGAGAGAAAUGGUGGCUUUUUUUAGCUACCUCUUUGUUCAUUUAAGCACCAGUAAAGAUCAUGUCUUUUUAUAGAAGUGUAGAUUUUCUUUGUGACUUUGCUAUCGUGCCUAAAGCUCUAAAUAUAGGUGAAUGUGUGAUGAAUACUCAGAUUAUUUGUCUCUCUAUAUAAUUAGUUUGGUACUAAGUUUCUCAAAAAAUUAUUAACACAUGAAAGACAAUCUCUAAACCAGAAAAAGAAGUAGUACAAAUUUUGUUACUGUAAUGCUCGCGUUUAGUGAGUUUAAAACACACAGUAUCUUUUGGUUUUAUAAUCAGUUUCUAUUUUGCUGUGCCUGAGAUUAAGAUCUGUGUAUGUGUGUGUGUGUGUGUGUGCGUUUGUGUGUUAAAGCAGAAAAGACUUUUUUAAAAGUUUUAAGUGAUAAAUGCAAUUUGUUAAUUGAUCUUAGAUCACUAGUAAACUCAGGGCUGAAUUAUACCAUGUAUAUUCUAUUAGAAGAAAGUAAACACCAUCUUUAUUCCUGCCCUUUUUCUUCUCUCAAAGUAGUUGUAGUUAUAUCUAGAAAGAAGCAAUUUUGAUUUCUUGAAAAGGUAGUUCCUGCACUCAGUUUAAACUAAAAAUAAUCAUACUUGGAUUUUAUUUAUUUUUGUCAUAGUAAAAAUUUUAAUUUAUAUAUAUUUUUAUUUAGUAUUAUCUUAUUCUUUGCUAUUUGCCAAUCCUUUGUCAUCAAUUGUGUUAAAUGAAUUGAAAAUUCAUGCCCUGUUCAUUUUAUUUUACUUUAUUGGUUAGGAUAUUUAAAGGAUUUUUGUAUAUAUAAUUUCUUAAAUUAAUAUUCCAAAAGGUUAGUGGACUUAGAUUAUAAAUUAUGGCAAAAAUCUAAAAACAACAAAAAUGAUUUUUAUACAUUCUAUUUCAUUAUUCCUCUUUUUCCAAUAAGUCAUACAAUUGGUAGAUAUGACUUAUUUUAUUUUUGUAUUAUUCACUAUAUCUUUAUGAUAUUUAAGUAUAAAUAAUUAAAAAAAUUUAUUGUACCUUAUAGUCUGUCACCAAAAAAAAAAAAUUAUCUGUAGGUAGUGAAAUGCUAAUGUUGAUUUGUCUUUAAGGGCUUGUUAACUAUCCUUUAUUUUCUCAUUUGUCUUAAAUUAGGAGUUUGUGUUUAAAUUACUCAUCUAAGCAAAAAAUGUAUAUAAAUCCCAUUACUGGGUAUAUACCCAAAGGAUUAUAAAUCAUGCUGCUAUAAAGACACAUGCACACGUAUGUUUAUUGCAGCACUAUUCACAAUAGCAAAGACUUGGAACCAACCCAAAUGUCCAUCAAUGAUAGACUUGAUUAAGAAAAUGUGCACAUAUACACCAUGGAAUACUAUGCAGCCAUAAAAAAGGAUGAGUUCAUGUCCUUUGUAGGGACAUGGAUAAAGCUGGAAACCAUCAUUCUGAGCAAACUAUUGCAAGGACAGAAAACCAAACACUGCAUGUUCUCACUCAUAGGUGGGAAUUGAACAAUGAGAACACUUGGACACAAGGUGGGGAACACCACACACCAGGGCCUGUCAUGGGGUGGGGGGAGUGGGGAGGGAUAGCAUUAGGAGAUAUACCUAAUGUAAAUGAUGAGUUAAUGGGUGCAGCACACCAACAUGGCACAUGUAUACAUAUGUAGCAAACCUGCACGUUGUGCACAUGUACCCUAGAACUUAAAGUAUAAUUAAAAAAAAAAAGAAAACAGAAGCUAUUUAUAAAGAAGUUAUUUGCUGAAAUAAAUGUGAUCUUUCCCAUUAAAAAAAUAAAGAAAUUUUGGGGUAAAAAAACACAAUAUAUUGUAUUCUUGAAAAAUUCUAAGAGAGUGGAUGUGAAGUGUUCUCACCACAAAAGUGAUAACUAAUUGAGGUAAUGCACAUAUUAAUUAGAAAGAUUUUGUCAUUCCACAAUGUAUAUAUACUUAAAAAUAUGUUAUACACAAUAAAUACAUACAUUAAAAAAUAAGUAAAUGUA 3UTR-012 Col6a1;CCCACCCUGCACGCCGGCACCAAACCCUGUCCUCCCACC SEQ ID collagen,CCUCCCCACUCAUCACUAAACAGAGUAAAAUGUGAUGCG NO: 56 type VI,AAUUUUCCCGACCAACCUGAUUCGCUAGAUUUUUUUUAA alpha 1GGAAAAGCUUGGAAAGCCAGGACACAACGCUGCUGCCUGCUUUGUGCAGGGUCCUCCGGGGCUCAGCCCUGAGUUGGCAUCACCUGCGCAGGGCCCUCUGGGGCUCAGCCCUGAGCUAGUGUCACCUGCACAGGGCCCUCUGAGGCUCAGCCCUGAGCUGGCGUCACCUGUGCAGGGCCCUCUGGGGCUCAGCCCUGAGCUGGCCUCACCUGGGUUCCCCACCCCGGGCUCUCCUGCCCUGCCCUCCUGCCCGCCCUCCCUCCUGCCUGCGCAGCUCCUUCCCUAGGCACCUCUGUGCUGCAUCCCACCAGCCUGAGCAAGACGCCCUCUCGGGGCCUGUGCCGCACUAGCCUCCCUCUCCUCUGUCCCCAUAGCUGGUUUUUCCCACCAAUCCUCACCUAACAGUUACUUUACAAUUAAACUCAAAGCAAGCUCUUCUCCUCAGCUUGGGGCAGCCAUUGGCCUCUGUCUCGUUUUGGGAAACCAAGGUCAGGAGGCCGUUGCAGACAUAAAUCUCGGCGACUCGGCCCCGUCUCCUGAGGGUCCUGCUGGUGACCGGCCUGGACCUUGGCCCUACAGCCCUGGAGGCCGCUGCUGACCAGCACUGACCCCGACCUCAGAGAGUACUCGCAGGGGCGCUGGCUGCACUCAAGACCCUCGAGAUUAACGGUGCUAACCCCGUCUGCUCCUCCCUCCCGCAGAGACUGGGGCCUGGACUGGACAUGAGAGCCCCUUGGUGCCACAGAGGGCUGUGUCUUACUAGAAACAACGCAAACCUCUCCUUCCUCAGAAUAGUGAUGUGUUCGACGUUUUAUCAAAGGCCCCCUUUCUAUGUUCAUGUUAGUUUUGCUCCUUCUGUGUUUUUUUCUGAACCAUAUCCAUGUUGCUGACUUUUCC AAAUAAAGGUUUUCACUCCUCUC 3UTR-013Calr; AGAGGCCUGCCUCCAGGGCUGGACUGAGGCCUGAGCGCU SEQ ID calreticulinCCUGCCGCAGAGCUGGCCGCGCCAAAUAAUGUCUCUGUGAGACUCGAGAACUUUCAUUUUUUUCCAGGCUGGUUCGGA NO: 57UUUGGGGUGGAUUUUGGUUUUGUUCCCCUCCUCCACUCUCCCCCACCCCCUCCCCGCCCUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUAAACUGGUAUUUUAUCUUUGAUUCUCCUUCAGCCCUCACCCCUGGUUCUCAUCUUUCUUGAUCAACAUCUUUUCUUGCCUCUGUCCCCUUCUCUCAUCUCUUAGCUCCCCUCCAACCUGGGGGGCAGUGGUGUGGAGAAGCCACAGGCCUGAGAUUUCAUCUGCUCUCCUUCCUGGAGCCCAGAGGAGGGCAGCAGAAGGGGGUGGUGUCUCCAACCCCCCAGCACUGAGGAAGAACGGGGCUCUUCUCAUUUCACCCCUCCCUUUCUCCCCUGCCCCCAGGACUGGGCCACUUCUGGGUGGGGCAGUGGGUCCCAGAUUGGCUCACACUGAGAAUGUAAGAACUACAAACA AAAUUUCUAUUAAAUUAAAUUUUGUGUCUCC3UTR-014 Col1a1; CUCCCUCCAUCCCAACCUGGCUCCCUCCCACCCAACCAA SEQ IDcollagen, CUUUCCCCCCAACCCGGAAACAGACAAGCAACCCAAACU NO: 58 type I,GAACCCCCUCAAAAGCCAAAAAAUGGGAGACAAUUUCAC alpha 1AUGGACUUUGGAAAAUAUUUUUUUCCUUUGCAUUCAUCUCUCAAACUUAGUUUUUAUCUUUGACCAACCGAACAUGACCAAAAACCAAAAGUGCAUUCAACCUUACCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGAAUAAAUAAAUAACUUUUUAAAAAAGGAAGCUUGGUCCACUUGCUUGAAGACCCAUGCGGGGGUAAGUCCCUUUCUGCCCGUUGGGCUUAUGAAACCCCAAUGCUGCCCUUUCUGCUCCUUUCUCCACACCCCCCUUGGGGCCUCCCCUCCACUCCUUCCCAAAUCUGUCUCCCCAGAAGACACAGGAAACAAUGUAUUGUCUGCCCAGCAAUCAAAGGCAAUGCUCAAACACCCAAGUGGCCCCCACCCUCAGCCCGCUCCUGCCCGCCCAGCACCCCCAGGCCCUGGGGGACCUGGGGUUCUCAGACUGCCAAAGAAGCCUUGCCAUCUGGCGCUCCCAUGGCUCUUGCAACAUCUCCCCUUCGUUUUUGAGGGGGUCAUGCCGGGGGAGCCACCAGCCCCUCACUGGGUUCGGAGGAGAGUCAGGAAGGGCCACGACAAAGCAGAAACAUCGGAUUUGGGGAACGCGUGUCAAUCCCUUGUGCCGCAGGGCUGGGCGGGAGAGACUGUUCUGUUCCUUGUGUAACUGUGUUGCUGAAAGACUACCUCGUUCUUGUCUUGAUGUGUCACCGGGGCAACUGCCUGGGGGCGGGGAUGGGGGCAGGGUGGAAGCGGCUCCCCAUUUUAUACCAAAGGUGCUACAUCUAUGUGAUGGGUGGGGUGGGGAGGGAAUCACUGGUGCUAUAGAAAUUGAGAUGCCCCCCCAGGCCAGCAAAUGUUCCUUUUUGUUCAAAGUCUAUUUUUAUUCCUUGAUAUUUUUCUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUGUGGAUGGGGACUUGUGAAUUUUUCUAAAGGUGCUAUUUAACAUGGGAGGAGAGCGUGUGCGGCUCCAGCCCAGCCCGCUGCUCACUUUCCACCCUCUCUCCACCUGCCUCUGGCUUCUCAGGCCUCUGCUCUCCGACCUCUCUCCUCUGAAACCCUCCUCCACAGCUGCAGCCCAUCCUCCCGGCUCCCUCCUAGUCUGUCCUGCGUCCUCUGUCCCCGGGUUUCAGAGACAACUUCCCAAAGCACAAAGCAGUUUUUCCCCCUAGGGGUGGGAGGAAGCAAAAGACUCUGUACCUAUUUUGUAUGUGUAUAAUAAUUUGAGAUGUUUUUAAUUAUUUUGAUUGCUGGAAUAAAGCAUGUGGAAAUGACCCAAACAUAAUCCGCAGUGGCCUCCUAAUUUCCUUCUUUGGAGUUGGGGGAGGGGUAGACAUGGGGAAGGGGCUUUGGGGUGAUGGGCUUGCCUUCCAUUCCUGCCCUUUCCCUCCCCACUAUUCUCUUCUAGAUCCCUCCAUAACCCCACUCCCCUUUCUCUCACCCUUCUUAUACCGCAAACCUUUCUACUUCCUCUUUCAUUUUCUAUUCUUGCAAUUUCCUUGCACCUUUUCCAAAUCCUCUUCUCCCCUGCAAUACCAUACAGGCAAUCCACGUGCACAACACACACACACACUCUUCACAUCUGGGGUUGUCCAAACCUCAUACCCACUCCCCUUCAAGCCCAUCCACUCUCCACCCCCUGGAUGCCCUGCACUUGGUGGCGGUGGGAUGCUCAUGGAUACUGGGAGGGUGAGGGGAGUGGAACCCGUGAGGAGGACCUGGGGGCCUCUCCUUGAACUGACAUGAAGGGUCAUCUGGCCUCUGCUCCCUUCUCACCCACGCUGACCUCCUGCCGAAGGAGCAACGCAACAGGAGAGGGGUCUGCUGAGCCUGGCGAGGGUCUGGGAGGGACCAGGAGGAAGGCGUGCUCCCUGCUCGCUGUCCUGGCCCUGGGGGAGUGAGGGAGACAGACACCUGGGAGAGCUGUGGGGAAGGCACUCGCACCGUGCUCUUGGGAAGGAAGGAGACCUGGCCCUGCUCACCACGGACUGGGUGCCUCGACCUCCUGAAUCCCCAGAACACAACCCCCCUGGGCUGGGGUGGUCUGGGGAACCAUCGUGCCCC CGCCUCCCGCCUACUCCUUUUUAAGCUU3UTR-015 Plod1; UUGGCCAGGCCUGACCCUCUUGGACCUUUCUUCUUUGCC SEQ IDprocollagen- GACAACCACUGCCCAGCAGCCUCUGGGACCUCGGGGUCC NO: 59 lysine, 2-CAGGGAACCCAGUCCAGCCUCCUGGCUGUUGACUUCCCA oxoglutarateUUGCUCUUGGAGCCACCAAUCAAAGAGAUUCAAAGAGAU 5-UCCUGCAGGCCAGAGGCGGAACACACCUUUAUGGCUGGG dioxygenaseGCUCUCCGUGGUGUUCUGGACCCAGCCCCUGGAGACACC 1AUUCACUUUUACUGCUUUGUAGUGACUCGUGCUCUCCAACCUGUCUUCCUGAAAAACCAAGGCCCCCUUCCCCCACCUCUUCCAUGGGGUGAGACUUGAGCAGAACAGGGGCUUCCCCAAGUUGCCCAGAAAGACUGUCUGGGUGAGAAGCCAUGGCCAGAGCUUCUCCCAGGCACAGGUGUUGCACCAGGGACUUCUGCUUCAAGUUUUGGGGUAAAGACACCUGGAUCAGACUCCAAGGGCUGCCCUGAGUCUGGGACUUCUGCCUCCAUGGCUGGUCAUGAGAGCAAACCGUAGUCCCCUGGAGACAGCGACUCCAGAGAACCUCUUGGGAGACAGAAGAGGCAUCUGUGCACAGCUCGAUCUUCUACUUGCCUGUGGGGAGGGGAGUGACAGGUCCACACACCACACUGGGUCACCCUGUCCUGGAUGCCUCUGAAGAGAGGGACAGACCGUCAGAAACUGGAG AGUUUCUAUUAAAGGUCAUUUAAACCA3UTR-016 Nucb1; UCCUCCGGGACCCCAGCCCUCAGGAUUCCUGAUGCUCCA SEQ IDnucleobindin AGGCGACUGAUGGGCGCUGGAUGAAGUGGCACAGUCAGC NO: 60 1UUCCCUGGGGGCUGGUGUCAUGUUGGGCUCCUGGGGCGGGGGCACGGCCUGGCAUUUCACGCAUUGCUGCCACCCCAGGUCCACCUGUCUCCACUUUCACAGCCUCCAAGUCUGUGGCUCUUCCCUUCUGUCCUCCGAGGGGCUUGCCUUCUCUCGUGUCCAGUGAGGUGCUCAGUGAUCGGCUUAACUUAGAGAAGCCCGCCCCCUCCCCUUCUCCGUCUGUCCCAAGAGGGUCUGCUCUGAGCCUGCGUUCCUAGGUGGCUCGGCCUCAGCUGCCUGGGUUGUGGCCGCCCUAGCAUCCUGUAUGCCCACAGCUACUGGAAUCCCCGCUGCUGCUCCGGGCCAAGCUUCUGGUUGAUUAAUGAGGGCAUGGGGUGGUCCCUCAAGACCUUCCCCUACCUUUUGUGGAACCAGUGAUGCCUCAAAGACAGUGUCCCCUCCACAGCUGGGUGCCAGGGGCAGGGGAUCCUCAGUAUAGCCGGUGAACCCUGAUACCAGGAGCCUGGGCCUCCCUGAACCCCUGGCUUCCAGCCAUCUCAUCGCCAGCCUCCUCCUGGACCUCUUGGCCCCCAGCCCCUUCCCCACACAGCCCCAGAAGGGUCCCAGAGCUGACCCCACUCCAGGACCUAGGCCCAGCCCCUCAGCCUCAUCUGGAGCCCCUGAAGACCAGUCCCACCCACCUUUCUGGCCUCAUCUGACACUGCUCCGCAUCCUGCUGUGUGUCCUGUUCCAUGUUCCGGU UCCAUCCAAAUACACUUUCUGGAACAAA3UTR-017 α-globin GCUGGAGCCUCGGUGGCCAUGCUUCUUGCCCCUUGGGCC SEQ IDUCCCCCCAGCCCCUCCUCCCCUUCCUGCACCCGUACCCC NO: 61CGUGGUCUUUGAAUAAAGUCUGAGUGGGCGGC 3UTR-018 DownstreamUAAUAGGCUGGAGCCUCGGUGGCCAUGCUUCUUGCCCCU SEQ ID UTRUGGGCCUCCCCCCAGCCCCUCCUCCCCUUCCUGCACCCG NO: 62UACCCCCGUGGUCUUUGAAUAAAGUCUGAGUGGGCGGC 3UTR-019 DownstreamUGAUAAUAGGCUGGAGCCUCGGUGGCCAUGCUUCUUGCC SEQ ID  UTRCCUUGGGCCUCCCCCCAGCCCCUCCUCCCCUUCCUGCAC NO: 119CCGUACCCCCUGGUCUUUGAAUAAAGUCUGAGUGGGCGG C

In certain embodiments, the 3′ UTR sequence useful for the disclosurecomprises a nucleotide sequence at least about 60%, at least about 70%,at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at leastabout 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%,or about 100% identical to a sequence selected from the group consistingof SEQ ID NOS: 45-62 and any combination thereof. In a particularembodiment, the 3′ UTR sequence further comprises a miRNA binding site,e.g., miR-122 binding site. In other embodiments, a 3′UTR sequenceuseful for the disclosure comprises 3′ UTR-018 (SEQ ID NO: 62).

In certain embodiments, the 3′ UTR sequence comprises one or more miRNAbinding sites, e.g., miR-122 binding sites, or any other heterologousnucleotide sequences therein, without disrupting the function of the 3′UTR. Some examples of 3′ UTR sequences comprising a miRNA binding siteare listed in TABLE 4B.

TABLE 4B Exemplary 3′ UTR with miRNA Binding Sites 3′ UTR Identifier/miRNA Name/ BS Description Sequence SEQ ID NO. 3-UTR-018 + DownstreamUAAUAGGCUGGAGCCUCGGUGGCCAUGCUUCUUGCC SEQ ID NO: 63 miR- UTRCCUUGGGCCUCCCCCCAGCCCCUCCUCCCCUUCCUG 122-5p

binding UGGUCUUUGAAUAAAGUCUGAGUGGGCGGC site 3UTR-018 + DownstreamUAAUAGGCUGGAGCCUCGGUGGCCAUGUUCUUGCC SEQ ID NO: 64 miR- UTRCCUUGGGCCUCCCCCCAGCCCCUCCUCCCCUUCCUG 122-3p

binding UGGUCUUUGAAUAAAGUCUGAGUGGGCGGC site 3UTR-019 + DownstreamUGAUAAUAGGCUGGAGCCUCGGUGGCCAUGCUUCUU SEQ ID NO: 120 miR-122 UTRGCCCCUUGGGCCUCCCCCCAGCCCCUCCUCCCCUUC bindingCUGCACCCGUACCCCCCAAACACCAUUGUCACACUC siteCAGUGGUCUUUGAAUAAAGUCUGAGUGGGCGGC *miRNA binding site is boxed orunderlined.

In certain embodiments, the 3′ UTR sequence useful for the disclosurecomprises a nucleotide sequence at least about 60%, at least about 70%,at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at leastabout 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%,or about 100% identical to the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 63 or64.

Regions Having a 5′ Cap

The polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, an IL-18 polypeptide, or an OX40L polypeptideof the present disclosure can further comprise a 5′ cap. The 5′ capuseful for the IL-23, IL-36-gamma an IL-18 polypeptide, and/or OX40Lpolypeptide encoding mRNA can bind the mRNA Cap Binding Protein (CBP),thereby increasing mRNA stability. The cap can further assist theremoval of 5′ proximal introns removal during mRNA splicing.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, an IL-18 polypeptide, oran OX40L polypeptide of the present disclosure comprises anon-hydrolyzable cap structure preventing decapping and thus increasingmRNA half-life. Because cap structure hydrolysis requires cleavage of5′-ppp-5′ phosphorodiester linkages, modified nucleotides can be usedduring the capping reaction. For example, a Vaccinia Capping Enzyme fromNew England Biolabs (Ipswich, Mass.) can be used with a-thio-guanosinenucleotides according to the manufacturer's instructions to create aphosphorothioate linkage in the 5′-ppp-5′ cap. Additional modifiedguanosine nucleotides can be used such as a-methyl-phosphonate andseleno-phosphate nucleotides.

In certain embodiments, the 5′ cap comprises 2′-O-methylation of theribose sugars of 5′-terminal and/or 5′-anteterminal nucleotides on the2′-hydroxyl group of the sugar ring. In other embodiments, the caps forthe IL-23 polypeptide, IL-36-gamma polypeptide, or an OX40Lpolypeptide-encoding mRNA include cap analogs, which herein are alsoreferred to as synthetic cap analogs, chemical caps, chemical capanalogs, or structural or functional cap analogs, differ from natural(i.e. endogenous, wild-type or physiological) 5′-caps in their chemicalstructure, while retaining cap function. Cap analogs can be chemically(i.e. non-enzymatically) or enzymatically synthesized and/or linked tothe polynucleotides of the disclosure.

For example, the Anti-Reverse Cap Analog (ARCA) cap contains twoguanines linked by a 5′-5′-triphosphate group, wherein one guaninecontains an N7 methyl group as well as a 3′-O-methyl group (i.e.,N7,3′-O-dimethyl-guanosine-5′-triphosphate-5′-guanosine (m⁷G-3′mppp-G;which can equivalently be designated 3′ O-Me-m7G(5′)ppp(5′)G). The 3′-Oatom of the other, unmodified, guanine becomes linked to the 5′-terminalnucleotide of the capped polynucleotide. The N7- and 3′-O-methlyatedguanine provides the terminal moiety of the capped polynucleotide.

Another exemplary cap is mCAP, which is similar to ARCA but has a2′-O-methyl group on guanosine (i.e.,N7,2′-O-dimethyl-guanosine-5′-triphosphate-5′-guanosine, m⁷Gm-ppp-G).

In some embodiments, the cap is a dinucleotide cap analog. As anon-limiting example, the dinucleotide cap analog can be modified atdifferent phosphate positions with a boranophosphate group or aphophoroselenoate group such as the dinucleotide cap analogs describedin U.S. Pat. No. 8,519,110.

In another embodiment, the cap is a cap analog is aN7-(4-chlorophenoxyethyl) substituted dinucleotide form of a cap analogknown in the art and/or described herein. Non-limiting examples of aN7-(4-chlorophenoxyethyl) substituted dinucleotide form of a cap analoginclude a N7-(4-chlorophenoxyethyl)-G(5′)ppp(5′)G and aN7-(4-chlorophenoxyethyl)-m^(3′-O)G(5′)ppp(5′)G cap analog. See, e.g.,the various cap analogs and the methods of synthesizing cap analogsdescribed in Kore et al. (2013) Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry21:4570-4574. In another embodiment, a cap analog of the presentdisclosure is a 4-chloro/bromophenoxyethyl analog.

While cap analogs allow for the concomitant capping of a polynucleotideor a region thereof, in an in vitro transcription reaction, up to 20% oftranscripts can remain uncapped. This, as well as the structuraldifferences of a cap analog from an endogenous 5′-cap structures ofnucleic acids produced by the endogenous, cellular transcriptionmachinery, can lead to reduced translational competency and reducedcellular stability.

The IL-23 polypeptide, IL-36-gamma polypeptide, an IL-18 polypeptide,and/or an OX40L polypeptide encoding mRNA of the present disclosure canalso be capped post-manufacture (whether IVT or chemical synthesis),using enzymes, in order to generate more authentic 5′-cap structures. Asused herein, the phrase “more authentic” refers to a feature thatclosely mirrors or mimics, either structurally or functionally, anendogenous or wild type feature. That is, a “more authentic” feature isbetter representative of an endogenous, wild-type, natural orphysiological cellular function and/or structure as compared tosynthetic features or analogs, etc., of the prior art, or whichoutperforms the corresponding endogenous, wild-type, natural orphysiological feature in one or more respects.

Non-limiting examples of more authentic 5′ cap structures of the presentdisclosure are those which, among other things, have enhanced binding ofcap binding proteins, increased half-life, reduced susceptibility to 5′endonucleases and/or reduced 5′decapping, as compared to synthetic 5′capstructures known in the art (or to a wild-type, natural or physiological5′cap structure). For example, recombinant Vaccinia Virus Capping Enzymeand recombinant 2′-O-methyltransferase enzyme can create a canonical5′-5′-triphosphate linkage between the 5′-terminal nucleotide of apolynucleotide and a guanine cap nucleotide wherein the cap guaninecontains an N7 methylation and the 5′-terminal nucleotide of the mRNAcontains a 2′-O-methyl. Such a structure is termed the Cap1 structure.This cap results in a higher translational-competency and cellularstability and a reduced activation of cellular pro-inflammatorycytokines, as compared, e.g., to other 5′cap analog structures known inthe art. Cap structures include, but are not limited to,7mG(5′)ppp(5′)N,pN2p (cap 0), 7mG(5′)ppp(5′)N1mpNp (cap 1), and7mG(5′)-ppp(5′)N1mpN2mp (cap 2).

According to the present disclosure, 5′ terminal caps can includeendogenous caps or cap analogs. According to the present disclosure, a5′ terminal cap can comprise a guanine analog. Useful guanine analogsinclude, but are not limited to, inosine, N1-methyl-guanosine,2′fluoro-guanosine, 7-deaza-guanosine, 8-oxo-guanosine,2-amino-guanosine, LNA-guanosine, and 2-azido-guanosine.

Poly-A Tails

In some embodiments, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, an IL-18 polypeptide, oran OX40L polypeptide of the present disclosure further comprises a polyA tail. In further embodiments, terminal groups on the poly-A tail canbe incorporated for stabilization. In other embodiments, a poly-A tailcomprises des-3′ hydroxyl tails. The useful poly-A tails can alsoinclude structural moieties or 2′-Omethyl modifications as taught by Liet al. (2005) Current Biology 15:1501-1507.

In one embodiment, the length of a poly-A tail, when present, is greaterthan 30 nucleotides in length. In another embodiment, the poly-A tail isgreater than 35 nucleotides in length (e.g., at least or greater thanabout 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200,250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1,000, 1,100, 1,200,1,300, 1,400, 1,500, 1,600, 1,700, 1,800, 1,900, 2,000, 2,500, and 3,000nucleotides).

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide or region thereof includes fromabout 30 to about 3,000 nucleotides (e.g., from 30 to 50, from 30 to100, from 30 to 250, from 30 to 500, from 30 to 750, from 30 to 1,000,from 30 to 1,500, from 30 to 2,000, from 30 to 2,500, from 50 to 100,from 50 to 250, from 50 to 500, from 50 to 750, from 50 to 1,000, from50 to 1,500, from 50 to 2,000, from 50 to 2,500, from 50 to 3,000, from100 to 500, from 100 to 750, from 100 to 1,000, from 100 to 1,500, from100 to 2,000, from 100 to 2,500, from 100 to 3,000, from 500 to 750,from 500 to 1,000, from 500 to 1,500, from 500 to 2,000, from 500 to2,500, from 500 to 3,000, from 1,000 to 1,500, from 1,000 to 2,000, from1,000 to 2,500, from 1,000 to 3,000, from 1,500 to 2,000, from 1,500 to2,500, from 1,500 to 3,000, from 2,000 to 3,000, from 2,000 to 2,500,and from 2,500 to 3,000).

In some embodiments, the poly-A tail is designed relative to the lengthof the overall polynucleotide or the length of a particular region ofthe polynucleotide. This design can be based on the length of a codingregion, the length of a particular feature or region or based on thelength of the ultimate product expressed from the polynucleotides.

In this context, the poly-A tail can be 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80,90, or 100% greater in length than the polynucleotide or featurethereof. The poly-A tail can also be designed as a fraction of thepolynucleotides to which it belongs. In this context, the poly-A tailcan be 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90% or more of the totallength of the construct, a construct region or the total length of theconstruct minus the poly-A tail. Further, engineered binding sites andconjugation of polynucleotides for Poly-A binding protein can enhanceexpression.

Additionally, multiple distinct polynucleotides can be linked togethervia the PABP (Poly-A binding protein) through the 3′-end using modifiednucleotides at the 3′-terminus of the poly-A tail. Transfectionexperiments can be conducted in relevant cell lines at and proteinproduction can be assayed by ELISA at 12 hr, 24 hr, 48 hr, 72 hr and day7 post-transfection.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotides of the present disclosure aredesigned to include a polyA-G Quartet region. The G-quartet is a cyclichydrogen bonded array of four guanine nucleotides that can be formed byG-rich sequences in both DNA and RNA. In this embodiment, the G-quartetis incorporated at the end of the poly-A tail. The resultantpolynucleotide is assayed for stability, protein production and otherparameters including half-life at various time points. It has beendiscovered that the polyA-G quartet results in protein production froman mRNA equivalent to at least 75% of that seen using a poly-A tail of120 nucleotides alone.

Start Codon Region

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, an IL-18 polypeptide, oran OX40L polypeptide of the present disclosure further comprises regionsthat are analogous to or function like a start codon region.

In some embodiments, the translation of a polynucleotide initiates on acodon which is not the start codon AUG. Translation of thepolynucleotide can initiate on an alternative start codon such as, butnot limited to, ACG, AGG, AAG, CTG/CUG, GTG/GUG, ATA/AUA, ATT/AUU,TTG/UUG. See Touriol et al. (2003) Biology of the Cell 95:169-178 andMatsuda and Mauro (2010) PLoS ONE 5:11. As a non-limiting example, thetranslation of a polynucleotide begins on the alternative start codonACG. As another non-limiting example, polynucleotide translation beginson the alternative start codon CTG or CUG. As yet another non-limitingexample, the translation of a polynucleotide begins on the alternativestart codon GTG or GUG.

Nucleotides flanking a codon that initiates translation such as, but notlimited to, a start codon or an alternative start codon, are known toaffect the translation efficiency, the length and/or the structure ofthe polynucleotide. See, e.g., Matsuda and Mauro (2010) PLoS ONE 5:11.Masking any of the nucleotides flanking a codon that initiatestranslation can be used to alter the position of translation initiation,translation efficiency, length and/or structure of a polynucleotide.

In some embodiments, a masking agent is used near the start codon oralternative start codon in order to mask or hide the codon to reduce theprobability of translation initiation at the masked start codon oralternative start codon. Non-limiting examples of masking agents includeantisense locked nucleic acids (LNA) polynucleotides and exon-junctioncomplexes (EJCs). See, e.g., Matsuda and Mauro (2010) PLoS ONE 5:11,describing masking agents LNA polynucleotides and EJCs.

In another embodiment, a masking agent is used to mask a start codon ofa polynucleotide in order to increase the likelihood that translationwill initiate on an alternative start codon. In some embodiments, amasking agent is used to mask a first start codon or alternative startcodon in order to increase the chance that translation will initiate ona start codon or alternative start codon downstream to the masked startcodon or alternative start codon.

In some embodiments, a start codon or alternative start codon is locatedwithin a perfect complement for a miR binding site. The perfectcomplement of a miR binding site can help control the translation,length and/or structure of the polynucleotide similar to a maskingagent. As a non-limiting example, the start codon or alternative startcodon is located in the middle of a perfect complement for a miR-122binding site. The start codon or alternative start codon can be locatedafter the first nucleotide, second nucleotide, third nucleotide, fourthnucleotide, fifth nucleotide, sixth nucleotide, seventh nucleotide,eighth nucleotide, ninth nucleotide, tenth nucleotide, eleventhnucleotide, twelfth nucleotide, thirteenth nucleotide, fourteenthnucleotide, fifteenth nucleotide, sixteenth nucleotide, seventeenthnucleotide, eighteenth nucleotide, nineteenth nucleotide, twentiethnucleotide or twenty-first nucleotide.

In another embodiment, the start codon of a polynucleotide is removedfrom the polynucleotide sequence in order to have the translation of thepolynucleotide begin on a codon which is not the start codon.Translation of the polynucleotide can begin on the codon following theremoved start codon or on a downstream start codon or an alternativestart codon. In a non-limiting example, the start codon ATG or AUG isremoved as the first 3 nucleotides of the polynucleotide sequence inorder to have translation initiate on a downstream start codon oralternative start codon. The polynucleotide sequence where the startcodon was removed can further comprise at least one masking agent forthe downstream start codon and/or alternative start codons in order tocontrol or attempt to control the initiation of translation, the lengthof the polynucleotide and/or the structure of the polynucleotide.

Stop Codon Region

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, an IL-18 polypeptide, oran OX40L polypeptide of the present disclosure can further comprise atleast one stop codon or at least two stop codons before the 3′untranslated region (UTR). The stop codon can be selected from UGA, UAA,and UAG. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides of the presentdisclosure include the stop codon UGA and one additional stop codon. Ina further embodiment the addition stop codon can be UAA. In anotherembodiment, the polynucleotides of the present disclosure include threestop codons, four stop codons, or more.

X. Methods of Making Polynucleotides

The present disclosure also provides methods for making a polynucleotidedisclosed herein or a complement thereof. In some aspects, apolynucleotide (e.g., an mRNA) disclosed herein, and encoding an IL-23polypeptide, an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, or an OX40L polypeptide can beconstructed using in vitro transcription.

In other aspects, a polynucleotide (e.g., an mRNA) disclosed herein, andencoding an IL-23 polypeptide, an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, an IL-18polypeptide, or an OX40L polypeptide can be constructed by chemicalsynthesis using an oligonucleotide synthesizer. In other aspects, apolynucleotide (e.g., an mRNA) disclosed herein, and encoding an IL-23polypeptide, an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, an IL-18 polypeptide, or anOX40L polypeptide is made by using a host cell. In certain aspects, apolynucleotide (e.g., an mRNA) disclosed herein, and encoding an IL-23polypeptide, an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, an IL-18 polypeptide, or anOX40L polypeptide is made by one or more combination of the IVT,chemical synthesis, host cell expression, or any other methods known inthe art.

Naturally occurring nucleosides, non-naturally occurring nucleosides, orcombinations thereof, can totally or partially naturally replaceoccurring nucleosides present in the candidate nucleotide sequence andcan be incorporated into a sequence-optimized nucleotide sequence (e.g.,an mRNA) encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, anIL-18 polypeptide, or an OX40L polypeptide. The resultant mRNAs can thenbe examined for their ability to produce protein and/or produce atherapeutic outcome.

In Vitro Transcription-Enzymatic Synthesis

A polynucleotide disclosed herein can be transcribed using an in vitrotranscription (IVT) system. The system typically comprises atranscription buffer, nucleotide triphosphates (NTPs), an RNaseinhibitor and a polymerase. The NTPs can be selected from, but are notlimited to, those described herein including natural and unnatural(modified) NTPs. The polymerase can be selected from, but is not limitedto, T7 RNA polymerase, T3 RNA polymerase and mutant polymerases such as,but not limited to, polymerases able to incorporate modified nucleicacids. See U.S. Publ. No. US2013-0259923.

The IVT system typically comprises a transcription buffer, nucleotidetriphosphates (NTPs), an RNase inhibitor and a polymerase. The NTPs canbe selected from, but are not limited to, those described hereinincluding natural and unnatural (modified) NTPs. The polymerase can beselected from, but is not limited to, T7 RNA polymerase, T3 RNApolymerase and mutant polymerases such as, but not limited to,polymerases able to incorporate polynucleotides disclosed herein.

Any number of RNA polymerases or variants can be used in the synthesisof the polynucleotides of the present disclosure.

RNA polymerases can be modified by inserting or deleting amino acids ofthe RNA polymerase sequence. As a non-limiting example, the RNApolymerase is modified to exhibit an increased ability to incorporate a2′-modified nucleotide triphosphate compared to an unmodified RNApolymerase. See International Publication WO2008078180 and U.S. Pat. No.8,101,385.

Variants can be obtained by evolving an RNA polymerase, optimizing theRNA polymerase amino acid and/or nucleic acid sequence and/or by usingother methods known in the art. As a non-limiting example, T7 RNApolymerase variants are evolved using the continuous directed evolutionsystem set out by Esvelt et al. (2011) Nature 472:499-503, where clonesof T7 RNA polymerase can encode at least one mutation such as, but notlimited to, lysine at position 93 substituted for threonine (K93T), I4M,A7T, E63V, V64D, A65E, D66Y, T76N, C125R, S128R, A136T, N165S, G175R,H176L, Y178H, F182L, L196F, G198V, D208Y, E222K, S228A, Q239R, T243N,G259D, M267I, G280C, H300R, D351A, A354S, E356D, L360P, A383V, Y385C,D388Y, S397R, M401T, N410S, K450R, P451T, G452V, E484A, H523L, H524N,G542V, E565K, K577E, K577M, N601S, S684Y, L699I, K713E, N748D, Q754R,E775K, A827V, D851N or L864F. As another non-limiting example, T7 RNApolymerase variants can encode at least mutation as described in U.S.Pub. Nos. 20100120024 and 20070117112. Variants of RNA polymerase canalso include, but are not limited to, substitutional variants,conservative amino acid substitution, insertional variants, deletionalvariants and/or covalent derivatives.

In one aspect, the polynucleotide can be designed to be recognized bythe wild type or variant RNA polymerases. In doing so, thepolynucleotide can be modified to contain sites or regions of sequencechanges from the wild type or parent chimeric polynucleotide.

Polynucleotide or nucleic acid synthesis reactions can be carried out byenzymatic methods utilizing polymerases. Polymerases catalyze thecreation of phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides in a polynucleotideor nucleic acid chain. Currently known DNA polymerases can be dividedinto different families based on amino acid sequence comparison andcrystal structure analysis. DNA polymerase I (pol I) or A polymerasefamily, including the Klenow fragments of E. coli, Bacillus DNApolymerase I, Thermus aquaticus (Taq) DNA polymerases, and the T7 RNAand DNA polymerases, is among the best studied of these families.Another large family is DNA polymerase a (pol a) or B polymerase family,including all eukaryotic replicating DNA polymerases and polymerasesfrom phages T4 and RB69. Although they employ similar catalyticmechanism, these families of polymerases differ in substratespecificity, substrate analog-incorporating efficiency, degree and ratefor primer extension, mode of DNA synthesis, exonuclease activity, andsensitivity against inhibitors.

DNA polymerases are also selected based on the optimum reactionconditions they require, such as reaction temperature, pH, and templateand primer concentrations. Sometimes a combination of more than one DNApolymerases is employed to achieve the desired DNA fragment size andsynthesis efficiency. For example, Cheng et al. increase pH, addglycerol and dimethyl sulfoxide, decrease denaturation times, increaseextension times, and utilize a secondary thermostable DNA polymerasethat possesses a 3′ to 5′ exonuclease activity to effectively amplifylong targets from cloned inserts and human genomic DNA. Cheng et al.(1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:5695-5699. RNA polymerases frombacteriophage T3, T7, and SP6 have been widely used to prepare RNAs forbiochemical and biophysical studies. RNA polymerases, capping enzymes,and poly-A polymerases are disclosed in International Publication No.WO2014028429 (see also US 20150211039).

In one aspect, the RNA polymerase which can be used in the synthesis ofthe polynucleotides described herein is a Syn5 RNA polymerase. See Zhuet al. (2013) Nucleic Acids Research 288:3545-3552. The Syn5 RNApolymerase was recently characterized from marine cyanophage Syn5 by Zhuet al. where they also identified the promoter sequence. See Zhu et al.(2013) Nucleic Acids Research 288:3545-3552. Zhu et al. found that Syn5RNA polymerase catalyzed RNA synthesis over a wider range oftemperatures and salinity as compared to T7 RNA polymerase.Additionally, the requirement for the initiating nucleotide at thepromoter was found to be less stringent for Syn5 RNA polymerase ascompared to the T7 RNA polymerase making Syn5 RNA polymerase promisingfor RNA synthesis.

In one aspect, a Syn5 RNA polymerase can be used in the synthesis of thepolynucleotides described herein. As a non-limiting example, a Syn5 RNApolymerase can be used in the synthesis of the polynucleotide requiringa precise 3′-termini.

In one aspect, a Syn5 promoter can be used in the synthesis of thepolynucleotides. As a non-limiting example, the Syn5 promoter can be5′-ATTGGGCACCCGTAAGGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 198) as described by Zhu et al.(2013) Nucleic Acids Research 288:3545-3552.

In one aspect, a Syn5 RNA polymerase can be used in the synthesis ofpolynucleotides comprising at least one chemical modification describedherein and/or known in the art. (see e.g., the incorporation ofpseudo-UTP and 5Me-CTP described in Zhu et al. (2013) Nucleic AcidsResearch 288:3545-3552.

In one aspect, the polynucleotides described herein can be synthesizedusing a Syn5 RNA polymerase which has been purified using modified andimproved purification procedure described by Zhu et al. (2013) NucleicAcids Research 288:3545-3552.

Various tools in genetic engineering are based on the enzymaticamplification of a target gene which acts as a template. For the studyof sequences of individual genes or specific regions of interest andother research needs, it is necessary to generate multiple copies of atarget gene from a small sample of polynucleotides or nucleic acids.Such methods can be applied in the manufacture of the polynucleotides ofthe disclosure.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has wide applications in rapidamplification of a target gene, as well as genome mapping andsequencing. The key components for synthesizing DNA comprise target DNAmolecules as a template, primers complementary to the ends of target DNAstrands, deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) as building blocks, and aDNA polymerase. As PCR progresses through denaturation, annealing andextension steps, the newly produced DNA molecules can act as a templatefor the next circle of replication, achieving exponentiallyamplification of the target DNA. PCR requires a cycle of heating andcooling for denaturation and annealing. Variations of the basic PCRinclude asymmetric PCR (Innis et al. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA85:9436-9440), inverse PCR (Ochman et al. (1988) Genetics 120:621-623),reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) (Freeman et al. (1999) BioTechniques26:112-22, 124-5). In RT-PCR, a single stranded RNA is the desiredtarget and is converted to a double stranded DNA first by reversetranscriptase.

A variety of isothermal in vitro nucleic acid amplification techniqueshave been developed as alternatives or complements of PCR. For example,strand displacement amplification (SDA) is based on the ability of arestriction enzyme to form a nick. Walker et al. (1992) Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. USA 89:392-396, the contents of which are incorporated hereinby reference in their entirety.

A restriction enzyme recognition sequence is inserted into an annealedprimer sequence. Primers are extended by a DNA polymerase and dNTPs toform a duplex. Only one strand of the duplex is cleaved by therestriction enzyme. Each single strand chain is then available as atemplate for subsequent synthesis. SDA does not require the complicatedtemperature control cycle of PCR.

Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA), also calledtranscription mediated amplification (TMA), is also an isothermalamplification method that utilizes a combination of DNA polymerase,reverse transcriptase, RNAse H, and T7 RNA polymerase. Compton (1991)Nature 350:91-92. A target RNA is used as a template and a reversetranscriptase synthesizes its complementary DNA strand. RNAse Hhydrolyzes the RNA template, making space for a DNA polymerase tosynthesize a DNA strand complementary to the first DNA strand which iscomplementary to the RNA target, forming a DNA duplex. T7 RNA polymerasecontinuously generates complementary RNA strands of this DNA duplex.These RNA strands act as templates for new cycles of DNA synthesis,resulting in amplification of the target gene.

Rolling-circle amplification (RCA) amplifies a single stranded circularpolynucleotide and involves numerous rounds of isothermal enzymaticsynthesis where <29 DNA polymerase extends a primer by continuouslyprogressing around the polynucleotide circle to replicate its sequenceover and over again. Therefore, a linear copy of the circular templateis achieved. A primer can then be annealed to this linear copy and itscomplementary chain can be synthesized. See Lizardi et al. (1998) NatureGenetics 19:225-232. A single stranded circular DNA can also serve as atemplate for RNA synthesis in the presence of an RNA polymerase.Daubendiek et al. (1995) JACS 117:7818-7819. An inverse rapidamplification of cDNA ends (RACE) RCA is described by Polidoros et al. Amessenger RNA (mRNA) is reverse transcribed into cDNA, followed by RNAseH treatment to separate the cDNA. The cDNA is then circularized byCircLigase into a circular DNA. The amplification of the resultingcircular DNA is achieved with RCA. Polidoros et al. (2006) BioTechniques41:35-42.

Any of the foregoing methods can be utilized in the manufacture of oneor more regions of the polynucleotides of the present disclosure.

Assembling polynucleotides or nucleic acids by a ligase is also widelyused. DNA or RNA ligases promote intermolecular ligation of the 5′ and3′ ends of polynucleotide chains through the formation of aphosphodiester bond. Ligase chain reaction (LCR) is a promisingdiagnosing technique based on the principle that two adjacentpolynucleotide probes hybridize to one strand of a target gene andcouple to each other by a ligase. If a target gene is not present, or ifthere is a mismatch at the target gene, such as a single-nucleotidepolymorphism (SNP), the probes cannot ligase. Wiedmann et al. (1994) PCRMethods and Application 3(4):s51-s64. LCR can be combined with variousamplification techniques to increase sensitivity of detection or toincrease the amount of products if it is used in synthesizingpolynucleotides and nucleic acids.

Several library preparation kits for nucleic acids are now commerciallyavailable. They include enzymes and buffers to convert a small amount ofnucleic acid samples into an indexed library for downstreamapplications. For example, DNA fragments can be placed in a NEBNEXT®ULTRA™ DNA Library Prep Kit by NEWENGLAND BIOLABS® for end preparation,ligation, size selection, clean-up, PCR amplification and finalclean-up.

Continued development is going on to improvement the amplificationtechniques. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 8,367,328 to Asada et al.,teaches utilizing a reaction enhancer to increase the efficiency of DNAsynthesis reactions by DNA polymerases. The reaction enhancer comprisesan acidic substance or cationic complexes of an acidic substance. U.S.Pat. No. 7,384,739 to Kitabayashi et al., teaches a carboxylateion-supplying substance that promotes enzymatic DNA synthesis, whereinthe carboxylate ion-supplying substance is selected from oxalic acid,malonic acid, esters of oxalic acid, esters of malonic acid, salts ofmalonic acid, and esters of maleic acid. U.S. Pat. No. 7,378,262 toSobek et al., discloses an enzyme composition to increase fidelity ofDNA amplifications. The composition comprises one enzyme with 3′exonuclease activity but no polymerase activity and another enzyme thatis a polymerase. Both of the enzymes are thermostable and are reversiblymodified to be inactive at lower temperatures.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,550,264 to Getts et al. teaches multiple round ofsynthesis of sense RNA molecules are performed by attachingoligodeoxynucleotides tails onto the 3′ end of cDNA molecules andinitiating RNA transcription using RNA polymerase. U.S. Pat. PublicationNo. 2013/0183718 to Rohayem teaches RNA synthesis by RNA-dependent RNApolymerases (RdRp) displaying an RNA polymerase activity onsingle-stranded DNA templates. Oligonucleotides with non-standardnucleotides can be synthesized with enzymatic polymerization bycontacting a template comprising non-standard nucleotides with a mixtureof nucleotides that are complementary to the nucleotides of the templateas disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,617,106 to Benner.

Chemical Synthesis

Standard methods can be applied to synthesize an isolated polynucleotidesequence encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, anIL-18 polypeptide, and/or an OX40L polypeptide. For example, a singleDNA or RNA oligomer containing a codon-optimized nucleotide sequencecoding for the particular isolated polypeptide can be synthesized. Inother aspects, several small oligonucleotides coding for portions of thedesired polypeptide can be synthesized and then ligated. In someaspects, the individual oligonucleotides typically contain 5′ or 3′overhangs for complementary assembly.

A polynucleotide disclosed herein (e.g., mRNA) can be chemicallysynthesized using chemical synthesis methods and potential nucleobasesubstitutions known in the art. See, for example, InternationalPublication Nos. WO2014093924 (see also US20150307542), WO2013052523(see also US20130115272); WO2013039857, WO2012135805 (see alsoUS20120251618), WO2013151671 (see also US20150044277); U.S. Publ. No.US20130115272; or U.S. Pat. No. 8,999,380, U.S. Pat. No. 8,710,200.

Purification

Purification of the polynucleotides (e.g., mRNA) encoding an IL-23polypeptide, an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, an IL-18 polypeptide, and/or anOX40L polypeptide described herein can include, but is not limited to,polynucleotide clean-up, quality assurance and quality control. Clean-upcan be performed by methods known in the arts such as, but not limitedto, AGENCOURT® beads (Beckman Coulter Genomics, Danvers, Mass.), poly-Tbeads, LNA™ oligo-T capture probes (EXIQON® Inc, Vedbaek, Denmark) orHPLC based purification methods such as, but not limited to, stronganion exchange HPLC, weak anion exchange HPLC, reverse phase HPLC(RP-HPLC), and hydrophobic interaction HPLC (HIC-HPLC). The term“purified” when used in relation to a polynucleotide such as a “purifiedpolynucleotide” refers to one that is separated from at least onecontaminant. As used herein, a “contaminant” is any substance whichmakes another unfit, impure or inferior. Thus, a purified polynucleotide(e.g., DNA and RNA) is present in a form or setting different from thatin which it is found in nature, or a form or setting different from thatwhich existed prior to subjecting it to a treatment or purificationmethod.

In some embodiments, purification of a polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA)encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, an IL-18polypeptide, and/or an OX40L polypeptide of the disclosure removesimpurities that can reduce or remove an unwanted immune response, e.g.,reducing cytokine activity.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) encoding an IL-23polypeptide, an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, an IL-18 polypeptide, and/or anOX40L polypeptide of the disclosure is purified prior to administrationusing column chromatography (e.g., strong anion exchange HPLC, weakanion exchange HPLC, reverse phase HPLC (RP-HPLC), and hydrophobicinteraction HPLC (HIC-HPLC), or (LCMS)). In some embodiments, a columnchromatography (e.g., strong anion exchange HPLC, weak anion exchangeHPLC, reverse phase HPLC (RP-HPLC), and hydrophobic interaction HPLC(HIC-HPLC), or (LCMS)) purified polynucleotide, which encodes an IL-23polypeptide, an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, an IL-18 polypeptide, and/or anOX40L polypeptide disclosed herein increases expression of the IL-23polypeptide, the IL-36-gamma polypeptide, an IL-18 polypeptide, and/oran OX40L polypeptide compared to polynucleotides encoding the IL-23polypeptide, an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, an IL-18 polypeptide, and/or anOX40L polypeptide purified by a different purification method.

In some embodiments, a column chromatography (e.g., strong anionexchange HPLC, weak anion exchange HPLC, reverse phase HPLC (RP-HPLC),and hydrophobic interaction HPLC (HIC-HPLC), or (LCMS)) purifiedpolynucleotide encodes a encodes a mammalian IL-23 polypeptide, amammalian IL-36-gamma polypeptide, an IL-18 polypeptide, and/or amammalian OX40L polypeptide. In some embodiments, the purifiedpolynucleotide encodes an IL-23 polypeptide, an IL-36-gamma polypeptide,an IL-18 polypeptide, and/or an OX40L polypeptide. In some embodiments,the purified polynucleotide encodes a human IL-23 polypeptide, a humanIL-36-gamma polypeptide, an IL-18 polypeptide, and/or a human OX40Lpolypeptide.

In some embodiments, the purified polynucleotide is at least about 80%pure, at least about 85% pure, at least about 90% pure, at least about95% pure, at least about 96% pure, at least about 97% pure, at leastabout 98% pure, at least about 99% pure, or about 100% pure.

A quality assurance and/or quality control check can be conducted usingmethods such as, but not limited to, gel electrophoresis, UV absorbance,or analytical HPLC.

In another embodiment, the polynucleotides can be sequenced by methodsincluding, but not limited to reverse-transcriptase-PCR.

XI. Chemical Modifications

As used herein in polynucleotides comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23polypeptide, polynucleotides comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gammapolypeptide an IL-18 polypeptide, polynucleotides comprising an mRNAencoding an OX40L polypeptide, or combinations thereof according to thepresent disclosure, the terms “chemical modification” or, asappropriate, “chemically modified” refer to modification with respect toadenosine (A), guanosine (G), uridine (U), thymidine (T) or cytidine (C)ribo- or deoxyribonucleotides in one or more of their position, pattern,percent or population. Generally, herein, these terms are not intendedto refer to the ribonucleotide modifications in naturally occurring5′-terminal mRNA cap moieties.

In a polypeptide, the term “modification” refers to a modification ascompared to the canonical set of 20 amino acids.

The modifications can be various distinct modifications. In someembodiments, the regions can contain one, two, or more (optionallydifferent) nucleoside or nucleotide (nucleobase) modifications. In someembodiments, a modified polynucleotide, introduced to a cell can exhibitreduced degradation in the cell, as compared to an unmodifiedpolynucleotide. In other embodiments, the modification is in thenucleobase and/or the sugar structure. In yet other embodiments, themodification is in the backbone structure.

Chemical Modifications

Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a firstpolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, and asecond polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gammapolypeptide or an IL-18 polypeptide, or a third polynucleotidecomprising an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide, wherein the mRNAincludes at least one chemical modification.

Other embodiments of the present disclosure provide a firstpolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, asecond polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gammapolypeptide, or an IL-18 polypeptide, and a third polynucleotidecomprising an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide wherein the mRNAincludes at least one chemical modification.

In some embodiments, the chemical modification is selected frompseudouridine, N1-methylpseudouridine, 2-thiouridine, 4′-thiouridine,5-methylcytosine, 2-thio-1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudouridine,2-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 2-thio-5-aza-uridine,2-thio-dihydropseudouridine, 2-thio-dihydrouridine,2-thio-pseudouridine, 4-methoxy-2-thio-pseudouridine,4-methoxy-pseudouridine, 4-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine,4-thio-pseudouridine, 5-aza-uridine, dihydropseudouridine,5-methyluridine,), 5-methoxyuridine, and 2′-O-methyl uridine.

A “nucleoside” as used herein refers to a compound containing a sugarmolecule (e.g., a pentose or ribose) or a derivative thereof incombination with an organic base (e.g., a purine or pyrimidine) or aderivative thereof (also referred to herein as “nucleobase”). A“nucleotide” as used herein refers to a nucleoside, including aphosphate group. Modified nucleotides can be synthesized by any usefulmethod, such as, for example, chemically, enzymatically, orrecombinantly, to include one or more modified or non-naturalnucleosides. Polynucleotides can comprise a region or regions of linkednucleosides. Such regions can have variable backbone linkages. Thelinkages can be standard phosphodiester linkages, in which case thepolynucleotides would comprise regions of nucleotides.

Modified nucleotide base pairing encompasses not only the standardadenosine-thymine, adenosine-uracil, or guanosine-cytosine base pairs,but also base pairs formed between nucleotides and/or modifiednucleotides comprising non-standard or modified bases, wherein thearrangement of hydrogen bond donors and hydrogen bond acceptors permitshydrogen bonding between a non-standard base and a standard base orbetween two complementary non-standard base structures. One example ofsuch non-standard base pairing is the base pairing between the modifiednucleotide inosine and adenine, cytosine or uracil. Any combination ofbase/sugar or linker can be incorporated into polynucleotides of thepresent disclosure.

The skilled artisan will appreciate that, except where otherwise noted,polynucleotide sequences set forth in the instant application willrecite “T”s in a representative DNA sequence but where the sequencerepresents RNA, the “T”s would be substituted for “U”s.

Modifications of polynucleotides (e.g., RNA polynucleotides, such asmRNA polynucleotides) that are useful in the polynucleotides,compositions, methods and synthetic processes of the present disclosureinclude, but are not limited to the following nucleotides, nucleosides,and nucleobases: 2-methylthio-N6-(cis-hydroxyisopentenyl)adenosine;2-methylthio-N6-methyladenosine; 2-methylthio-N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine; N6-glycinylcarbamoyladenosine;N6-isopentenyladenosine; N6-methyladenosine;N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine; 1,2′-O-dimethyladenosine;1-methyladenosine; 2′-O-methyladenosine; 2′-O-ribosyladenosine(phosphate); 2-methyladenosine; 2-methylthio-N6 isopentenyladenosine;2-methylthio-N6-hydroxynorvalyl carbamoyladenosine;2′-O-methyladenosine; 2′-O-ribosyladenosine (phosphate);Isopentenyladenosine; N6-(cis-hydroxyisopentenyl)adenosine;N6,2′-O-dimethyladenosine; N6,2′-O-dimethyladenosine;N6,N6,2′-O-trimethyladenosine; N6,N6-dimethyladenosine;N6-acetyladenosine; N6-hydroxynorvalylcarb amoyladenosine;N6-methyl-N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine; 2-methyladenosine;2-methylthio-N6-isopentenyladenosine; 7-deaza-adenosine;N1-methyl-adenosine; N6, N6 (dimethyl)adenine;N6-cis-hydroxy-isopentenyl-adenosine; a-thio-adenosine; 2(amino)adenine; 2 (aminopropyl)adenine; 2 (methylthio) N6(isopentenyl)adenine; 2-(alkyl)adenine; 2-(aminoalkyl)adenine;2-(aminopropyl)adenine; 2-(halo)adenine; 2-(halo)adenine;2-(propyl)adenine; 2′-Amino-2′-deoxy-ATP; 2′-Azido-2′-deoxy-ATP;2′-Deoxy-2′-a-aminoadenosine TP; 2′-Deoxy-2′-a-azidoadenosine TP; 6(alkyl)adenine; 6 (methyl)adenine; 6-(alkyl)adenine; 6-(methyl)adenine;7 (deaza)adenine; 8 (alkenyl)adenine; 8 (alkynyl)adenine; 8(amino)adenine; 8 (thioalkyl)adenine; 8-(alkenyl)adenine;8-(alkyl)adenine; 8-(alkynyl)adenine; 8-(amino)adenine; 8-(halo)adenine;8-(hydroxyl)adenine; 8-(thioalkyl)adenine; 8-(thiol)adenine;8-azido-adenosine; aza adenine; deaza adenine; N6 (methyl)adenine;N6-(isopentyl)adenine; 7-deaza-8-aza-adenosine; 7-methyladenine;1-Deazaadenosine TP; 2′Fluoro-N6-Bz-deoxyadenosine TP;2′-OMe-2-Amino-ATP; 2′ O-methyl-N6-Bz-deoxyadenosine TP;2′-a-Ethynyladenosine TP; 2-aminoadenine; 2-Aminoadenosine TP;2-Amino-ATP; 2′-a-Trifluoromethyladenosine TP; 2-Azidoadenosine TP;2′-b-Ethynyladenosine TP; 2-Bromoadenosine TP;2′-b-Trifluoromethyladenosine TP; 2-Chloroadenosine TP;2′-Deoxy-2′,2′-difluoroadenosine TP; 2′-Deoxy-2′-a-mercaptoadenosine TP;2′-Deoxy-2′-a-thiomethoxyadenosine TP; 2′-Deoxy-2′-b-aminoadenosine TP;2′-Deoxy-2′-b-azidoadenosine TP; 2′-Deoxy-2′-b-bromoadenosine TP;2′-Deoxy-2′-b-chloroadenosine TP; 2′-Deoxy-2′-b-fluoroadenosine TP;2′-Deoxy-2′-b-iodoadenosine TP; 2′-Deoxy-2′-b-mercaptoadenosine TP;2′-Deoxy-2′-b-thiomethoxyadenosine TP; 2-Fluoroadenosine TP;2-Iodoadenosine TP; 2-Mercaptoadenosine TP; 2-methoxy-adenine;2-methylthio-adenine; 2-Trifluoromethyladenosine TP;3-Deaza-3-bromoadenosine TP; 3-Deaza-3-chloroadenosine TP;3-Deaza-3-fluoroadenosine TP; 3-Deaza-3-iodoadenosine TP;3-Deazaadenosine TP; 4′-Azidoadenosine TP; 4′-Carbocyclic adenosine TP;4′-Ethynyladenosine TP; 5′-Homo-adenosine TP; 8-Aza-ATP;8-bromo-adenosine TP; 8-Trifluoromethyladenosine TP; 9-DeazaadenosineTP; 2-aminopurine; 7-deaza-2,6-diaminopurine;7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diaminopurine; 7-deaza-8-aza-2-aminopurine;2,6-diaminopurine; 7-deaza-8-aza-adenine, 7-deaza-2-aminopurine;2-thiocytidine; 3-methylcytidine; 5-formylcytidine;5-hydroxymethylcytidine; 5-methylcytidine; N4-acetylcytidine;2′-O-methylcytidine; 2′-O-methylcytidine; 5,2′-O-dimethylcytidine;5-formyl-2′-O-methylcytidine; Lysidine; N4,2′-O-dimethylcytidine;N4-acetyl-2′-O-methylcytidine; N4-methylcytidine;N4,N4-Dimethyl-2′-OMe-Cytidine TP; 4-methylcytidine; 5-aza-cytidine;Pseudo-iso-cytidine; pyrrolo-cytidine; α-thio-cytidine;2-(thio)cytosine; 2′-Amino-2′-deoxy-CTP; 2′-Azido-2′-deoxy-CTP;2′-Deoxy-2′-a-aminocytidine TP; 2′-Deoxy-2′-a-azidocytidine TP; 3(deaza) 5 (aza)cytosine; 3 (methyl)cytosine; 3-(alkyl)cytosine;3-(deaza) 5 (aza)cytosine; 3-(methyl)cytidine; 4,2′-O-dimethylcytidine;5 (halo)cytosine; 5 (methyl)cytosine; 5 (propynyl)cytosine; 5(trifluoromethyl)cytosine; 5-(alkyl)cytosine; 5-(alkynyl)cytosine;5-(halo)cytosine; 5-(propynyl)cytosine; 5-(trifluoromethyl)cytosine;5-bromo-cytidine; 5-iodo-cytidine; 5-propynyl cytosine; 6-(azo)cytosine;6-aza-cytidine; aza cytosine; deaza cytosine; N4 (acetyl)cytosine;1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudoisocytidine; 1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine;2-methoxy-5-methyl-cytidine; 2-methoxy-cytidine;2-thio-5-methyl-cytidine; 4-methoxy-1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine;4-methoxy-pseudoisocytidine; 4-thio-1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudoisocytidine;4-thio-1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine; 4-thio-pseudoisocytidine;5-aza-zebularine; 5-methyl-zebularine; pyrrolo-pseudoisocytidine;Zebularine; (E)-5-(2-Bromo-vinyl)cytidine TP; 2,2′-anhydro-cytidine TPhydrochloride; 2′Fluor-N4-Bz-cytidine TP; 2′Fluoro-N4-Acetyl-cytidineTP; 2′-O-Methyl-N4-Acetyl-cytidine TP; 2′ O-methyl-N4-Bz-cytidine TP;2′-a-Ethynylcytidine TP; 2′-a-Trifluoromethylcytidine TP;2′-b-Ethynylcytidine TP; 2′-b-Trifluoromethylcytidine TP;2′-Deoxy-2′,2′-difluorocytidine TP; 2′-Deoxy-2′-a-mercaptocytidine TP;2′-Deoxy-2′-a-thiomethoxycytidine TP; 2′-Deoxy-2′-b-aminocytidine TP;2′-Deoxy-2′-b-azidocytidine TP; 2′-Deoxy-2′-b-bromocytidine TP;2′-Deoxy-2′-b-chlorocytidine TP; 2′-Deoxy-2′-b-fluorocytidine TP;2′-Deoxy-2′-b-iodocytidine TP; 2′-Deoxy-2′-b-mercaptocytidine TP;2′-Deoxy-2′-b-thiomethoxycytidine TP; 2′-O-Methyl-5-(1-propynyl)cytidineTP; 3′-Ethynylcytidine TP; 4′-Azidocytidine TP; 4′-Carbocyclic cytidineTP; 4′-Ethynylcytidine TP; 5-(1-Propynyl)ara-cytidine TP;5-(2-Chloro-phenyl)-2-thiocytidine TP; 5-(4-Amino-phenyl)-2-thiocytidineTP; 5-Aminoallyl-CTP; 5-Cyanocytidine TP; 5-Ethynylara-cytidine TP;5-Ethynylcytidine TP; 5′-Homo-cytidine TP; 5-Methoxycytidine TP;5-Trifluoromethyl-Cytidine TP; N4-Amino-cytidine TP; N4-Benzoyl-cytidineTP; Pseudoisocytidine; 7-methylguanosine; N2,2′-O-dimethylguanosine;N2-methylguanosine; Wyosine; 1,2′-O-dimethylguanosine;1-methylguanosine; 2′-O-methylguanosine; 2′-O-ribosylguanosine(phosphate); 2′-O-methylguanosine; 2′-O-ribosylguanosine (phosphate);7-aminomethyl-7-deazaguanosine; 7-cyano-7-deazaguanosine; Archaeosine;Methylwyosine; N2,7-dimethylguanosine; N2,N2,2′-O-trimethylguanosine;N2,N2,7-trimethylguanosine; N2,N2-dimethylguanosine;N2,7,2′-O-trimethylguanosine; 6-thio-guanosine; 7-deaza-guanosine;8-oxo-guanosine; N1-methyl-guanosine; a-thio-guanosine; 2(propyl)guanine; 2-(alkyl)guanine; 2′-Amino-2′-deoxy-GTP;2′-Azido-2′-deoxy-GTP; 2′-Deoxy-2′-a-aminoguanosine TP;2′-Deoxy-2′-a-azidoguanosine TP; 6 (methyl)guanine; 6-(alkyl)guanine;6-(methyl)guanine; 6-methyl-guanosine; 7 (alkyl)guanine; 7(deaza)guanine; 7 (methyl)guanine; 7-(alkyl)guanine; 7-(deaza)guanine;7-(methyl)guanine; 8 (alkyl)guanine; 8 (alkynyl)guanine; 8(halo)guanine; 8 (thioalkyl)guanine; 8-(alkenyl)guanine;8-(alkyl)guanine; 8-(alkynyl)guanine; 8-(amino)guanine; 8-(halo)guanine;8-(hydroxyl)guanine; 8-(thioalkyl)guanine; 8-(thiol)guanine; azaguanine; deaza guanine; N (methyl)guanine; N-(methyl)guanine;1-methyl-6-thio-guanosine; 6-methoxy-guanosine;6-thio-7-deaza-8-aza-guanosine; 6-thio-7-deaza-guanosine;6-thio-7-methyl-guanosine; 7-deaza-8-aza-guanosine;7-methyl-8-oxo-guanosine; N2,N2-dimethyl-6-thio-guanosine;N2-methyl-6-thio-guanosine; 1-Me-GTP; 2′Fluoro-N2-isobutyl-guanosine TP;2′O-methyl-N2-isobutyl-guanosine TP; 2′-a-Ethynylguanosine TP;2′-a-Trifluoromethylguanosine TP; 2′-b-Ethynylguanosine TP;2′-b-Trifluoromethylguanosine TP; 2′-Deoxy-2′,2′-difluoroguanosine TP;2′-Deoxy-2′-a-mercaptoguanosine TP; 2′-Deoxy-2′-a-thiomethoxyguanosineTP; 2′-Deoxy-2′-b-aminoguanosine TP; 2′-Deoxy-2′-b-azidoguanosine TP;2′-Deoxy-2′-b-bromoguanosine TP; 2′-Deoxy-2′-b-chloroguanosine TP;2′-Deoxy-2′-b-fluoroguanosine TP; 2′-Deoxy-2′-b-iodoguanosine TP;2′-Deoxy-2′-b-mercaptoguanosine TP; 2′-Deoxy-2′-b-thiomethoxyguanosineTP; 4′-Azidoguanosine TP; 4′-Carbocyclic guanosine TP;4′-Ethynylguanosine TP; 5′-Homo-guanosine TP; 8-bromo-guanosine TP;9-Deazaguanosine TP; N2-isobutyl-guanosine TP; 1-methylinosine; Inosine;1,2′-O-dimethylinosine; 2′-O-methylinosine; 7-methylinosine;2′-O-methylinosine; Epoxyqueuosine; galactosyl-queuosine;Mannosylqueuosine; Queuosine; allyamino-thymidine; aza thymidine; deazathymidine; deoxy-thymidine; 2′-O-methyluridine; 2-thiouridine;3-methyluridine; 5-carboxymethyluridine; 5-hydroxyuridine;5-methyluridine; 5-taurinomethyl-2-thiouridine; 5-taurinomethyluridine;Dihydrouridine; Pseudouridine; (3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)uridine;1-methyl-3-(3-amino-5-carboxypropyl)pseudouridine;1-methylpseduouridine; 1-ethyl-pseudouridine; 2′-O-methyluridine;2′-O-methylpseudouridine; 2′-O-methyluridine; 2-thio-2′-O-methyluridine;3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)uridine; 3,2′-O-dimethyluridine;3-Methyl-pseudo-Uridine TP; 4-thiouridine;5-(carboxyhydroxymethyl)uridine; 5-(carboxyhydroxymethyl)uridine methylester; 5,2′-O-dimethyluridine; 5,6-dihydro-uridine;5-aminomethyl-2-thiouridine; 5-carbamoylmethyl-2′-O-methyluridine;5-carbamoylmethyluridine; 5-carboxyhydroxymethyluridine;5-carboxyhydroxymethyluridine methyl ester;5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2′-O-methyluridine;5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine; 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine; 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluridine;5-carboxymethyl aminomethyluridine; 5-Carbamoylmethyluridine TP;5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2′-O-methyluridine;5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine; 5-methoxycarbonylmethyluridine;5-methyluridine,), 5-methoxyuridine; 5-methyl-2-thiouridine;5-methylaminomethyl-2-selenouridine; 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine;5-methylaminomethyluridine; 5-Methyldihydrouridine; 5-Oxyaceticacid-Uridine TP; 5-Oxyacetic acid-methyl ester-Uridine TP;N1-methyl-pseudo-uracil; N1-ethyl-pseudo-uracil; uridine 5-oxyaceticacid; uridine 5-oxyacetic acid methyl ester;3-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-Uridine TP;5-(iso-Pentenylaminomethyl)-2-thiouridine TP;5-(iso-Pentenylaminomethyl)-2′-O-methyluridine TP; 5-(iso-Pentenylaminomethyl)uridine TP; 5-propynyl uracil; α-thio-uridine; 1(aminoalkylamino-carbonylethylenyl)-2(thio)-pseudouracil; 1(aminoalkylaminocarbonylethylenyl)-2,4-(dithio)pseudouracil; 1(aminoalkylaminocarbonylethylenyl)-4 (thio)pseudouracil; 1(aminoalkylaminocarbonylethylenyl)-pseudouracil; 1(aminocarbonylethylenyl)-2(thio)-pseudouracil; 1(aminocarbonylethylenyl)-2,4-(dithio)pseudouracil; 1(aminocarbonylethylenyl)-4 (thio)pseudouracil; 1(aminocarbonylethylenyl)-pseudouracil; 1 substituted2(thio)-pseudouracil; 1 substituted 2,4-(dithio)pseudouracil; 1substituted 4 (thio)pseudouracil; 1 substituted pseudouracil;1-(aminoalkylamino-carbonylethylenyl)-2-(thio)-pseudouracil;1-Methyl-3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl) pseudouridine TP;1-Methyl-3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)pseudo-UTP; 1-Methyl-pseudo-UTP;1-Ethyl-pseudo-UTP; 2 (thio)pseudouracil; 2′ deoxy uridine; 2′fluorouridine; 2-(thio)uracil; 2,4-(dithio)pseudouracil; 2′ methyl,2′amino, 2′azido, 2′fluoro-guanosine; 2′-Amino-2′-deoxy-UTP;2′-Azido-2′-deoxy-UTP; 2′-Azido-deoxyuridine TP;2′-O-methylpseudouridine; 2′ deoxy uridine; 2′ fluorouridine;2′-Deoxy-2′-a-aminouridine TP; 2′-Deoxy-2′-a-azidouridine TP;2-methylpseudouridine; 3 (3 amino-3 carboxypropyl)uracil; 4(thio)pseudouracil; 4-(thio)pseudouracil; 4-(thio)uracil; 4-thiouracil;5 (1,3-diazole-1-alkyl)uracil; 5 (2-aminopropyl)uracil; 5(aminoalkyl)uracil; 5 (dimethylaminoalkyl)uracil; 5(guanidiniumalkyl)uracil; 5 (methoxycarbonylmethyl)-2-(thio)uracil; 5(methoxycarbonyl-methyl)uracil; 5 (methyl) 2 (thio)uracil; 5 (methyl)2,4 (dithio)uracil; 5 (methyl) 4 (thio)uracil; 5 (methylaminomethyl)-2(thio)uracil; 5 (methyl aminomethyl)-2,4 (dithio)uracil; 5(methylaminomethyl)-4 (thio)uracil; 5 (propynyl)uracil; 5(trifluoromethyl)uracil; 5-(2-aminopropyl)uracil;5-(alkyl)-2-(thio)pseudouracil; 5-(alkyl)-2,4 (dithio)pseudouracil;5-(alkyl)-4 (thio)pseudouracil; 5-(alkyl)pseudouracil; 5-(alkyl)uracil;5-(alkynyl)uracil; 5-(allylamino)uracil; 5-(cyanoalkyl)uracil;5-(dialkylaminoalkyl)uracil; 5-(dimethylaminoalkyl)uracil;5-(guanidiniumalkyl)uracil; 5-(halo)uracil;5-(1,3-diazole-1-alkyl)uracil; 5-(methoxy)uracil;5-(methoxycarbonylmethyl)-2-(thio)uracil;5-(methoxycarbonyl-methyl)uracil; 5-(methyl) 2(thio)uracil; 5-(methyl)2,4 (dithio)uracil; 5-(methyl) 4 (thio)uracil;5-(methyl)-2-(thio)pseudouracil; 5-(methyl)-2,4 (dithio)pseudouracil;5-(methyl)-4 (thio)pseudouracil; 5-(methyl)pseudouracil;5-(methylaminomethyl)-2 (thio)uracil;5-(methylaminomethyl)-2,4(dithio)uracil;5-(methylaminomethyl)-4-(thio)uracil; 5-(propynyl)uracil;5-(trifluoromethyl)uracil; 5-aminoallyl-uridine; 5-bromo-uridine;5-iodo-uridine; 5-uracil; 6 (azo)uracil; 6-(azo)uracil; 6-aza-uridine;allyamino-uracil; aza uracil; deaza uracil; N3 (methyl)uracil;Pseudo-UTP-1-2-ethanoic acid; Pseudouracil; 4-Thio-pseudo-UTP;1-carboxymethyl-pseudouridine; 1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudouridine;1-propynyl-uridine; 1-taurinomethyl-1-methyl-uridine;1-taurinomethyl-4-thio-uridine; 1-taurinomethyl-pseudouridine;2-methoxy-4-thio-pseudouridine; 2-thio-1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudouridine;2-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine; 2-thio-5-aza-uridine;2-thio-dihydropseudouridine; 2-thio-dihydrouridine;2-thio-pseudouridine; 4-methoxy-2-thio-pseudouridine;4-methoxy-pseudouridine; 4-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine;4-thio-pseudouridine; 5-aza-uridine; Dihydropseudouridine;(±)1-(2-Hydroxypropyl)pseudouridine TP;(2R)-1-(2-Hydroxypropyl)pseudouridine TP;(2S)-1-(2-Hydroxypropyl)pseudouridine TP;(E)-5-(2-Bromo-vinyl)ara-uridine TP; (E)-5-(2-Bromo-vinyl)uridine TP;(Z)-5-(2-Bromo-vinyl)ara-uridine TP; (Z)-5-(2-Bromo-vinyl)uridine TP;1-(2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl)-pseudo-UTP;1-(2,2,3,3,3-Pentafluoropropyl)pseudouridine TP;1-(2,2-Diethoxyethyl)pseudouridine TP;1-(2,4,6-Trimethylbenzyl)pseudouridine TP;1-(2,4,6-Trimethyl-benzyl)pseudo-UTP;1-(2,4,6-Trimethyl-phenyl)pseudo-UTP;1-(2-Amino-2-carboxyethyl)pseudo-UTP; 1-(2-Amino-ethyl)pseudo-UTP;1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)pseudouridine TP; 1-(2-Methoxyethyl)pseudouridine TP;1-(3,4-Bis-trifluoromethoxybenzyl)pseudouridine TP;1-(3,4-Dimethoxybenzyl)pseudouridine TP;1-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)pseudo-UTP; 1-(3-Amino-propyl)pseudo-UTP;1-(3-Cyclopropyl-prop-2-ynyl)pseudouridine TP;1-(4-Amino-4-carboxybutyl)pseudo-UTP; 1-(4-Amino-benzyl)pseudo-UTP;1-(4-Amino-butyl)pseudo-UTP; 1-(4-Amino-phenyl)pseudo-UTP;1-(4-Azidobenzyl)pseudouridine TP; 1-(4-Bromobenzyl)pseudouridine TP;1-(4-Chlorobenzyl)pseudouridine TP; 1-(4-Fluorobenzyl)pseudouridine TP;1-(4-Iodobenzyl)pseudouridine TP;1-(4-Methanesulfonylbenzyl)pseudouridine TP;1-(4-Methoxybenzyl)pseudouridine TP; 1-(4-Methoxy-benzyl)pseudo-UTP;1-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)pseudo-UTP; 1-(4-Methylbenzyl)pseudouridine TP;1-(4-Methyl-benzyl)pseudo-UTP; 1-(4-Nitrobenzyl)pseudouridine TP;1-(4-Nitro-benzyl)pseudo-UTP; 1 (4-Nitro-phenyl)pseudo-UTP;1-(4-Thiomethoxybenzyl)pseudouridine TP;1-(4-Trifluoromethoxybenzyl)pseudouridine TP;1-(4-Trifluoromethylbenzyl)pseudouridine TP;1-(5-Amino-pentyl)pseudo-UTP; 1-(6-Amino-hexyl)pseudo-UTP;1,6-Dimethyl-pseudo-UTP;1-[3-(2-{2-[2-(2-Aminoethoxy)-ethoxy]-ethoxy}-ethoxy)-propionyl]pseudouridineTP; 1-{3-[2-(2-Aminoethoxy)-ethoxy]-propionyl} pseudouridine TP;1-Acetylpseudouridine TP; 1-Alkyl-6-(1-propynyl)-pseudo-UTP;1-Alkyl-6-(2-propynyl)-pseudo-UTP; 1-Alkyl-6-allyl-pseudo-UTP;1-Alkyl-6-ethynyl-pseudo-UTP; 1-Alkyl-6-homoallyl-pseudo-UTP;1-Alkyl-6-vinyl-pseudo-UTP; 1-Allylpseudouridine TP;1-Aminomethyl-pseudo-UTP; 1-Benzoylpseudouridine TP;1-Benzyloxymethylpseudouridine TP; 1-Benzyl-pseudo-UTP;1-Biotinyl-PEG2-pseudouridine TP; 1-Biotinylpseudouridine TP;1-Butyl-pseudo-UTP; 1-Cyanomethylpseudouridine TP;1-Cyclobutylmethyl-pseudo-UTP; 1-Cyclobutyl-pseudo-UTP;1-Cycloheptylmethyl-pseudo-UTP; 1-Cycloheptyl-pseudo-UTP;1-Cyclohexylmethyl-pseudo-UTP; 1-Cyclohexyl-pseudo-UTP;1-Cyclooctylmethyl-pseudo-UTP; 1-Cyclooctyl-pseudo-UTP;1-Cyclopentylmethyl-pseudo-UTP; 1-Cyclopentyl-pseudo-UTP;1-Cyclopropylmethyl-pseudo-UTP; 1-Cyclopropyl-pseudo-UTP;1-Ethyl-pseudo-UTP; 1-Hexyl-pseudo-UTP; 1-Homoallylpseudouridine TP;1-Hydroxymethylpseudouridine TP; 1-iso-propyl-pseudo-UTP;1-Me-2-thio-pseudo-UTP; 1-Me-4-thio-pseudo-UTP;1-Me-alpha-thio-pseudo-UTP; 1-Methanesulfonylmethylpseudouridine TP;1-Methoxymethylpseudouridine TP;1-Methyl-6-(2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl)pseudo-UTP;1-Methyl-6-(4-morpholino)-pseudo-UTP;1-Methyl-6-(4-thiomorpholino)-pseudo-UTP; 1-Methyl-6-(substitutedphenyl)pseudo-UTP; 1-Methyl-6-amino-pseudo-UTP;1-Methyl-6-azido-pseudo-UTP; 1-Methyl-6-bromo-pseudo-UTP;1-Methyl-6-butyl-pseudo-UTP; 1-Methyl-6-chloro-pseudo-UTP;1-Methyl-6-cyano-pseudo-UTP; 1-Methyl-6-dimethylamino-pseudo-UTP;1-Methyl-6-ethoxy-pseudo-UTP; 1-Methyl-6-ethylcarboxylate-pseudo-UTP;1-Methyl-6-ethyl-pseudo-UTP; 1-Methyl-6-fluoro-pseudo-UTP;1-Methyl-6-formyl-pseudo-UTP; 1-Methyl-6-hydroxyamino-pseudo-UTP;1-Methyl-6-hydroxy-pseudo-UTP; 1-Methyl-6-iodo-pseudo-UTP;1-Methyl-6-iso-propyl-pseudo-UTP; 1-Methyl-6-methoxy-pseudo-UTP;1-Methyl-6-methylamino-pseudo-UTP; 1-Methyl-6-phenyl-pseudo-UTP;1-Methyl-6-propyl-pseudo-UTP; 1-Methyl-6-tert-butyl-pseudo-UTP;1-Methyl-6-trifluoromethoxy-pseudo-UTP;1-Methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-pseudo-UTP; 1-MorpholinomethylpseudouridineTP; 1-Pentyl-pseudo-UTP; 1-Phenyl-pseudo-UTP; 1-PivaloylpseudouridineTP; 1-Propargylpseudouridine TP; 1-Propyl-pseudo-UTP;1-propynyl-pseudouridine; 1-p-tolyl-pseudo-UTP; 1-tert-Butyl-pseudo-UTP;1-Thiomethoxymethylpseudouridine TP; 1-ThiomorpholinomethylpseudouridineTP; 1-Trifluoroacetylpseudouri dine TP; 1-Trifluoromethyl-pseudo-UTP;1-Vinylpseudouridine TP; 2,2′-anhydro-uridine TP; 2′-bromo-deoxyuridineTP; 2′-F-5-Methyl-2′-deoxy-UTP; 2′-OMe-5-Me-UTP; 2′-OMe-pseudo-UTP;2′-a-Ethynyluridine TP; 2′-a-Trifluoromethyluridine TP;2′-b-Ethynyluridine TP; 2′-b-Trifluoromethyluridine TP;2′-Deoxy-2′,2′-difluorouridine TP; 2′-Deoxy-2′-a-mercaptouridine TP;2′-Deoxy-2′-a-thiomethoxyuridine TP; 2′-Deoxy-2′-b-aminouridine TP;2′-Deoxy-2′-b-azidouridine TP; 2′-Deoxy-2′-b-bromouridine TP;2′-Deoxy-2′-b-chlorouridine TP; 2′-Deoxy-2′-b-fluorouridine TP;2′-Deoxy-2′-b-iodouridine TP; 2′-Deoxy-2′-b-mercaptouridine TP;2′-Deoxy-2′-b-thiomethoxyuridine TP; 2-methoxy-4-thio-uridine;2-methoxyuridine; 2′-O-Methyl-5-(1-propynyl)uridine TP;3-Alkyl-pseudo-UTP; 4′-Azidouridine TP; 4′-Carbocyclic uridine TP;4′-Ethynyluridine TP; 5-(1-Propynyl)ara-uridine TP; 5-(2-Furanyl)uridineTP; 5-Cyanouridine TP; 5-Dimethylaminouridine TP; 5′-Homo-uridine TP;5-iodo-2′-fluoro-deoxyuridine TP; 5-Phenylethynyluridine TP;5-Trideuteromethyl-6-deuterouridine TP; 5-Trifluoromethyl-Uridine TP;5-Vinylarauridine TP; 6-(2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl)-pseudo-UTP;6-(4-Morpholino)-pseudo-UTP; 6-(4-Thiomorpholino)-pseudo-UTP;6-(Substituted-Phenyl)-pseudo-UTP; 6-Amino-pseudo-UTP;6-Azido-pseudo-UTP; 6-Bromo-pseudo-UTP; 6-Butyl-pseudo-UTP;6-Chloro-pseudo-UTP; 6-Cyano-pseudo-UTP; 6-Dimethylamino-pseudo-UTP;6-Ethoxy-pseudo-UTP; 6-Ethylcarboxylate-pseudo-UTP; 6-Ethyl-pseudo-UTP;6-Fluoro-pseudo-UTP; 6-Formyl-pseudo-UTP; 6-Hydroxyamino-pseudo-UTP;6-Hydroxy-pseudo-UTP; 6-Iodo-pseudo-UTP; 6-iso-Propyl-pseudo-UTP;6-Methoxy-pseudo-UTP; 6-Methylamino-pseudo-UTP; 6-Methyl-pseudo-UTP;6-Phenyl-pseudo-UTP; 6-Phenyl-pseudo-UTP; 6-Propyl-pseudo-UTP;6-tert-Butyl-pseudo-UTP; 6-Trifluoromethoxy-pseudo-UTP;6-Trifluoromethyl-pseudo-UTP; Alpha-thio-pseudo-UTP; Pseudouridine1-(4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid) TP; Pseudouridine 1-(4-methylbenzoicacid) TP; Pseudouridine TP 1-[3-(2-ethoxy)]propionic acid; PseudouridineTP 1-[3-{2-(2-[2-(2-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-ethoxy)-ethoxy}]propionic acid;Pseudouridine TP1-[3-{2-(2-[2-{2(2-ethoxy)-ethoxy}-ethoxy]-ethoxy)-ethoxy}]propionicacid; Pseudouridine TP 1-[3-{2-(2-[2-ethoxy]-ethoxy)-ethoxy}]propionicacid; Pseudouridine TP 1-[3-{2-(2-ethoxy)-ethoxy}] propionic acid;Pseudouridine TP 1-methylphosphonic acid; Pseudouridine TP1-methylphosphonic acid diethyl ester; Pseudo-UTP-N1-3-propionic acid;Pseudo-UTP-N1-4-butanoic acid; Pseudo-UTP-N1-5-pentanoic acid;Pseudo-UTP-N1-6-hexanoic acid; Pseudo-UTP-N1-7-heptanoic acid;Pseudo-UTP-N1-methyl-p-benzoic acid; Pseudo-UTP-N1-p-benzoic acid;Wybutosine; Hydroxywybutosine; Isowyosine; Peroxywybutosine;undermodified hydroxywybutosine; 4-demethylwyosine; 2,6-(diamino)purine;1-(aza)-2-(thio)-3-(aza)-phenoxazin-1-yl:1,3-(diaza)-2-(oxo)-phenthiazin-1-yl;1,3-(diaza)-2-(oxo)-phenoxazin-1-yl;1,3,5-(triaza)-2,6-(dioxa)-naphthalene; 2 (amino)purine;2,4,5-(trimethyl)phenyl; 2′ methyl, 2′amino, 2′azido, 2′fluro-cytidine;2′ methyl, 2′amino, 2′azido, 2′fluro-adenine; 2′methyl, 2′amino,2′azido, 2′fluro-uridine; 2′-amino-2′-deoxyribose;2-amino-6-Chloro-purine; 2-aza-inosinyl; 2′-azido-2′-deoxyribose;2′fluoro-2′-deoxyribose; 2′-fluoro-modified bases; 2′-O-methyl-ribose;2-oxo-7-aminopyridopyrimidin-3-yl; 2-oxo-pyridopyrimidine-3-yl;2-pyridinone; 3 nitropyrrole; 3-(methyl)-7-(propynyl)isocarbostyrilyl;3-(methyl)isocarbostyrilyl; 4-(fluoro)-6-(methyl)benzimidazole;4-(methyl)benzimidazole; 4-(methyl)indolyl; 4,6-(dimethyl)indolyl; 5nitroindole; 5 substituted pyrimidines; 5-(methyl)isocarbostyrilyl;5-nitroindole; 6-(aza)pyrimidine; 6-(azo)thymine;6-(methyl)-7-(aza)indolyl; 6-chloro-purine;6-phenyl-pyrrolo-pyrimidin-2-on-3-yl;7-(aminoalkylhydroxy)-1-(aza)-2-(thio)-3-(aza)-phenthiazin-1-yl;7-(aminoalkylhydroxy)-1-(aza)-2-(thio)-3-(aza)-phenoxazin-1-yl;7-(aminoalkylhydroxy)-1,3-(diaza)-2-(oxo)-phenoxazin-1-yl;7-(aminoalkylhydroxy)-1,3-(diaza)-2-(oxo)-phenthiazin-1-yl;7-(aminoalkylhydroxy)-1,3-(diaza)-2-(oxo)-phenoxazin-1-yl;7-(aza)indolyl;7-(guanidiniumalkylhydroxy)-1-(aza)-2-(thio)-3-(aza)-phenoxazinl-yl;7-(guanidiniumalkylhydroxy)-1-(aza)-2-(thio)-3-(aza)-phenthiazin-1-yl;7-(guanidiniumalkylhydroxy)-1-(aza)-2-(thio)-3-(aza)-phenoxazin-1-yl;7-(guanidiniumalkylhydroxy)-1,3-(diaza)-2-(oxo)-phenoxazin-1-yl;7-(guanidiniumalkyl-hydroxy)-1,3-(diaza)-2-(oxo)-phenthiazin-1-yl;7-(guanidiniumalkylhydroxy)-1,3-(diaza)-2-(oxo)-phenoxazin-1-yl;7-(propynyl)isocarbostyrilyl; 7-(propynyl)isocarbostyrilyl,propynyl-7-(aza)indolyl; 7-deaza-inosinyl; 7-substituted1-(aza)-2-(thio)-3-(aza)-phenoxazin-1-yl; 7-substituted1,3-(diaza)-2-(oxo)-phenoxazin-1-yl; 9-(methyl)-imidizopyridinyl;Aminoindolyl; Anthracenyl;bis-ortho-(aminoalkylhydroxy)-6-phenyl-pyrrolo-pyrimidin-2-on-3-yl;bis-ortho-substituted-6-phenyl-pyrrolo-pyrimidin-2-on-3-yl;Difluorotolyl; Hypoxanthine; Imidizopyridinyl; Inosinyl;Isocarbostyrilyl; Isoguanisine; N2-substituted purines;N6-methyl-2-amino-purine; N6-substituted purines; N-alkylatedderivative; Napthalenyl; Nitrobenzimidazolyl; Nitroimidazolyl;Nitroindazolyl; Nitropyrazolyl; Nubularine; 06-substituted purines;O-alkylated derivative;ortho-(aminoalkylhydroxy)-6-phenyl-pyrrolo-pyrimidin-2-on-3-yl;ortho-sub stituted-6-phenyl-pyrrolo-pyrimidin-2-on-3-yl; Oxoformycin TP;para-(aminoalkylhydroxy)-6-phenyl-pyrrolo-pyrimidin-2-on-3-yl; para-substituted-6-phenyl-pyrrolo-pyrimidin-2-on-3-yl; Pentacenyl;Phenanthracenyl; Phenyl; propynyl-7-(aza)indolyl; Pyrenyl;pyridopyrimidin-3-yl; pyridopyrimidin-3-yl,2-oxo-7-amino-pyridopyrimidin-3-yl; pyrrolo-pyrimidin-2-on-3-yl;Pyrrolopyrimidinyl; Pyrrolopyrizinyl; Stilbenzyl; substituted1,2,4-triazoles; Tetracenyl; Tubercidine; Xanthine; Xanthosine-5′-TP;2-thio-zebularine; 5-aza-2-thio-zebularine; 7-deaza-2-amino-purine;pyridin-4-one ribonucleoside; 2-Amino-riboside-TP; Formycin A TP;Formycin B TP; Pyrrolosine TP; 2′-OH-ara-adenosine TP;2′-OH-ara-cytidine TP; 2′-OH-ara-uridine TP; 2′-OH-ara-guanosine TP;5-(2-carbomethoxyvinyl)uridine TP; andN6-(19-Amino-pentaoxanonadecyl)adenosine TP.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan OX40L polypeptide, or any combination thereof, include a combinationof at least two (e.g., 2, 3, 4 or more) of the aforementioned modifiednucleobases.

In some embodiments, modified nucleobases in the polynucleotidecomprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotidecomprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide, or anycombination thereof, are selected from the group consisting ofpseudouridine (ψ), 2-thiouridine, 4′-thiouridine, 5-methylcytosine,2-thio-1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudouridine, 2-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine,2-thio-5-aza-uridine, 2-thio-dihydropseudouridine,2-thio-dihydrouridine, 2-thio-pseudouridine,4-methoxy-2-thio-pseudouridine, 4-methoxy-pseudouridine,4-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 4-thio-pseudouridine, 5-aza-uridine,dihydropseudouridine, 5-methyluridine,), 5-methoxyuridine, 2′-O-methyluridine 1-methyl-pseudouridine (m1ψ), 1-ethyl-pseudouridine (e1ψ),5-methoxy-uridine (mo5U), 5-methyl-cytidine (m5C), α-thio-guanosine,α-thio-adenosine, 5-cyano uridine, 4′-thio uridine 7-deaza-adenine,1-methyl-adenosine (m1A), 2-methyl-adenine (m2A), N6-methyl-adenosine(m6A), and 2,6-Diaminopurine, (I), 1-methyl-inosine (m1I), wyosine(imG), methylwyosine (mimG), 7-deaza-guanosine,7-cyano-7-deaza-guanosine (preQ0), 7-aminomethyl-7-deaza-guanosine(preQ1), 7-methyl-guanosine (m7G), 1-methyl-guanosine (m1G),8-oxo-guanosine, 7-methyl-8-oxo-guanosine, 2,8-dimethyladenosine,2-geranylthiouridine, 2-lysidine, 2-selenouridine,3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5,6-dihydrouridine,3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)pseudouridine, 3-methylpseudouridine,5-(carboxyhydroxymethyl)-2′-O-methyluridine methyl ester,5-aminomethyl-2-geranylthiouridine, 5-aminomethyl-2-selenouridine,5-aminomethyluridine, 5-carbamoylhydroxymethyluridine, 5-carbamoylmethyl-2-thiouridine, 5-carboxymethyl-2-thiouridine,5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-geranylthiouridine,5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-selenouridine, 5-cyanomethyluridine,5-hydroxycytidine, 5-methyl aminomethyl-2-geranylthiouridine,7-aminocarboxypropyl-demethylwyosine, 7-aminocarboxypropylwyosine,7-aminocarboxypropylwyosine methyl ester, 8-methyladenosine,N4,N4-dimethylcytidine, N6-formyladenosine, N6-hydroxymethyladenosine,agmatidine, cyclic N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine, glutamyl-queuosine,methylated undermodified hydroxywybutosine,N4,N4,2′-O-trimethylcytidine, geranylated5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine, geranylated5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine, Qbase, preQ0base, preQ1base,and two or more combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the at leastone chemically modified nucleoside is selected from the group consistingof pseudouridine, 1-methyl-pseudouridine, 1-ethyl-pseudouridine,5-methylcytosine, 5-methoxyuridine, and a combination thereof. In someembodiments, the polynucleotide (e.g., RNA polynucleotide, such as mRNApolynucleotide) includes a combination of at least two (e.g., 2, 3, 4 ormore) of the aforementioned modified nucleobases.

Base Modifications

In certain embodiments, the chemical modification is at nucleobases inthe polynucleotides (e.g., RNA polynucleotide, such as mRNApolynucleotide). In some embodiments, modified nucleobases in thepolynucleotide (e.g., RNA polynucleotide, such as mRNA polynucleotide)are selected from the group consisting of 1-methyl-pseudouridine (m1ψ),1-ethyl-pseudouridine (e1ψ),5-methoxy-uridine (mo5U), 5-methyl-cytidine(m5C), pseudouridine (ψ), α-thio-guanosine and α-thio-adenosine. In someembodiments, the polynucleotide includes a combination of at least two(e.g., 2, 3, 4 or more) of the aforementioned modified nucleobases.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide (e.g., RNA polynucleotide, suchas mRNA polynucleotide) comprises pseudouridine (ψu) and5-methyl-cytidine (m5C). In some embodiments, the polynucleotide (e.g.,RNA polynucleotide, such as mRNA polynucleotide) comprises1-methyl-pseudouridine (m1ψ). In some embodiments, the polynucleotide(e.g., RNA polynucleotide, such as mRNA polynucleotide) comprises1-ethyl-pseudouridine (e1ψ). In some embodiments, the polynucleotide(e.g., RNA polynucleotide, such as mRNA polynucleotide) comprises1-methyl-pseudouridine (m1ψ) and 5-methyl-cytidine (m5C). In someembodiments, the polynucleotide (e.g., RNA polynucleotide, such as mRNApolynucleotide) comprises 1-ethyl-pseudouridine (e1ψ) and5-methyl-cytidine (m5C). In some embodiments, the polynucleotide (e.g.,RNA polynucleotide, such as mRNA polynucleotide) comprises 2-thiouridine(s2U). In some embodiments, the polynucleotide (e.g., RNApolynucleotide, such as mRNA polynucleotide) comprises 2-thiouridine and5-methyl-cytidine (m5C). In some embodiments, the polynucleotide (e.g.,RNA polynucleotide, such as mRNA polynucleotide) comprisesmethoxy-uridine (mo5U). In some embodiments, the polynucleotide (e.g.,RNA polynucleotide, such as mRNA polynucleotide) comprises5-methoxy-uridine (mo5U) and 5-methyl-cytidine (m5C). In someembodiments, the polynucleotide (e.g., RNA polynucleotide, such as mRNApolynucleotide) comprises 2′-O-methyl uridine. In some embodiments, thepolynucleotide (e.g., RNA polynucleotide, such as mRNA polynucleotide)comprises 2′-O-methyl uridine and 5-methyl-cytidine (m5C). In someembodiments, the polynucleotide (e.g., RNA polynucleotide, such as mRNApolynucleotide) comprises N6-methyl-adenosine (m6A). In someembodiments, the polynucleotide (e.g., RNA polynucleotide, such as mRNApolynucleotide) comprises N6-methyl-adenosine (m6A) and5-methyl-cytidine (m5C).

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide (e.g., RNA polynucleotide, suchas mRNA polynucleotide) is uniformly modified (e.g., fully modified,modified throughout the entire sequence) for a particular modification.For example, a polynucleotide can be uniformly modified with5-methyl-cytidine (m5C), meaning that all cytosine residues in the mRNAsequence are replaced with 5-methyl-cytidine (m5C). Similarly, apolynucleotide can be uniformly modified for any type of nucleosideresidue present in the sequence by replacement with a modified residuesuch as any of those set forth above.

In some embodiments, the chemically modified nucleosides in the openreading frame are selected from the group consisting of uridine,adenine, cytosine, guanine, and any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the modified nucleobase is a modified cytosine.Examples of nucleobases and nucleosides having a modified cytosineinclude N4-acetyl-cytidine (ac4C), 5-methyl-cytidine (m5C),5-halo-cytidine (e.g., 5-iodo-cytidine), 5-hydroxymethyl-cytidine(hm5C), 1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine, 2-thio-cytidine (s2C),2-thio-5-methyl-cytidine.

In some embodiments, a modified nucleobase is a modified uridine.Example nucleobases and nucleosides having a modified uridine include5-cyano uridine or 4′-thio uridine.

In some embodiments, a modified nucleobase is a modified adenine.Example nucleobases and nucleosides having a modified adenine include7-deaza-adenine, 1-methyl-adenosine (m1A), 2-methyl-adenine (m2A),N6-methyl-adenine (m6A), and 2,6-diaminopurine.

In some embodiments, a modified nucleobase is a modified guanine.Example nucleobases and nucleosides having a modified guanine includeinosine (I), 1-methyl-inosine (m1I), wyosine (imG), methylwyosine(mimG), 7-deaza-guanosine, 7-cyano-7-deaza-guanosine (preQ0),7-aminomethyl-7-deaza-guanosine (preQ1), 7-methyl-guanosine (m7G),1-methyl-guanosine (m1G), 8-oxo-guanosine, 7-methyl-8-oxo-guanosine.

In some embodiments, the nucleobase modified nucleotides in thepolynucleotide (e.g., RNA polynucleotide, such as mRNA polynucleotide)are 5-methoxyuridine.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide (e.g., RNA polynucleotide, suchas mRNA polynucleotide) includes a combination of at least two (e.g., 2,3, 4 or more) of modified nucleobases.

In some embodiments, at least 95% of a type of nucleobases (e.g.,uracil) in a polynucleotide of the disclosure (e.g., an mRNApolynucleotide encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, an IL-36-gammapolypeptide, an IL-18 polypeptide, and/or an OX40L polypeptide) aremodified nucleobases. In some embodiments, at least 95% of uracil in apolynucleotide of the present disclosure (e.g., an mRNA polynucleotideencoding an IL-23 polypeptide, an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, an IL-18polypeptide, and/or, an OX40L polypeptide) is 5-methoxyuracil.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide (e.g., RNA polynucleotide, suchas mRNA polynucleotide) comprises 5-methoxyuridine (5mo5U) and5-methyl-cytidine (m5C).

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide (e.g., RNA polynucleotide, suchas mRNA polynucleotide) is uniformly modified (e.g., fully modified,modified throughout the entire sequence) for a particular modification.For example, a polynucleotide can be uniformly modified with5-methoxyuridine, meaning that substantially all uridine residues in themRNA sequence are replaced with 5-methoxyuridine. Similarly, apolynucleotide can be uniformly modified for any type of nucleosideresidue present in the sequence by replacement with a modified residuesuch as any of those set forth above.

In some embodiments, the modified nucleobase is a modified cytosine.

In some embodiments, a modified nucleobase is a modified uracil. Examplenucleobases and nucleosides having a modified uracil include5-methoxyuracil.

In some embodiments, a modified nucleobase is a modified adenine.

In some embodiments, a modified nucleobase is a modified guanine.

In some embodiments, the nucleobases, sugar, backbone, or anycombination thereof in the open reading frame encoding an IL-23polypeptide, an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, an OX40L polypeptide, or anycombination thereof, are chemically modified by at least 10%, at least20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100%.

In some embodiments, the uridine nucleosides in the open reading frameencoding an IL-23 polypeptide, an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, an OX40Lpolypeptide, or any combination thereof, are chemically modified by atleast 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, atleast 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, atleast 99%, or 100%.

In some embodiments, the adenosine nucleosides in the open reading frameencoding an IL-23 polypeptide, an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, an IL-18polypeptide, an OX40L polypeptide, or any combination thereof, arechemically modified by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, atleast 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, atleast 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100%.

In some embodiments, the cytidine nucleosides in the open reading frameencoding an IL-23 polypeptide, an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, an IL-18polypeptide, an OX40L polypeptide, or any combination thereof, arechemically modified by at least at least 10%, at least 20%, at least30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100%.

In some embodiments, the guanosine nucleosides in the open reading frameencoding an IL-23 polypeptide, an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, an IL-18polypeptide, an OX40L polypeptide, or any combination thereof, arechemically modified by at least at least 10%, at least 20%, at least30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100%.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotides can include any useful linkerbetween the nucleosides. Such linkers, including backbone modifications,that are useful in the composition of the present disclosure include,but are not limited to the following: 3′-alkylene phosphonates, 3′-aminophosphoramidate, alkene containing backbones,aminoalkylphosphoramidates, aminoalkylphosphotriesters,boranophosphates, —CH₂—O—N(CH₃)—CH₂—, —CH₂—N(CH₃)—N(CH₃)—CH₂—,—CH₂—NH—CH₂—, chiral phosphonates, chiral phosphorothioates, formacetyland thioformacetyl backbones, methylene (methylimino), methyleneformacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones, methyleneimino andmethylenehydrazino backbones, morpholino linkages, —N(CH₃)—CH₂—CH₂—,oligonucleosides with heteroatom internucleoside linkage, phosphinates,phosphorami dates, phosphorodithioates, phosphorothioate internucleosidelinkages, phosphorothioates, phosphotriesters, PNA, siloxane backbones,sulfamate backbones, sulfide sulfoxide and sulfone backbones, sulfonateand sulfonamide backbones, thionoalkylphosphonates,thionoalkylphosphotriesters, and thionophosphoramidates.

In some embodiments, modified nucleobases in the polynucleotidecomprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotidecomprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, or an IL-18polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40Lpolypeptide, or any combination thereof, are selected from the groupconsisting of 1-methyl-pseudouridine (m1ψ), 5-methoxy-uridine (mo5U),5-methyl-cytidine (m5C), pseudouridine (ψ), α-thio-guanosine andα-thio-adenosine. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide includes acombination of at least two (e.g., 2, 3, 4 or more) of theaforementioned modified nucleobases.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, or an IL-18 polypeptide, the polynucleotidecomprising an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide, or any combinationthereof, comprise pseudouridine (ψ) and 5-methyl-cytidine (m5C). In someembodiments, the polynucleotide (e.g., RNA polynucleotide, such as mRNApolynucleotide) comprises 1-methyl-pseudouridine (m1γ). In someembodiments, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-18 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anOX40L polypeptide, or any combination thereof, comprise1-methyl-pseudouridine (m1ψ) and 5-methyl-cytidine (m5C).

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan OX40L polypeptide, or any combination thereof, comprise 2-thiouridine(s2U). In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an IL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising anmRNA encoding an IL-18 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising anmRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide, or any combination thereof, comprise2-thiouridine and 5-methyl-cytidine (m5C).

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-18 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anOX40L polypeptide, or any combination thereof, comprise methoxy-uridine(mo5U). In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an IL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising anmRNA encoding an IL-18 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising anmRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide, or any combination thereof, comprise5-methoxy-uridine (mo5U) and 5-methyl-cytidine (m5C). In someembodiments, the polynucleotide (e.g., RNA polynucleotide, such as mRNApolynucleotide) comprises 2′-O-methyl uridine.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-18 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anOX40L polypeptide, or any combination thereof, comprise 2′-O-methyluridine and 5-methyl-cytidine (m5C). In some embodiments, thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide,the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-18 polypeptide, thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide, or anycombination thereof, comprise N6-methyl-adenosine (m6A). In someembodiments, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-18 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anOX40L polypeptide, or any combination thereof, compriseN6-methyl-adenosine (m6A) and 5-methyl-cytidine (m5C).

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-18 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anOX40L polypeptide, or any combination thereof, are uniformly modified(e.g., fully modified, modified throughout the entire sequence) for aparticular modification. For example, a polynucleotide can be uniformlymodified with 5-methyl-cytidine (m5C), meaning that all cytosineresidues in the mRNA sequence are replaced with 5-methyl-cytidine (m5C).Similarly, a polynucleotide can be uniformly modified for any type ofnucleoside residue present in the sequence by replacement with amodified residue such as any of those set forth above.

In some embodiments, the modified nucleobase is a modified cytosine.Examples of nucleobases and nucleosides having a modified cytosineinclude N4-acetyl-cytidine (ac4C), 5-methyl-cytidine (m5C),5-halo-cytidine (e.g., 5-iodo-cytidine), 5-hydroxymethyl-cytidine(hm5C), 1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine, 2-thio-cytidine (s2C),2-thio-5-methyl-cytidine.

In some embodiments, a modified nucleobase is a modified uridine.Example nucleobases and nucleosides having a modified uridine include5-cyano uridine or 4′-thio uridine.

In some embodiments, a modified nucleobase is a modified adenine.Example nucleobases and nucleosides having a modified adenine include7-deaza-adenine, 1-methyl-adenosine (m1A), 2-methyl-adenine (m2A),N6-methyl-adenosine (m6A), and 2,6-diaminopurine.

In some embodiments, a modified nucleobase is a modified guanine.Example nucleobases and nucleosides having a modified guanine includeinosine (I), 1-methyl-inosine (m1I), wyosine (imG), methylwyosine(mimG), 7-deaza-guanosine, 7-cyano-7-deaza-guanosine (preQ0),7-aminomethyl-7-deaza-guanosine (preQ1), 7-methyl-guanosine (m7G),1-methyl-guanosine (m1G), 8-oxo-guanosine, or 7-methyl-8-oxo-guanosine.

Other modifications which can be useful in the polynucleotide comprisingan mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising anmRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprisingan mRNA encoding an IL-18 polypeptide, and/or the polynucleotidecomprising an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide of the presentdisclosure are listed in TABLE 5.

TABLE 5 Additional Modification types Name Type 2,6-(diamino)purineOther 1-(aza)-2-(thio)-3-(aza)-phenoxazin-1-yl Other1,3-(diaza)-2-(oxo)-phenthiazin-1-yl Other1,3-(diaza)-2-(oxo)-phenoxazin-1-yl Other1,3,5-(triaza)-2,6-(dioxa)-naphthalene Other 2 (amino)purine Other2,4,5-(trimethyl)phenyl Other 2′ methyl, 2′amino, 2′azido,2′fluro-cytidine Other 2′ methyl, 2′amino, 2′azido, 2′fluro-adenineOther 2′methyl, 2′amino, 2′azido, 2′fluro-uridine Other2′-amino-2′-deoxyribose Other 2-amino-6-Chloro-purine Other2-aza-inosinyl Other 2′-azido-2′-deoxyribose Other2′fluoro-2′-deoxyribose Other 2′-fluoro-modified bases Other2′-O-methyl-ribose Other 2-oxo-7-aminopyridopyrimidin-3-yl Other2-oxo-pyridopyrimidine-3-yl Other 2-pyridinone Other 3 nitropyrroleOther 3-(methyl)-7-(propynyl)isocarbostyrilyl Other3-(methyl)isocarbostyrilyl Other 4-(fluoro)-6-(methyl)benzimidazoleOther 4-(methyl)benzimidazole Other 4-(methyl)indolyl Other4,6-(dimethyl)indolyl Other 5 nitroindole Other 5 substitutedpyrimidines Other 5-(methyl)isocarbostyrilyl Other 5-nitroindole Other6-(aza)pyrimidine Other 6-(azo)thymine Other 6-(methyl)-7-(aza)indolylOther 6-chloro-purine Other 6-phenyl-pyrrolo-pyrimidin-2-on-3-yl Other7-(aminoalkylhydroxy)-1-(aza)-2-(thio)-3-(aza)- Other phenthiazin-1-yl7-(aminoalkylhydroxy)-1-(aza)-2-(thio)-3-(aza)- Other phenoxazin-1-yl7-(aminoalkylhydroxy)-1,3-(diaza)-2-(oxo)-phenoxazin-1-yl Other7-(aminoalkylhydroxy)-1,3-(diaza)-2-(oxo)-phenthiazin-1-yl Other7-(aminoalkylhydroxy)-1,3-(diaza)-2-(oxo)-phenoxazin-1-yl Other7-(aza)indolyl Other7-(guanidiniumalkylhydroxy)-1-(aza)-2-(thio)-3-(aza)- Otherphenoxazinl-yl 7-(guanidiniumalkylhydroxy)-1-(aza)-2-(thio)-3-(aza)-Other phenthiazin-1-yl7-(guanidiniumalkylhydroxy)-1-(aza)-2-(thio)-3-(aza)- Otherphenoxazin-1-yl 7-(guanidiniumalkylhydroxy)-1,3-(diaza)-2-(oxo)- Otherphenoxazin-1-yl 7-(guanidiniumalkyl-hydroxy)-1,3-(diaza)-2-(oxo)- Otherphenthiazin-1-yl 7-(guanidiniumalkylhydroxy)-1,3-(diaza)-2-(oxo)- Otherphenoxazin-1-yl 7-(propynyl)isocarbostyrilyl Other7-(propynyl)isocarbostyrilyl, propynyl-7-(aza)indolyl Other7-deaza-inosinyl Other 7-substituted1-(aza)-2-(thio)-3-(aza)-phenoxazin-1-yl Other 7-substituted1,3-(diaza)-2-(oxo)-phenoxazin-1-yl Other 9-(methyl)-imidizopyridinylOther aminoindolyl Other anthracenyl Otherbis-ortho-(aminoalkylhydroxy)-6-phenyl-pyrrolo- Otherpyrimidin-2-on-3-ylbis-ortho-substituted-6-phenyl-pyrrolo-pyrimidin-2-on-3-yl Otherdifluorotolyl Other hypoxanthine Other imidizopyridinyl Other InosinylOther isocarbostyrilyl Other isoguanisine Other N2-substituted purinesOther N6-methyl-2-amino-purine Other N6-substituted purines OtherN-alkylated derivative Other napthalenyl Other nitrobenzimidazolyl Othernitroimidazolyl Other nitroindazolyl Other nitropyrazolyl Othernubularine Other O6-substituted purines Other O-alkylated derivativeOther ortho-(aminoalkylhydroxy)-6-phenyl-pyrrolo-pyrimidin- Other2-on-3-yl ortho-substituted-6-phenyl-pyrrolo-pyrimidin-2-on-3-yl OtherOxoformycin TP Otherpara-(aminoalkylhydroxy)-6-phenyl-pyrrolo-pyrimidin- Other 2-on-3-ylpara-substituted-6-phenyl-pyrrolo-pyrimidin-2-on-3-yl Other pentacenylOther phenanthracenyl Other Phenyl Other propynyl-7-(aza)indolyl OtherPyrenyl Other pyridopyrimidin-3-yl Other pyridopyrimidin-3-yl,2-oxo-7-amino-pyridopyrimidin-3-yl Other pyrrolo-pyrimidin-2-on-3-ylOther Pyrrolopyrimidinyl Other Pyrrolopyrizinyl Other Stilbenzyl Othersubstituted 1,2,4-triazoles Other Tetracenyl Other Tubercidine OtherXanthine Other Xanthosine-5′-TP Other 2-thio-zebularine Other5-aza-2-thio-zebularine Other 7-deaza-2-amino-purine Other pyridin-4-oneribonucleoside Other 2-Amino-riboside-TP Other Formycin A TP OtherFormycin B TP Other Pyrrolosine TP Other 2′-OH-ara-adenosine TP Other2′-OH-ara-cytidine TP Other 2′-OH-ara-uridine TP Other2′-OH-ara-guanosine TP Other 5-(2-carbomethoxyvinyl)uridine TP OtherN6-(19-Amino-pentaoxanonadecyl)adenosine TP Other

The polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide,the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-18 polypeptide,and/or the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40Lpolypeptide of the present disclosure can include any useful linkerbetween the nucleosides. Such linkers, including backbone modificationsare given in TABLE 6.

TABLE 6 Linker modifications Name TYPE 3′-alkylene phosphonates Linker3′-amino phosphoramidate Linker alkene containing backbones LinkerAminoalkylphosphoramidates Linker Aminoalkylphosphotriesters LinkerBoranophosphates Linker —CH2-0-N(CH3)—CH2— Linker—CH2—N(CH3)—N(CH3)—CH2— Linker —CH2—NH—CH2— Linker chiral phosphonatesLinker chiral phosphorothioates Linker formacetyl and thioformacetylbackbones Linker methylene (methylimino) Linker methylene formacetyl andthioformacetyl backbones Linker methyleneimino and methylenehydrazinobackbones Linker morpholino linkages Linker —N(CH3)—CH2—CH2— Linkeroligonucleosides with heteroatom internucleoside linkage LinkerPhosphinates Linker phosphoramidates Linker Phosphorodithioates Linkerphosphorothioate internucleoside linkages Linker PhosphorothioatesLinker Phosphotriesters Linker PNA Linker siloxane backbones Linkersulfamate backbones Linker sulfide sulfoxide and sulfone backbonesLinker sulfonate and sulfonamide backbones LinkerThionoalkylphosphonates Linker Thionoalkylphosphotriesters LinkerThionophosphoramidates Linker

The polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide,the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-18 polypeptide,and/or the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40Lpolypeptide of the present disclosure, or any combination thereof, caninclude any useful modification, such as to the sugar, the nucleobase,or the internucleoside linkage (e.g. to a linking phosphate/to aphosphodiester linkage/to the phosphodiester backbone). One or moreatoms of a pyrimidine nucleobase can be replaced or substituted withoptionally substituted amino, optionally substituted thiol, optionallysubstituted alkyl (e.g., methyl or ethyl), or halo (e.g., chloro orfluoro). In certain embodiments, modifications (e.g., one or moremodifications) are present in each of the sugar and the internucleosidelinkage. Modifications according to the present disclosure can bemodifications of ribonucleic acids (RNAs) to deoxyribonucleic acids(DNAs), threose nucleic acids (TNAs), glycol nucleic acids (GNAs),peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), locked nucleic acids (LNAs), hexitolnucleic acids (HNAs), or hybrids thereof. Additional modifications aredescribed herein. Modified nucleic acids and their synthesis aredisclosed in International Patent Publication No. WO2013052523 (see alsoUS20130115272).

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-18 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anOX40L polypeptide of the present disclosure, or any combination thereof,do not substantially induce an innate immune response of a cell intowhich the mRNA is introduced. Features of an induced innate immuneresponse include 1) increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines,2) activation of intracellular PRRs (RIG-I, MDA5, etc, and/or 3)termination or reduction in protein translation.

Any of the regions of the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-18 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising and mRNA encoding anOX40L polypeptide of the present disclosure, or any combination thereof,can be chemically modified as taught herein or as taught inInternational Patent Publication No. WO2013052523 (see alsoUS20130115272).

In some embodiments, a modified polynucleotide, e.g., mRNA comprising atleast one modification described herein, of the disclosure encodes anIL-23, IL-36-gamma, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-18 polypeptide and/or OX40L. In some embodiments, the modifiedpolynucleotide, e.g., mRNA comprising at least one modificationdescribed herein, of the disclosure encodes a human IL-23, IL-36-gamma,IL18 and/or OX40L.

In some embodiments, the modified polynucleotide, e.g., mRNA comprisingat least one modification described herein, of the disclosure encodes apolypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in TABLE 1. Insome embodiments, the modified polynucleotide, e.g., mRNA comprising atleast one modification described herein, of the disclosure encodes apolypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in TABLE 1.

In some embodiments, the modified polynucleotide, e.g., mRNA comprisingat least one modification described herein, of the disclosure encodes atleast one IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L mutant, a fragment, orvariant thereof, e.g., an IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40Lfunctional fragment of IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L.

In some embodiments, the modified polynucleotide, e.g., mRNA comprisingat least one modification described herein, of the disclosure isselected from the IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L nucleic acidsequences listed in TABLE 1.

The polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide,mRNA encoding an IL-18 polypeptide and the polynucleotide comprising anmRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide of the present disclosure can alsoinclude building blocks, e.g., modified ribonucleosides, and modifiedribonucleotides, of polynucleotide molecules. For example, thesebuilding blocks can be useful for preparing the polynucleotides of thedisclosure. Such building blocks are taught in International PatentPublication No. WO2013052523 (see also US20130115272) and InternationalApplication Publication No. WO2014093924 (see also US20150307542).

Modifications on the Sugar

The modified nucleosides and nucleotides (e.g., building blockmolecules), which can be incorporated into a polynucleotide (e.g., RNAor mRNA, as described herein) comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23polypeptide, a polynucleotide (e.g., RNA or mRNA, as described herein)comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, mRNA encoding anIL-18 polypeptide or a polynucleotide (e.g., RNA or mRNA, as describedherein) comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide of the presentdisclosure, can be modified on the sugar of the ribonucleic acid.

For example, the 2′ hydroxyl group (OH) can be modified or replaced witha number of different substituents. Exemplary substitutions at the2′-position include, but are not limited to, H, halo, optionallysubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy; optionallysubstituted C₆₋₁₀ aryloxy; optionally substituted C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl;optionally substituted C₃₋₈ cycloalkoxy; optionally substituted C₆₋₁₀aryloxy; optionally substituted C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₆ alkoxy, optionallysubstituted C₁₋₁₂ (heterocyclyl)oxy; a sugar (e.g., ribose, pentose, orany described herein); a polyethyleneglycol (PEG),—O(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)CH₂CH₂OR, where R is H or optionally substituted alkyl,and n is an integer from 0 to 20 (e.g., from 0 to 4, from 0 to 8, from 0to 10, from 0 to 16, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 8, from 1 to 10, from 1 to16, from 1 to 20, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 8, from 2 to 10, from 2 to 16,from 2 to 20, from 4 to 8, from 4 to 10, from 4 to 16, and from 4 to20); “locked” nucleic acids (LNA) in which the 2′-hydroxyl is connectedby a C₁₋₆ alkylene or C₁₋₆ heteroalkylene bridge to the 4′-carbon of thesame ribose sugar, where exemplary bridges included methylene,propylene, ether, or amino bridges; aminoalkyl, as defined herein;aminoalkoxy, as defined herein; amino as defined herein; and amino acid,as defined herein

Generally, RNA includes the sugar group ribose, which is a 5-memberedring having an oxygen. Exemplary, non-limiting modified nucleotidesinclude replacement of the oxygen in ribose (e.g., with S, Se, oralkylene, such as methylene or ethylene); addition of a double bond(e.g., to replace ribose with cyclopentenyl or cyclohexenyl); ringcontraction of ribose (e.g., to form a 4-membered ring of cyclobutane oroxetane); ring expansion of ribose (e.g., to form a 6- or 7-memberedring having an additional carbon or heteroatom, such as foranhydrohexitol, altritol, mannitol, cyclohexanyl, cyclohexenyl, andmorpholino that also has a phosphoramidate backbone); multicyclic forms(e.g., tricyclo; and “unlocked” forms, such as glycol nucleic acid (GNA)(e.g., R-GNA or S-GNA, where ribose is replaced by glycol units attachedto phosphodiester bonds), threose nucleic acid (TNA, where ribose isreplace with α-L-threofuranosyl-(3′→2′)), and peptide nucleic acid (PNA,where 2-amino-ethyl-glycine linkages replace the ribose andphosphodiester backbone). The sugar group can also contain one or morecarbons that possess the opposite stereochemical configuration than thatof the corresponding carbon in ribose. Thus, a polynucleotide moleculecan include nucleotides containing, e.g., arabinose, as the sugar. Suchsugar modifications are taught in International Patent Publication No.WO2013052523 (see also US20130115272) and International ApplicationPublication No. WO2014093924 (see also US20150307542).

Combinations of Modified Sugars, Nucleobases, and InternucleosideLinkages

The polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide,the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-18 polypeptide, thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide of thedisclosure, or any combination thereof, can include a combination ofmodifications to the sugar, the nucleobase, and/or the internucleosidelinkage. These combinations can include any one or more modificationsdescribed herein.

Examples of modified nucleotides and modified nucleotide combinationsare provided below in TABLE 7. These combinations of modifiednucleotides can be used to form the polynucleotides of the disclosure.Unless otherwise noted, the modified nucleotides can be completelysubstituted for the natural nucleotides of the polynucleotides of thedisclosure. As a non-limiting example, the natural nucleotide uridinecan be substituted with a modified nucleoside described herein. Inanother non-limiting example, the natural nucleotide uridine can bepartially substituted (e.g., about 0.1%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%,30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or99.9%) with at least one of the modified nucleoside disclosed herein.Any combination of base/sugar or linker can be incorporated into thepolynucleotides of the disclosure and such modifications are taught inInternational Patent Publication No. WO2013052523 (see alsoUS20130115272) and International Application Publication No.WO2014093924 (see also US20150307542).

TABLE 7 Combinations Modified Nucleotide Modified Nucleotide Combinationα-thio-cytidine α-thio-cytidine/5-iodo-uridineα-thio-cytidine/N1-methyl-pseudouridine α-thio-cytidine/α-thio-uridineα-thio-cytidine/5-methyl-uridine α-thio-cytidine/pseudo-uridine about50% of the cytosines are α-thio-cytidine pseudoisocytidinepseudoisocytidine/5-iodo-uridinepseudoisocytidine/N1-methyl-pseudouridinepseudoisocytidine/α-thio-uridine pseudoisocytidine/5-methyl-uridinepseudoisocytidine/pseudouridine about 25% of cytosines arepseudoisocytidine pseudoisocytidine/about 50% of uridines are N1-methyl-pseudouridine and about 50% of uridines are pseudouridinepseudoisocytidine/about 25% of uridines are N1- methyl-pseudouridine andabout 25% of uridines are pseudouridine pyrrolo-cytidinepyrrolo-cytidine/5-iodo-uridine pyrrolo-cytidine/N1-methyl-pseudouridinepyrrolo-cytidine/α-thio-uridine pyrrolo-cytidine/5-methyl-uridinepyrrolo-cytidine/pseudouridine about 50% of the cytosines arepyrrolo-cytidine 5-methyl-cytidine 5-methyl-cytidine/5-iodo-uridine5-methyl-cytidine/N1-methyl-pseudouridine5-methyl-cytidine/α-thio-uridine 5-methyl-cytidine/5-methyl-uridine5-methyl-cytidine/pseudouridine about 25% of cytosines are5-methyl-cytidine about 50% of cytosines are 5-methyl-cytidine5-methyl-cytidine/5-methoxy-uridine 5-methyl-cytidine/5-bromo-uridine5-methyl-cytidine/2-thio-uridine 5-methyl-cytidine/about 50% of uridinesare 2- thio-uridine about 50% of uridines are 5-methyl-cytidine/ about50% of uridines are 2-thio-uridine N4-acetyl-cytidineN4-acetyl-cytidine/5-iodo-uridineN4-acetyl-cytidine/N1-methyl-pseudouridineN4-acetyl-cytidine/α-thio-uridine N4-acetyl-cytidine/5-methyl-uridineN4-acetyl-cytidine/pseudouridine about 50% of cytosines areN4-acetyl-cytidine about 25% of cytosines are N4-acetyl-cytidineN4-acetyl-cytidine/5-methoxy-uridine N4-acetyl-cytidine/5-bromo-uridineN4-acetyl-cytidine/2-thio-uridine about 50% of cytosines areN4-acetyl-cytidine/ about 50% of uridines are 2-thio-uridine

Additional examples of modified nucleotides and modified nucleotidecombinations are provided below in TABLE 8.

TABLE 8 Additional combinations Uracil Cytosine Adenine Guanine5-methoxy-UTP CTP ATP GTP 5-Methoxy-UTP N4Ac-CTP ATP GTP 5-Methoxy-UTP5-Methyl-CTP ATP GTP 5-Methoxy-UTP 5-Trifluoromethyl-CTP ATP GTP5-Methoxy-UTP 5-Hydroxymethyl-CTP ATP GTP 5-Methoxy-UTP 5-Bromo-CTP ATPGTP 5-Methoxy-UTP N4Ac-CTP ATP GTP 5-Methoxy-UTP CTP ATP GTP5-Methoxy-UTP 5-Methyl-CTP ATP GTP 5-Methoxy-UTP 5-Trifluoromethyl-CTPATP GTP 5-Methoxy-UTP 5-Hydroxymethyl-CTP ATP GTP 5-Methoxy-UTP5-Bromo-CTP ATP GTP 5-Methoxy-UTP N4-Ac-CTP ATP GTP 5-Methoxy-UTP5-Iodo-CTP ATP GTP 5-Methoxy-UTP 5-Bromo-CTP ATP GTP 5-Methoxy-UTP CTPATP GTP 5-Methoxy-UTP 5-Methyl-CTP ATP GTP 75% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 25%5-Methyl-CTP ATP GTP UTP 50% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 50% 5-Methyl-CTP ATP GTPUTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 5-Methyl-CTP ATP GTP UTP 5-Methoxy-UTP 75%5-Methyl-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTP 5-Methoxy-UTP 50% 5-Methyl-CTP + 50% CTPATP GTP 5-Methoxy-UTP 25% 5-Methyl-CTP + 75% CTP ATP GTP 75%5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 75% 5-Methyl-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTP UTP 75%5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 50% 5-Methyl-CTP + 50% CTP ATP GTP UTP 75%5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 25% 5-Methyl-CTP + 75% CTP ATP GTP UTP 50%5-Methoxy-UTP + 50% 75% 5-Methyl-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTP UTP 50%5-Methoxy-UTP + 50% 50% 5-Methyl-CTP + 50% CTP ATP GTP UTP 50%5-Methoxy-UTP + 50% 25% 5-Methyl-CTP + 75% CTP ATP GTP UTP 25%5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 75% 5-Methyl-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTP UTP 25%5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 50% 5-Methyl-CTP + 50% CTP ATP GTP UTP 25%5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 25% 5-Methyl-CTP + 75% CTP ATP GTP UTP 75%5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% CTP ATP GTP UTP 50% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 50% CTP ATP GTPUTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% CTP ATP GTP UTP 5-Methoxy-UTP CTP ATP GTP5-Methoxy-UTP CTP ATP GTP 5-Methoxy-UTP CTP ATP GTP 5-Methoxy-UTP5-Methyl-CTP ATP GTP 5-Methoxy-UTP 5-Methyl-CTP ATP GTP 5-Methoxy-UTP5-Methyl-CTP ATP GTP 5-Methoxy-UTP CTP Alpha-thio- GTP ATP 5-Methoxy-UTP5-Methyl-CTP Alpha-thio- GTP ATP 5-Methoxy-UTP CTP ATP Alpha- thio-GTP5-Methoxy-UTP 5-Methyl-CTP ATP Alpha- thio-GTP 5-Methoxy-UTP CTP N6—Me-GTP ATP 5-Methoxy-UTP 5-Methyl-CTP N6—Me- GTP ATP 5-Methoxy-UTP CTP ATPGTP 5-Methoxy-UTP 5-Methyl-CTP ATP GTP 75% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 25%5-Methyl-CTP ATP GTP UTP 50% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 50% 5-Methyl-CTP ATP GTPUTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 5-Methyl-CTP ATP GTP UTP 5-Methoxy-UTP 75%5-Methyl-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTP 5-Methoxy-UTP 50% 5-Methyl-CTP + 50% CTPATP GTP 5-Methoxy-UTP 25% 5-Methyl-CTP + 75% CTP ATP GTP 75%5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 75% 5-Methyl-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTP UTP 75%5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 50% 5-Methyl-CTP + 50% CTP ATP GTP UTP 75%5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 25% 5-Methyl-CTP + 75% CTP ATP GTP UTP 50%5-Methoxy-UTP + 50% 75% 5-Methyl-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTP UTP 50%5-Methoxy-UTP + 50% 50% 5-Methyl-CTP + 50% CTP ATP GTP UTP 50%5-Methoxy-UTP + 50% 25% 5-Methyl-CTP + 75% CTP ATP GTP UTP 25%5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 75% 5-Methyl-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTP UTP 25%5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 50% 5-Methyl-CTP + 50% CTP ATP GTP UTP 25%5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 25% 5-Methyl-CTP + 75% CTP ATP GTP UTP 75%5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% CTP ATP GTP UTP 50% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 50% CTP ATP GTPUTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% CTP ATP GTP UTP 5-Methoxy-UTP 5-Ethyl-CTPATP GTP 5-Methoxy-UTP 5-Methoxy-CTP ATP GTP 5-Methoxy-UTP 5-Ethynyl-CTPATP GTP 5-Methoxy-UTP CTP ATP GTP 5-Methoxy-UTP 5-Methyl-CTP ATP GTP5-Methoxy-UTP CTP ATP GTP 5-Methoxy-UTP 5-Methyl-CTP ATP GTP 75%5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 1- 5-Methyl-CTP ATP GTP Methyl-pseudo-UTP 50%5-Methoxy-UTP + 50% 1- 5-Methyl-CTP ATP GTP Methyl-pseudo-UTP 25%5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 1- 5-Methyl-CTP ATP GTP Methyl-pseudo-UTP5-Methoxy-UTP 75% 5-Methyl-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTP 5-Methoxy-UTP 50%5-Methyl-CTP + 50% CTP ATP GTP 5-Methoxy-UTP 25% 5-Methyl-CTP + 75% CTPATP GTP 75% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 1- 75% 5-Methyl-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTPMethyl-pseudo-UTP 75% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 1- 50% 5-Methyl-CTP + 50% CTPATP GTP Methyl-pseudo-UTP 75% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 1- 25% 5-Methyl-CTP +75% CTP ATP GTP Methyl-pseudo-UTP 50% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 50% 1- 75%5-Methyl-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTP Methyl-pseudo-UTP 50% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 50%1- 50% 5-Methyl-CTP + 50% CTP ATP GTP Methyl-pseudo-UTP 50%5-Methoxy-UTP + 50% 1- 25% 5-Methyl-CTP + 75% CTP ATP GTPMethyl-pseudo-UTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 1- 75% 5-Methyl-CTP + 25% CTPATP GTP Methyl-pseudo-UTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 1- 50% 5-Methyl-CTP +50% CTP ATP GTP Methyl-pseudo-UTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 1- 25%5-Methyl-CTP + 75% CTP ATP GTP Methyl-pseudo-UTP 75% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 25%1- CTP ATP GTP Methyl-pseudo-UTP 50% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 50% 1- CTP ATP GTPMethyl-pseudo-UTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 1- CTP ATP GTPMethyl-pseudo-UTP 5-methoxy-UTP (In House) CTP ATP GTP 5-methoxy-UTP(Hongene) CTP ATP GTP 5-methoxy-UTP (Hongene) 5-Methyl-CTP ATP GTP5-Methoxy-UTP CTP ATP GTP 5-Methoxy-UTP 5-Methyl-CTP ATP GTP 75%5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 5-Methyl-CTP ATP GTP UTP 50% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 50%5-Methyl-CTP ATP GTP UTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 5-Methyl-CTP ATP GTPUTP 5-Methoxy-UTP 75% 5-Methyl-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTP 5-Methoxy-UTP 50%5-Methyl-CTP + 50% CTP ATP GTP 5-Methoxy-UTP 25% 5-Methyl-CTP + 75% CTPATP GTP 75% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 75% 5-Methyl-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTP UTP75% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 50% 5-Methyl-CTP + 50% CTP ATP GTP UTP 75%5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 25% 5-Methyl-CTP + 75% CTP ATP GTP UTP 50%5-Methoxy-UTP + 50% 75% 5-Methyl-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTP UTP 50%5-Methoxy-UTP + 50% 50% 5-Methyl-CTP + 50% CTP ATP GTP UTP 50%5-Methoxy-UTP + 50% 25% 5-Methyl-CTP + 75% CTP ATP GTP UTP 25%5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 75% 5-Methyl-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTP UTP 25%5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 50% 5-Methyl-CTP + 50% CTP ATP GTP UTP 25%5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 25% 5-Methyl-CTP + 75% CTP ATP GTP UTP 75%5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% CTP ATP GTP UTP 50% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 50% CTP ATP GTPUTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% CTP ATP GTP UTP 5-Methoxy-UTP CTP ATP GTP5-Methoxy-UTP 5-Methyl-CTP ATP GTP 75% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 5-Methyl-CTPATP GTP UTP 50% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 50% 5-Methyl-CTP ATP GTP UTP 25%5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 5-Methyl-CTP ATP GTP UTP 5-Methoxy-UTP 75%5-Methyl-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTP 5-Methoxy-UTP 50% 5-Methyl-CTP + 50% CTPATP GTP 5-Methoxy-UTP 25% 5-Methyl-CTP + 75% CTP ATP GTP 75%5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 75% 5-Methyl-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTP UTP 75%5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 50% 5-Methyl-CTP + 50% CTP ATP GTP UTP 75%5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 25% 5-Methyl-CTP + 75% CTP ATP GTP UTP 50%5-Methoxy-UTP + 50% 75% 5-Methyl-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTP UTP 50%5-Methoxy-UTP + 50% 50% 5-Methyl-CTP + 50% CTP ATP GTP UTP 50%5-Methoxy-UTP + 50% 25% 5-Methyl-CTP + 75% CTP ATP GTP UTP 25%5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 75% 5-Methyl-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTP UTP 25%5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 50% 5-Methyl-CTP + 50% CTP ATP GTP UTP 25%5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 25% 5-Methyl-CTP + 75% CTP ATP GTP UTP 75%5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% CTP ATP GTP UTP 50% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 50% CTP ATP GTPUTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% CTP ATP GTP UTP 5-Methoxy-UTP CTP ATP GTP25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 75% 5-Methyl-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTP UTP 25%5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 50% 5-Methyl-CTP + 50% CTP ATP GTP UTP 25%5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 25% 5-Methyl-CTP + 75% CTP ATP GTP UTP 75%5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 75% 5-Methyl-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTP UTP 5-Methoxy-UTPCTP ATP GTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 75% 5-Methyl-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTPUTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 50% 5-Methyl-CTP + 50% CTP ATP GTP UTP 25%5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 25% 5-Methyl-CTP + 75% CTP ATP GTP UTP 75%5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 75% 5-Methyl-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTP UTP 5-Methoxy-UTPCTP ATP GTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 75% 5-Methyl-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTPUTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 50% 5-Methyl-CTP + 50% CTP ATP GTP UTP 25%5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 25% 5-Methyl-CTP + 75% CTP ATP GTP UTP 75%5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 75% 5-Methyl-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTP UTP 5-Methoxy-UTPCTP ATP GTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 75% 5-Methyl-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTPUTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 50% 5-Methyl-CTP + 50% CTP ATP GTP UTP 25%5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 25% 5-Methyl-CTP + 75% CTP ATP GTP UTP 75%5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 75% 5-Methyl-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTP UTP 5-Methoxy-UTPCTP ATP GTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 75% 5-Methyl-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTPUTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 50% 5-Methyl-CTP + 50% CTP ATP GTP UTP 25%5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 25% 5-Methyl-CTP + 75% CTP ATP GTP UTP 75%5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 75% 5-Methyl-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTP UTP 5-Methoxy-UTPCTP ATP GTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 75% 5-Methyl-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTPUTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 50% 5-Methyl-CTP + 50% CTP ATP GTP UTP 25%5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 25% 5-Methyl-CTP + 75% CTP ATP GTP UTP 75%5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 75% 5-Methyl-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTP UTP 5-Methoxy-UTPCTP ATP GTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 75% 5-Methyl-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTPUTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 50% 5-Methyl-CTP + 50% CTP ATP GTP UTP 25%5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 25% 5-Methyl-CTP + 75% CTP ATP GTP UTP 75%5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 75% 5-Methyl-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTP UTP 5-Methoxy-UTP5-Fluoro-CTP ATP GTP 5-Methoxy-UTP 5-Phenyl-CTP ATP GTP 5-Methoxy-UTPN4-Bz-CTP ATP GTP 5-Methoxy-UTP CTP N6- GTP Isopentenyl- ATP5-Methoxy-UTP N4—Ac-CTP ATP GTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 25%N4—Ac-CTP +75% CTP ATP GTP UTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 75%N4—Ac-CTP + 25% CTP ATPGTP UTP 75% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 25%N4—Ac-CTP + 75% CTP ATP GTP UTP 75%5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 75%N4—Ac-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTP UTP 5-Methoxy-UTP5-Hydroxymethyl-CTP ATP GTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 25%5-Hydroxymethyl-CTP + ATP GTP UTP 75% CTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 75%5-Hydroxymethyl-CTP + ATP GTP UTP 25% CTP 75% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 25%5-Hydroxymethyl-CTP + ATP GTP UTP 75% CTP 75% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 75%5-Hydroxymethyl-CTP + ATP GTP UTP 25% CTP 5-Methoxy-UTP N4-Methyl CTPATP GTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 25% N4-Methyl CTP + 75% ATP GTP UTP CTP25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 75% N4-Methyl CTP + 25% ATP GTP UTP CTP 75%5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 25% N4-Methyl CTP + 75% ATP GTP UTP CTP 75%5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 75% N4-Methyl CTP + 25% ATP GTP UTP CTP5-Methoxy-UTP 5-Trifluoromethyl-CTP ATP GTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 25%5-Trifluoromethyl-CTP + ATP GTP UTP 75% CTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 75%5-Trifluoromethyl-CTP + ATP GTP UTP 25% CTP 75% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 25%5-Trifluoromethyl-CTP + ATP GTP UTP 75% CTP 75% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 75%5-Trifluoromethyl-CTP + ATP GTP UTP 25% CTP 5-Methoxy-UTP 5-Bromo-CTPATP GTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 25% 5-Bromo-CTP + 75% CTP ATP GTP UTP25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 75% 5-Bromo-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTP UTP 75%5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 25% 5-Bromo-CTP + 75% CTP ATP GTP UTP 75%5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 75% 5-Bromo-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTP UTP 5-Methoxy-UTP5-Iodo-CTP ATP GTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 25% 5-Iodo-CTP + 75% CTP ATPGTP UTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 75% 5-Iodo-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTP UTP 75%5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 25% 5-Iodo-CTP + 75% CTP ATP GTP UTP 75%5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 75% 5-Iodo-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTP UTP 5-Methoxy-UTP5-Ethyl-CTP ATP GTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 25% 5-Ethyl-CTP + 75% CTPATP GTP UTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 75% 5-Ethyl-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTPUTP 75% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 25% 5-Ethyl-CTP + 75% CTP ATP GTP UTP 75%5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 75% 5-Ethyl-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTP UTP 5-Methoxy-UTP5-Methoxy-CTP ATP GTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 25% 5-Methoxy-CTP + 75%ATP GTP UTP CTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 75% 5-Methoxy-CTP + 25% ATP GTPUTP CTP 75% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 25% 5-Methoxy-CTP + 75% ATP GTP UTP CTP75% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 75% 5-Methoxy-CTP + 25% ATP GTP UTP CTP5-Methoxy-UTP 5-Ethynyl-CTP ATP GTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 25%5-Ethynyl-CTP + 75% ATP GTP UTP CTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 75%5-Ethynyl-CTP + 25% ATP GTP UTP CTP 75% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 25%5-Ethynyl-CTP + 75% ATP GTP UTP CTP 75% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 75%5-Ethynyl-CTP + 25% ATP GTP UTP CTP 5-Methoxy-UTP 5-Pseudo-iso-CTP ATPGTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 25% 5-Pseudo-iso-CTP + 75% ATP GTP UTP CTP25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 75% 5-Pseudo-iso-CTP + 25% ATP GTP UTP CTP 75%5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 25% 5-Pseudo-iso-CTP + 75% ATP GTP UTP CTP 75%5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 75% 5-Pseudo-iso-CTP + 25% ATP GTP UTP CTP5-Methoxy-UTP 5-Formyl-CTP ATP GTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 25%5-Formyl-CTP + 75% CTP ATP GTP UTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 75%5-Formyl-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTP UTP 75% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 25%5-Formyl-CTP + 75% CTP ATP GTP UTP 75% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 75%5-Formyl-CTP + 25% CTP ATP GTP UTP 5-Methoxy-UTP 5-Aminoallyl-CTP ATPGTP 25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 25% 5-Aminoallyl-CTP + 75% ATP GTP UTP CTP25% 5-Methoxy-UTP + 75% 75% 5-Aminoallyl-CTP + 25% ATP GTP UTP CTP 75%5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 25% 5-Aminoallyl-CTP + 75% ATP GTP UTP CTP 75%5-Methoxy-UTP + 25% 75% 5-Aminoallyl-CTP + 25% ATP GTP UTP CTP

XII. Pharmaceutical Compositions: Formulation, Administration, Deliveryand Dosing

The present disclosure provides pharmaceutical formulations comprisingany of the compositions disclosed herein, e.g., a first polynucleotidecomprising an mRNA encoding a first protein comprising an IL-23polypeptide, a second polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding asecond protein comprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, or apolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-18 polypeptide, and/ora third polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding a third protein,wherein the third protein comprises an OX40L polypeptide as describedelsewhere herein.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the polynucleotide are formulatedin compositions and complexes in combination with one or morepharmaceutically acceptable excipients. Pharmaceutical compositions canoptionally comprise one or more additional active substances, e.g.therapeutically and/or prophylactically active substances.Pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure can be sterileand/or pyrogen-free. General considerations in the formulation and/ormanufacture of pharmaceutical agents can be found, for example, inRemington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy 21^(st) ed., LippincottWilliams & Wilkins, 2005.

In some embodiments, compositions are administered to humans, humanpatients or subjects. For the purposes of the present disclosure, thephrase “active ingredient” generally refers to polynucleotides to bedelivered as described herein.

Although the descriptions of pharmaceutical compositions provided hereinare principally directed to pharmaceutical compositions which aresuitable for administration to humans, it will be understood by theskilled artisan that such compositions are generally suitable foradministration to any other animal, e.g., to non-human animals, e.g.non-human mammals. Modification of pharmaceutical compositions suitablefor administration to hmans in order to render the compositions suitablefor administration to various animals is well understood, and theordinarily skilled veterinary pharmacologist can design and/or performsuch modification with merely ordinary, if any, experimentation.Subjects to which administration of the pharmaceutical compositions iscontemplated include, but are not limited to, humans and/or otherprimates; mammals.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide of the present disclosure isformulated for subcutaneous, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intratumoral,intramuscular, intra-articular, intra-synovial, intrasternal,intrathecal, intrahepatic, intralesional, intracranial,intraventricular, oral, inhalation spray, topical, rectal, nasal,buccal, vaginal, intratumoral, or implanted reservoir intramuscular,subcutaneous, intratumoral, or intradermal delivery. In otherembodiments, the polynucleotide is formulated for intratumoral,intraperitoneal, or intravenous delivery. In a particular embodiment,the polynucleotide of the present disclosure is formulated forintratumoral delivery.

Formulations of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein can beprepared by any method known or hereafter developed in the art ofpharmacology. In general, such preparatory methods include the step ofbringing the active ingredient into association with an excipient and/orone or more other accessory ingredients, and then, if necessary and/ordesirable, dividing, shaping and/or packaging the product into a desiredsingle- or multi-dose unit.

Relative amounts of the active ingredient, the pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipient, and/or any additional ingredients in apharmaceutical composition in accordance with the disclosure will vary,depending upon the identity, size, and/or condition of the subjecttreated and further depending upon the route by which the composition isto be administered. By way of example, the composition can comprisebetween 0.1% and 100%, e.g., between 0.5% and 50%, between 1% and 30%,between 5% and 80%, or at least 80% (w/w) active ingredient.

Formulations

The polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide,the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-18 polypeptide,and/or the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40Lpolypeptide of the disclosure can be formulated using one or moreexcipients.

The function of the one or more excipients is, e.g., to: (1) increasestability; (2) increase cell transfection; (3) permit the sustained ordelayed release (e.g., from a depot formulation of the polynucleotide);(4) alter the biodistribution (e.g., target the polynucleotide tospecific tissues or cell types); (5) increase the translation of encodedprotein in vivo; and/or (6) alter the release profile of encoded proteinin vivo. In addition to traditional excipients such as any and allsolvents, dispersion media, diluents, or other liquid vehicles,dispersion or suspension aids, surface active agents, isotonic agents,thickening or emulsifying agents, preservatives, excipients of thepresent disclosure can include, without limitation, lipidoids,liposomes, lipid nanoparticles, polymers, lipoplexes, core-shellnanoparticles, peptides, proteins, cells transfected withpolynucleotides (e.g., for transplantation into a subject),hyaluronidase, nanoparticle mimics and combinations thereof.Accordingly, the formulations of the disclosure can include one or moreexcipients, each in an amount that together increases the stability ofthe polynucleotide, increases cell transfection by the polynucleotide,increases the expression of polynucleotides encoded protein, and/oralters the release profile of polynucleotide encoded proteins. Further,the polynucleotides of the present disclosure can be formulated usingself-assembled nucleic acid nanoparticles.

Formulations of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein can beprepared by any method known or hereafter developed in the art ofpharmacology. In general, such preparatory methods include the step ofassociating the active ingredient with an excipient and/or one or moreother accessory ingredients.

A pharmaceutical composition in accordance with the present disclosurecan be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in bulk, as a single unit dose,and/or as a plurality of single unit doses. As used herein, a “unitdose” refers to a discrete amount of the pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a predetermined amount of the active ingredient. The amountof the active ingredient is generally equal to the dosage of the activeingredient which would be administered to a subject and/or a convenientfraction of such a dosage such as, for example, one-half or one-third ofsuch a dosage.

Relative amounts of the active ingredient, the pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipient, and/or any additional ingredients in apharmaceutical composition in accordance with the present disclosure canvary, depending upon the identity, size, and/or condition of the subjectbeing treated and further depending upon the route by which thecomposition is to be administered. For example, the composition cancomprise between 0.1% and 99% (w/w) of the active ingredient. By way ofexample, the composition can comprise between 0.1% and 100%, e.g.,between 0.5 and 50%, between 1-30%, between 5-80%, at least 80% (w/w)active ingredient.

In some embodiments, the formulations described herein contain at leastone polynucleotide. As a non-limiting example, the formulations contain1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 polynucleotides. In other embodiments, thepolynucleotide of the disclosure is formulated for intratumoral deliveryin a tumor of a patient in need thereof.

Pharmaceutical formulations can additionally comprise a pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipient, which, as used herein, includes, but is notlimited to, any and all solvents, dispersion media, diluents, or otherliquid vehicles, dispersion or suspension aids, surface active agents,isotonic agents, thickening or emulsifying agents, preservatives, andthe like, as suited to the particular dosage form desired. Variousexcipients for formulating pharmaceutical compositions and techniquesfor preparing the composition are known in the art (see Remington: TheScience and Practice of Pharmacy, 21^(st)Edition, A. R. Gennaro,Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Md., 2006). The use of aconventional excipient medium can be contemplated within the scope ofthe present disclosure, except insofar as any conventional excipientmedium can be incompatible with a substance or its derivatives, such asby producing any undesirable biological effect or otherwise interactingin a deleterious manner with any other component(s) of thepharmaceutical composition.

In some embodiments, the particle size of the lipid nanoparticle isincreased and/or decreased. The change in particle size can be able tohelp counter biological reaction such as, but not limited to,inflammation or can increase the biological effect of the modified mRNAdelivered to mammals.

Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients used in the manufacture ofpharmaceutical compositions include, but are not limited to, inertdiluents, surface active agents and/or emulsifiers, preservatives,buffering agents, lubricating agents, and/or oils. Such excipients canoptionally be included in the pharmaceutical formulations of thedisclosure.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotides is administered in or with,formulated in or delivered with nanostructures that can sequestermolecules such as cholesterol. Non-limiting examples of thesenanostructures and methods of making these nanostructures are describedin US Patent Publication No. US20130195759. Exemplary structures ofthese nanostructures are shown in US Patent Publication No.US20130195759, and can include a core and a shell surrounding the core.

Lipidoids

The polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide,the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-18 polypeptide,and/or the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40Lpolypeptide can be formulated with lipidoids. The synthesis of lipidoidshas been extensively described and formulations containing thesecompounds are particularly suited for delivery of polynucleotides (seeMahon et al., Bioconjug Chem. 2010 21:1448-1454; Schroeder et al., JIntern Med. 2010 267:9-21; Akinc et al., Nat Biotechnol. 200826:561-569; Love et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010 107:1864-1869;Siegwart et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011 108:12996-3001).

While these lipidoids have been used to effectively deliver doublestranded small interfering RNA molecules in rodents and non-humanprimates (see Akinc et al., Nat Biotechnol. 2008 26:561-569;Frank-Kamenetsky et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008 105:11915-11920;Akinc et al., Mol Ther. 2009 17:872-879; Love et al., Proc Natl Acad SciUSA. 2010 107:1864-1869; Leuschner et al., Nat Biotechnol. 201129:1005-1010), the present disclosure describes their formulation anduse in delivering polynucleotides.

Complexes, micelles, liposomes or particles can be prepared containingthese lipidoids and therefore, can result in an effective delivery ofthe polynucleotide, as judged by the production of an encoded protein,following the injection of a lipidoid formulation via localized and/orsystemic routes of administration. Lipidoid complexes of polynucleotidescan be administered by various means including, but not limited to,intravenous, intraperitoneal, intratumoral, intramuscular, orsubcutaneous routes.

In vivo delivery of nucleic acids can be affected by many parameters,including, but not limited to, the formulation composition, nature ofparticle PEGylation, degree of loading, polynucleotide to lipid ratio,and biophysical parameters such as, but not limited to, particle size(Akinc et al., Mol Ther. 2009 17:872-879). As an example, small changesin the anchor chain length of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) lipids canresult in significant effects on in vivo efficacy. Formulations with thedifferent lipidoids, including, but not limited topenta[3-(1-laurylaminopropionyl)]-triethylenetetramine hydrochloride(TETA-5LAP; aka 98N12-5, see Murugaiah et al., Analytical Biochemistry,401:61 (2010)), C12-200 (including derivatives and variants), and MD1,can be tested for in vivo activity.

The lipidoid referred to herein as “98N12-5” is disclosed by Akinc etal., Mol Ther. (2009) 17:872-879.

The lipidoid referred to herein as “C12-200” is disclosed by Love etal., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2010) 107:1864-1869 and Liu and Huang(2010) Molecular Therapy. 2010:669-670. The lipidoid formulations caninclude particles comprising either 3 or 4 or more components inaddition to polynucleotides.

Lipidoids and polynucleotide formulations comprising lipidoids aredescribed in International Application Publication No. WO2014093924 (seealso US20150307542).

Liposomes, Lipoplexes, and Lipid Nanoparticles

The polynucleotides of the disclosure can be formulated using one ormore liposomes, lipoplexes, or lipid nanoparticles. In one embodiment,pharmaceutical compositions of the polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an IL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising anmRNA encoding an IL-18 polypeptide, and/or the polynucleotide comprisingan mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide include liposomes. Liposomes areartificially-prepared vesicles which can primarily be composed of alipid bilayer and can be used as a delivery vehicle for theadministration of pharmaceutical formulations. Liposomes can be ofdifferent sizes such as, but not limited to, a multilamellar vesicle(MLV) which can be hundreds of nanometers in diameter and can contain aseries of concentric bilayers separated by narrow aqueous compartments,a small unicellular vesicle (SUV) which can be smaller than 50 nm indiameter, and a large unilamellar vesicle (LUV) which can be between 50and 500 nm in diameter. Liposome design can include, but is not limitedto, opsonins or ligands in order to improve the attachment of liposomesto unhealthy tissue or to activate events such as, but not limited to,endocytosis. Liposomes can contain a low or a high pH in order toimprove the delivery of the pharmaceutical formulations.

The formation of liposomes can depend on the physicochemicalcharacteristics such as, but not limited to, the pharmaceuticalformulation entrapped and the liposomal ingredients, the nature of themedium in which the lipid vesicles are dispersed, the effectiveconcentration of the entrapped substance and its potential toxicity, anyadditional processes involved during the application and/or delivery ofthe vesicles, the optimization size, polydispersity and the shelf-lifeof the vesicles for the intended application, and the batch-to-batchreproducibility and possibility of large-scale production of safe andefficient liposomal products.

As a non-limiting example, liposomes such as synthetic membrane vesiclesare prepared by the methods, apparatus and devices described in USPatent Publication No. US20130177638, US20130177637, US20130177636,US20130177635, US20130177634, US20130177633, US20130183375,US20130183373 and US20130183372.

In one embodiment, pharmaceutical compositions described herein include,without limitation, liposomes such as those formed from1,2-dioleyloxy-N,N-dimethylaminopropane (DODMA) liposomes, DiLa2liposomes from Marina Biotech (Bothell, Wash.),1,2-dilinoleyloxy-3-dimethylaminopropane (DLin-DMA),2,2-dilinoleyl-4-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-[1,3]-dioxolane (DLin-KC2-DMA),and MC3 (as described in US20100324120) and liposomes which can deliversmall molecule drugs such as, but not limited to, DOXIL® from JanssenBiotech, Inc. (Horsham, Pa.).

In one embodiment, pharmaceutical compositions described herein caninclude, without limitation, liposomes such as those formed from thesynthesis of stabilized plasmid-lipid particles (SPLP) or stabilizednucleic acid lipid particle (SNALP) that have been previously describedand shown to be suitable for oligonucleotide delivery in vitro and invivo (see Wheeler et al. Gene Therapy. 1999 6:271-281; Zhang et al. GeneTherapy. 1999 6:1438-1447; Jeffs et al. Pharm Res. 2005 22:362-372;Morrissey et al., Nat Biotechnol. 2005 2:1002-1007; Zimmermann et al.,Nature. 2006 441:111-114; Heyes et al. J Contr Rel. 2005 107:276-287;Semple et al. Nature Biotech. 2010 28:172-176; Judge et al. J ClinInvest. 2009 119:661-673; deFougerolles Hum Gene Ther. 2008 19:125-132;U.S. Patent Publication No US20130122104). The original manufacturemethod by Wheeler et al. was a detergent dialysis method, which waslater improved by Jeffs et al. and is referred to as the spontaneousvesicle formation method. The liposome formulations are composed of 3 to4 lipid components in addition to the polynucleotide. As an example aliposome can contain, but is not limited to, 55% cholesterol, 20%disteroylphosphatidyl choline (DSPC), 10% PEG-S-DSG, and 15%1,2-dioleyloxy-N,N-dimethylaminopropane (DODMA), as described by Jeffset al. As another example, certain liposome formulations contain, butare not limited to, 48% cholesterol, 20% DSPC, 2% PEG-c-DMA, and 30%ionizable lipid, where the ionizable lipid can be1,2-distearloxy-N,N-dimethylaminopropane (DSDMA), DODMA, DLin-DMA, or1,2-dilinolenyloxy-3-dimethylaminopropane (DLenDMA), as described byHeyes et al.

In some embodiments, liposome formulations comprise from about 25.0%cholesterol to about 40.0% cholesterol, from about 30.0% cholesterol toabout 45.0% cholesterol, from about 35.0% cholesterol to about 50.0%cholesterol and/or from about 48.5% cholesterol to about 60%cholesterol. In other embodiments, formulations comprise a percentage ofcholesterol selected from the group consisting of 28.5%, 31.5%, 33.5%,36.5%, 37.0%, 38.5%, 39.0% and 43.5%. In some embodiments, formulationscomprise from about 5.0% to about 10.0% DSPC and/or from about 7.0% toabout 15.0% DSPC.

In one embodiment, pharmaceutical compositions include liposomes whichare formed to deliver a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-18 polypeptide, and/or a polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an OX40L polypeptide. The polynucleotides can be encapsulatedby the liposome and/or it can be contained in an aqueous core which canthen be encapsulated by the liposome. See International Pub. Nos.WO2012031046 (see also US20130189351), WO2012031043 (see alsoUS20130202684), WO2012030901 (see also US20130195969) and WO2012006378(see also US20130171241) and US Patent Publication No. US20130189351,US20130195969 and US20130202684).

In another embodiment, liposomes is formulated for targeted delivery. Asa non-limiting example, the liposome is formulated for targeted deliveryto the liver. The liposome used for targeted delivery can include, butis not limited to, the liposomes described in and methods of makingliposomes described in US Patent Publication No. US20130195967.

In another embodiment, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-18 polypeptide, and/or the polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an OX40L polypeptide are formulated in a cationic oil-in-wateremulsion where the emulsion particle comprises an oil core and acationic lipid which can interact with the polynucleotide anchoring themolecule to the emulsion particle. See International Pub. No.WO2012006380 (see also US20160256541).

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, and/or the polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an OX40L polypeptide are formulated in a water-in-oil emulsioncomprising a continuous hydrophobic phase in which the hydrophilic phaseis dispersed. As a non-limiting example, the emulsion can be made by themethods described in International Publication No. WO2013087791 (seealso US20140294904).

In another embodiment, the lipid formulation includes at least ionizablelipid, a lipid which can enhance transfection and a least one lipidwhich contains a hydrophilic head group linked to a lipid moiety. SeeInternational Pub. No. WO2011076807 and U.S. Pub. No. 20110200582. Inanother embodiment, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-18 polypeptide, and/or the polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an OX40L polypeptide are formulated in a lipid vesicle whichcan have crosslinks between functionalized lipid bilayers (see U.S. Pub.No. 20120177724).

In one embodiment, the polynucleotides are formulated in a liposome asdescribed in International Patent Publication No. WO2013086526 (see alsoUS20140356416). The polynucleotides can be encapsulated in a liposomeusing reverse pH gradients and/or optimized internal buffer compositionsas described in International Patent Publication No. WO2013086526.

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide pharmaceutical compositions areformulated in liposomes such as, but not limited to, DiLa2 liposomes(Marina Biotech, Bothell, Wash.), SMARTICLES® (Marina Biotech, Bothell,Wash.), neutral DOPC (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) basedliposomes (e.g., siRNA delivery for ovarian cancer (Landen et al. CancerBiology & Therapy 2006 5(12)1708-1713)) and hyaluronan-coated liposomes(Quiet Therapeutics, Israel).

In one embodiment, the cationic lipid is a low molecular weight cationiclipid such as those described in US Patent Application No. 20130090372.In another embodiment, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-18 polypeptide, and/or the polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an OX40L polypeptide are formulated in a lipid vesicle whichcan have crosslinks between functionalized lipid bilayers.

In other embodiments, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-18 polypeptide, and/or the polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an OX40L polypeptide are formulated in a liposome comprising acationic lipid. The liposome can have a molar ratio of nitrogen atoms inthe cationic lipid to the phosphates in the polynucleotide (N:P ratio)of between 1:1 and 20:1 as described in International Publication No.WO2013006825. In another embodiment, the liposome can have a N:P ratioof greater than 20:1 or less than 1:1.

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-18 polypeptide, and/or the polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an OX40L polypeptide are formulated in a lipid-polycationcomplex. The formation of the lipid-polycation complex can beaccomplished by methods known in the art and/or as described in U.S.Pub. No. 20120178702. As a non-limiting example, the polycation includesa cationic peptide or a polypeptide such as, but not limited to,polylysine, polyornithine and/or polyarginine and the cationic peptidesdescribed in International Pub. No. WO2012013326 or US Patent Pub. No.US20130142818. In another embodiment, the polynucleotides are formulatedin a lipid-polycation complex which can further include a non-cationiclipid such as, but not limited to, cholesterol or dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE).

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-18 polypeptide, and/or the polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an OX40L polypeptide are formulated in an aminoalcohollipidoid. Aminoalcohol lipidoids which can be used in the presentdisclosure can be prepared by the methods described in U.S. Pat. No.8,450,298.

The liposome formulation can be influenced by, but not limited to, theselection of the ionizable lipid component, the degree of ionizablelipid saturation, the nature of the PEGylation, ratio of all componentsand biophysical parameters such as size. In one example by Semple et al.(Semple et al. Nature Biotech. 2010 28:172-176), the liposomeformulation was composed of 57.1% ionizable lipid, 7.1%dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, 34.3% cholesterol, and 1.4% PEG-c-DMA.As another example, changing the composition of the ionizable lipidcould more effectively deliver siRNA to various antigen presenting cells(Basha et al. Mol Ther. 2011 19:2186-2200). In some embodiments,liposome formulations comprise from about 35 to about 45% ionizablelipid, from about 40% to about 50% ionizable lipid, from about 50% toabout 60% ionizable lipid and/or from about 55% to about 65% ionizablelipid. In some embodiments, the ratio of lipid to mRNA in liposomes isfrom about 5:1 to about 20:1, from about 10:1 to about 25:1, from about15:1 to about 30:1 and/or at least 30:1.

In some embodiments, the ratio of PEG in the lipid nanoparticle (LNP)formulations is increased or decreased and/or the carbon chain length ofthe PEG lipid is modified from C14 to C18 to alter the pharmacokineticsand/or biodistribution of the LNP formulations. As a non-limitingexample, LNP formulations contain from about 0.5% to about 3.0%, fromabout 1.0% to about 3.5%, from about 1.5% to about 4.0%, from about 2.0%to about 4.5%, from about 2.5% to about 5.0% and/or from about 3.0% toabout 6.0% of the lipid molar ratio of PEG-c-DOMG(R-3-[(co-methoxy-poly(ethyleneglycol)2000)carbamoyl)]-1,2-dimyristyloxypropyl-3-amine)(also referred to herein as PEG-DOMG) as compared to the ionizablelipid, DSPC and cholesterol. In another embodiment the PEG-c-DOMG can bereplaced with a PEG lipid such as, but not limited to, PEG-DSG(1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycerol, methoxypolyethylene glycol), PEG-DMG(1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-glycerol) and/or PEG-DPG(1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol, methoxypolyethylene glycol). The ionizablelipid can be selected from any lipid known in the art such as, but notlimited to, DLin-MC3-DMA, DLin-DMA, C12-200 and DLin-KC2-DMA.

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-18 polypeptide, and/or the polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an OX40L polypeptide are formulated in a lipid nanoparticlesuch as those described in International Publication No. WO2012170930(see also US20140294938).

In another embodiment, the formulation comprising the polynucleotide(s)is a nanoparticle which can comprise at least one lipid. The lipid canbe selected from, but is not limited to, DLin-DMA, DLin-K-DMA, 98N12-5,C12-200, DLin-MC3-DMA, DLin-KC2-DMA, DODMA, PLGA, PEG, PEG-DMG,PEGylated lipids and amino alcohol lipids. In another aspect, the lipidis a cationic lipid such as, but not limited to, DLin-DMA, DLin-D-DMA,DLin-MC3-DMA, DLin-KC2-DMA, DODMA and amino alcohol lipids. The aminoalcohol cationic lipid can be the lipids described in and/or made by themethods described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No.US20130150625. As a non-limiting example, the cationic lipid can be2-amino-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yloxy]-2-{[(9Z,2Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yloxy]methyl}propan-1-ol(Compound 1 in US20130150625);2-amino-3-[(9Z)-octadec-9-en-1-yloxy]-2-{[(9Z)-octadec-9-en-1-yloxy]methyl}propan-1-ol(Compound 2 in US20130150625);2-amino-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yloxy]-2-[(octyloxy)methyl]propan-1-ol(Compound 3 in US20130150625); and2-(dimethylamino)-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yloxy]-2-{[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yloxy]methyl}propan-1-ol (Compound 4 in US20130150625); or any pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or stereoisomer thereof.

The present disclosure provides pharmaceutical compositions withadvantageous properties. In particular, the present application providespharmaceutical compositions comprising:

-   -   (i) a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23        polypeptide; or,    -   (ii) a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma        polypeptide or a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an        IL-18 polypeptide; or,    -   (iii) a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23        polypeptide and a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an        IL-36-gamma polypeptide or a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA        encoding an IL-18 polypeptide; or,    -   (iv) a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23        polypeptide and a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an        OX40L polypeptide; or,    -   (v) a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma        polypeptide or a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an        IL-18 polypeptide, and a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA        encoding an OX40L polypeptide; or    -   (vi) a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23        polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an        IL-36-gamma polypeptide, or a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA        encoding an IL-18 polypeptide, and a polynucleotide comprising        an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide; and,        (b) a delivery agent.

In some embodiments, the delivery agent comprises a compound having theformula (I)

whereinR₁ is selected from the group consisting of C₅₋₃₀ alkyl, C₅₋₂₀ alkenyl,—R*YR″, —YR″, and —R″M′R′;R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from the group consisting of H,C1-14 alkyl, C₂₋₁₄ alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and —R*OR″, or R₂ and R₃,together with the atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycle orcarbocycle;R₄ is selected from the group consisting of a C₃₋₆ carbocycle,—(CH₂)_(n)Q, —(CH₂)_(n)CHQR, —CHQR, —CQ(R)₂, and unsubstituted C₁₋₆alkyl, where Q is selected from a carbocycle, heterocycle, —OR,—O(CH₂)_(n)N(R)₂, —C(O)OR, —OC(O)R, —CX₃, —CX₂H, —CXH₂, —CN, —N(R)₂,—C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)S(O)₂R, —N(R)C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(S)N(R)₂,—N(R)R₈, —O(CH₂)_(n)OR, —N(R)C(═NR₉)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(═CHR₉)N(R)₂,—OC(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)OR, —N(OR)C(O)R, —N(OR)S(O)₂R, —N(OR)C(O)OR,—N(OR)C(O)N(R)₂, —N(OR)C(S)N(R)₂, —N(OR)C(═NR₉)N(R)₂,—N(OR)C(═CHR₉)N(R)₂, —C(═NR₉)N(R)₂, —C(═NR₉)R, —C(O)N(R)OR, and—C(R)N(R)₂C(O)OR, and each n is independently selected from 1, 2, 3, 4,and 5;each R₅ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;each R₆ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;M and M′ are independently selected from —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)N(R′)—,—N(R′)C(O)—, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —C(S)S—, —SC(S)—, —CH(OH)—, —P(O)(OR′)O—,—S(O)₂—, —S—S—, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group;R₇ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl,and H;R₈ is selected from the group consisting of C₃₋₆ carbocycle andheterocycle;R₉ is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, NO₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OR,—S(O)₂R, —S(O)₂N(R)₂, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₃₋₆ carbocycle and heterocycle;each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₈alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and H;each R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₃₋₁₄alkyl and C₃₋₁₄ alkenyl;each R* is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-1₂alkyl and C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl;each Y is independently a C₃₋₆ carbocycle;each X is independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br,and I; and m is selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13,or salts or stereoisomers thereof.

In some embodiments, a subset of compounds of Formula (I) includes thosein which

-   -   R₁ is selected from the group consisting of C₅₋₂₀ alkyl, C₅₋₂₀        alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and —R″M′R′;    -   R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from the group consisting        of H, C₁₋₁₄ alkyl, C₂₋₁₄ alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and —R*OR″, or        R₂ and R₃, together with the atom to which they are attached,        form a heterocycle or carbocycle;    -   R₄ is selected from the group consisting of a C₃₋₆ carbocycle,        —(CH₂)_(n)Q, —(CH₂)_(n)CHQR, —CHQR, —CQ(R)₂, and unsubstituted        C₁₋₆ alkyl, where Q is selected from a carbocycle, heterocycle,        —OR, —O(CH₂)_(n)N(R)₂, —C(O)OR, —OC(O)R, —CX₃, —CX₂H, —CXH₂,        —CN, —N(R)₂, —C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)S(O)₂R,        —N(R)C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(S)N(R)₂, and —C(R)N(R)₂C(O)OR, and each n        is independently selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5;    -   each R₅ is independently selected from the group consisting of        C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;    -   each R₆ is independently selected from the group consisting of        C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;    -   M and M′ are independently selected from —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—,        —C(O)N(R′)—, —N(R′)C(O)—, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —C(S)S—, —SC(S)—,        —CH(OH)—, —P(O)(OR′)O—, —S(O)₂—, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl        group;    -   R₇ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃        alkenyl, and H;    -   each R is independently selected from the group consisting of        C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;    -   each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of        C1-18 alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and H;    -   each R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of        C₃₋₁₄ alkyl and C₃₋₁₄ alkenyl;    -   each R* is independently selected from the group consisting of        C1-1₂ alkyl and C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl;    -   each Y is independently a C₃₋₆ carbocycle;    -   each X is independently selected from the group consisting of F,        Cl, Br, and I; and m is selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,        and 13,        or salts or stereoisomers thereof, wherein alkyl and alkenyl        groups may be linear or branched.

In some embodiments, a subset of compounds of Formula (I) includes thosein which when R₄ is —(CH₂)_(n)Q, —(CH₂)_(n)CHQR, —CHQR, or —CQ(R)₂, then(i) Q is not —N(R)₂ when n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, or (ii) Q is not 5, 6, or7-membered heterocycloalkyl when n is 1 or 2.

In another embodiments, another subset of compounds of Formula (I)includes those in which

R₁ is selected from the group consisting of C₅₋₃₀ alkyl, C₅₋₂₀ alkenyl,—R*YR″, —YR″, and —R″M′R′;R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from the group consisting of H,C₁₋₁₄ alkyl, C₂₋₁₄ alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and —R*OR″, or R₂ and R₃,together with the atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycle orcarbocycle;R₄ is selected from the group consisting of a C₃₋₆ carbocycle,—(CH₂)_(n)Q, —(CH₂)_(n)CHQR, —CHQR, —CQ(R)₂, and unsubstituted C1-6alkyl, where Q is selected from a C₃₋₆ carbocycle, a 5- to 14-memberedheteroaryl having one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S,—OR, —O(CH₂)_(n)N(R)₂, —C(O)OR, —OC(O)R, —CX₃, —CX₂H, —CXH₂, —CN,—C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)S(O)₂R, —N(R)C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(S)N(R)₂,—CRN(R)₂C(O)OR, —N(R)R₈, —O(CH₂)_(n)OR, —N(R)C(═NR₉)N(R)₂,—N(R)C(═CHR₉)N(R)₂, —OC(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)OR, —N(OR)C(O)R, —N(OR)S(O)₂R,—N(OR)C(O)OR, —N(OR)C(O)N(R)₂, —N(OR)C(S)N(R)₂, —N(OR)C(═NR₉)N(R)₂,—N(OR)C(═CHR₉)N(R)₂, —C(═NR₉)N(R)₂, —C(═NR₉)R, —C(O)N(R) OR, and a 5- to14-membered heterocycloalkyl having one or more heteroatoms selectedfrom N, O, and S which is substituted with one or more substituentsselected from oxo (═O), OH, amino, and C₁₋₃ alkyl, and each n isindependently selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5;each R₅ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;each R₆ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;M and M′ are independently selected from —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)N(R′)—,—N(R′)C(O)—, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —C(S)S—, —SC(S)—, —CH(OH)—, —P(O)(OR′)O—,—S(O)₂—, —S—S—, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group;R₇ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl,and H;R₈ is selected from the group consisting of C₃₋₆ carbocycle andheterocycle;R₉ is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, NO₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OR,—S(O)₂R, —S(O)₂N(R)₂, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₃₋₆ carbocycle and heterocycle;each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₈alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and H;each R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₃₋₁₄alkyl and C₃₋₁₄ alkenyl;each R* is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₂alkyl and C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl;each Y is independently a C₃₋₆ carbocycle;each X is independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br,and I; andm is selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13,or salts or stereoisomers thereof.

In another embodiments, another subset of compounds of Formula (I)includes those in which

-   -   R₁ is selected from the group consisting of C₅₋₂₀ alkyl, C₅₋₂₀        alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and —R″M′R′;    -   R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from the group consisting        of H, CI-14 alkyl, C₂₋₁₄ alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and —R*OR″, or        R₂ and R₃, together with the atom to which they are attached,        form a heterocycle or carbocycle;    -   R₄ is selected from the group consisting of a C₃₋₆ carbocycle,        —(CH₂)_(n)Q, —(CH₂)_(n)CHQR, —CHQR, —CQ(R)₂, and unsubstituted        C₁₋₆ alkyl, where Q is selected from a C₃₋₆ carbocycle, a 5- to        14-membered heteroaryl having one or more heteroatoms selected        from N, O, and S, —OR, —O(CH₂)_(n)N(R)₂, —C(O)OR, —OC(O)R, —CX₃,        —CX₂H, —CXH₂, —CN, —C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)S(O)₂R,        —N(R)C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(S)N(R)₂, —CRN(R)₂C(O)OR, and a 5- to        14-membered heterocycloalkyl having one or more heteroatoms        selected from N, O, and S which is substituted with one or more        substituents selected from oxo (═O), OH, amino, and C₁₋₃ alkyl,        and each n is independently selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5;    -   each R₅ is independently selected from the group consisting of        C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;    -   each R₆ is independently selected from the group consisting of        C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;    -   M and M′ are independently selected from —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—,        —C(O)N(R′)—, —N(R′)C(O)—, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —C(S)S—, —SC(S)—,        —CH(OH)—, —P(O)(OR′)O—, —S(O)₂—, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl        group;    -   R₇ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃        alkenyl, and H;    -   each R is independently selected from the group consisting of        C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;    -   each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of        C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and H;    -   each R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of        C₃₋₁₄ alkyl and C₃₋₁₄ alkenyl;    -   each R* is independently selected from the group consisting of        C1-12 alkyl and C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl;    -   each Y is independently a C₃₋₆ carbocycle;    -   each X is independently selected from the group consisting of F,        Cl, Br, and I; and    -   m is selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13,        or salts or stereoisomers thereof.

In yet another embodiments, another subset of compounds of Formula (I)includes those in which

R₁ is selected from the group consisting of C₅₋₃₀ alkyl, C₅₋₂₀ alkenyl,—R*YR″, —YR″, and —R″M′R′;R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from the group consisting of H,C1-14 alkyl, C₂₋₁₄ alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and —R*OR″, or R₂ and R₃,together with the atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycle orcarbocycle;R₄ is selected from the group consisting of a C₃₋₆ carbocycle,—(CH₂)_(n)Q, —(CH₂)_(n)CHQR, —CHQR, —CQ(R)₂, and unsubstituted C1-6alkyl, where Q is selected from a C₃₋₆ carbocycle, a 5- to 14-memberedheterocycle having one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S,—OR, —O(CH₂)_(n)N(R)₂, —C(O)OR, —OC(O)R, —CX₃, —CX₂H, —CXH₂, —CN,—C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)S(O)₂R, —N(R)C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(S)N(R)₂,—CRN(R)₂C(O)OR, —N(R)R₈, —O(CH₂)_(n)OR, —N(R)C(═NR₉)N(R)₂,—N(R)C(═CHR₉)N(R)₂, —OC(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)OR, —N(OR)C(O)R, —N(OR)S(O)₂R,—N(OR)C(O)OR, —N(OR)C(O)N (R)₂, —N(OR)C(S)N(R)₂, —N(OR)C(═NR₉)N(R)₂,—N(OR)C(═CHR₉)N(R)₂, —C(═NR₉)R, —C(O)N(R)O R, and —C(═NR₉)N(R)₂, andeach n is independently selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; and when Q is a5- to 14-membered heterocycle and (i) R₄ is —(CH₂)_(n)Q in which n is 1or 2, or (ii) R₄ is —(CH₂)_(n)CHQR in which n is 1, or (iii) R₄ is—CHQR, and —CQ(R)₂, then Q is either a 5- to 14-membered heteroaryl or8- to 14-membered heterocycloalkyl;each R₅ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;each R₆ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;M and M′ are independently selected from —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)N(R′)—,—N(R′)C(O)—, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —C(S)S—, —SC(S)—, —CH(OH)—, —P(O)(OR′)O—,—S(O)₂—, —S—S—, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group;R₇ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl,and H;R₈ is selected from the group consisting of C₃₋₆ carbocycle andheterocycle;R₉ is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, NO₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OR,—S(O)₂R, —S(O)₂N(R)₂, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₃₋₆ carbocycle and heterocycle;each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₈alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and H;each R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₃₋₁₄alkyl and C₃₋₁₄ alkenyl;each R* is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₂alkyl and C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl; each Y is independently a C₃₋₆ carbocycle;each X is independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br,and I; andm is selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13,or salts or stereoisomers thereof.

In yet another embodiments, another subset of compounds of Formula (I)includes those in which

-   -   R₁ is selected from the group consisting of C₅₋₂₀ alkyl, C₅₋₂₀        alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and —R″M′R′;    -   R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from the group consisting        of H, C₁₋₁₄ alkyl, C₂₋₁₄ alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and —R*OR″, or        R₂ and R₃, together with the atom to which they are attached,        form a heterocycle or carbocycle;    -   R₄ is selected from the group consisting of a C₃₋₆ carbocycle,        —(CH₂)_(n)Q, —(CH₂)_(n)CHQR, —CHQR, —CQ(R)₂, and unsubstituted        C₁₋₆ alkyl, where Q is selected from a C₃₋₆ carbocycle, a 5- to        14-membered heterocycle having one or more heteroatoms selected        from N, O, and S, —OR, —O(CH₂)_(n)N(R)₂, —C(O)OR, —OC(O)R, —CX₃,        —CX₂H, —CXH₂, —CN, —C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)S(O)₂R,        —N(R)C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(S)N(R)₂, —CRN(R)₂C(O)OR, and each n is        independently selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; and when Q is a        5- to 14-membered heterocycle and (i) R₄ is —(CH₂)_(n)Q in which        n is 1 or 2, or (ii) R₄ is —(CH₂)_(n)CHQR in which n is 1,        or (iii) R₄ is —CHQR, and —CQ(R)₂, then Q is either a 5- to        14-membered heteroaryl or 8- to 14-membered heterocycloalkyl;    -   each R₅ is independently selected from the group consisting of        C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;    -   each R₆ is independently selected from the group consisting of        C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;    -   M and M′ are independently selected from —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—,        —C(O)N(R′)—, —N(R′)C(O)—, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —C(S)S—, —SC(S)—,        —CH(OH)—, —P(O)(OR′)O—, —S(O)₂—, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl        group;    -   R₇ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃        alkenyl, and H;    -   each R is independently selected from the group consisting of        C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;    -   each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of        C-18 alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and H;    -   each R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of        C₃₋₁₄ alkyl and C₃₋₁₄ alkenyl;    -   each R* is independently selected from the group consisting of        C1-12 alkyl and C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl;    -   each Y is independently a C₃₋₆ carbocycle;    -   each X is independently selected from the group consisting of F,        Cl, Br, and I; and    -   m is selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13,

or salts or stereoisomers thereof.

In still another embodiments, another subset of compounds of Formula (I)includes those in which

R₁ is selected from the group consisting of C₅₋₃₀ alkyl, C₅₋₂₀ alkenyl,—R*YR″, —YR″, and —R″M′R′;R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from the group consisting of H,CI-14 alkyl, C₂₋₁₄ alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and —R*OR″, or R₂ and R₃,together with the atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycle orcarbocycle;R₄ is selected from the group consisting of a C₃₋₆ carbocycle,—(CH₂)_(n)Q, —(CH₂)_(n)CHQR, —CHQR, —CQ(R)₂, and unsubstituted C₁₋₆alkyl, where Q is selected from a C₃₋₆ carbocycle, a 5- to 14-memberedheteroaryl having one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S,—OR, —O(CH₂)_(n)N(R)₂, —C(O)OR, —OC(O)R, —CX₃, —CX₂H, —CXH₂, —CN,—C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)S(O)₂R, —N(R)C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(S)N(R)₂,—CRN(R)₂C(O)OR, —N(R)R₈, —O(CH₂)_(n)OR, —N(R)C(═NR₉)N(R)₂,—N(R)C(═CHR₉)N(R)₂, —OC(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)OR, —N(OR)C(O)R, —N(OR)S(O)₂R,—N(OR)C(O)OR, —N(OR)C(O)N (R)₂, —N(OR)C(S)N(R)₂, —N(OR)C(═NR₉)N(R)₂,—N(OR)C(═CHR₉)N(R)₂, —C(═NR₉)R, —C(O)N(R)O R, and —C(═NR₉)N(R)₂, andeach n is independently selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5;each R₅ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;each R₆ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;M and M′ are independently selected from —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)N(R′)—,—N(R′)C(O)—, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —C(S)S—, —SC(S)—, —CH(OH)—, —P(O)(OR′)O—,—S(O)₂—, —S—S—, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group;R₇ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl,and H;R₈ is selected from the group consisting of C₃₋₆ carbocycle andheterocycle;R₉ is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, NO₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OR,—S(O)₂R, —S(O)₂N(R)₂, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₃₋₆ carbocycle and heterocycle;each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₈alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and H;each R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₃₋₁₄alkyl and C₃₋₁₄ alkenyl;

-   -   each R* is independently selected from the group consisting of        C₁₋₁₂ alkyl and C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl;    -   each Y is independently a C₃₋₆ carbocycle;    -   each X is independently selected from the group consisting of F,        Cl, Br, and I; and m is selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,        and 13,        or salts or stereoisomers thereof.

In still another embodiments, another subset of compounds of Formula (I)includes those in which

-   -   R₁ is selected from the group consisting of C₅₋₂₀ alkyl, C₅₋₂₀        alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and —R″M′R′;    -   R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from the group consisting        of H, C₁₋₁₄ alkyl, C₂₋₁₄ alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and —R*OR″, or        R₂ and R₃, together with the atom to which they are attached,        form a heterocycle or carbocycle;    -   R₄ is selected from the group consisting of a C₃₋₆ carbocycle,        —(CH₂)_(n)Q, —(CH₂)_(n)CHQR, —CHQR, —CQ(R)₂, and unsubstituted        C₁₋₆ alkyl, where Q is selected from a C₃₋₆ carbocycle, a 5- to        14-membered heteroaryl having one or more heteroatoms selected        from N, O, and S, —OR, —O(CH₂)_(n)N(R)₂, —C(O)OR, —OC(O)R, —CX₃,        —CX₂H, —CXH₂, —CN, —C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)S(O)₂R,        —N(R)C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(S)N(R)₂, —CRN(R)₂C(O)OR, and each n is        independently selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5;    -   each R₅ is independently selected from the group consisting of        C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;    -   each R₆ is independently selected from the group consisting of        C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;    -   M and M′ are independently selected from —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—,        —C(O)N(R′)—, —N(R′)C(O)—, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —C(S)S—, —SC(S)—,        —CH(OH)—, —P(O)(OR′)O—, —S(O)₂—, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl        group;    -   R₇ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃        alkenyl, and H;    -   each R is independently selected from the group consisting of        C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;    -   each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of        C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and H;    -   each R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of        C₃₋₁₄ alkyl and C₃₋₁₄ alkenyl;    -   each R* is independently selected from the group consisting of        C₁₋₁₂ alkyl and C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl;    -   each Y is independently a C₃₋₆ carbocycle;    -   each X is independently selected from the group consisting of F,        Cl, Br, and I; and    -   m is selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13,        or salts or stereoisomers thereof.

In yet another embodiments, another subset of compounds of Formula (I)includes those in which

R₁ is selected from the group consisting of C₅₋₃₀ alkyl, C₅₋₂₀ alkenyl,—R*YR″, —YR″, and —R″M′R′;R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from the group consisting of H,C₂₋₁₄ alkyl, C₂₋₁₄ alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and —R*OR″, or R₂ and R₃,together with the atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycle orcarbocycle;R₄ is —(CH₂)_(n)Q or —(CH₂)_(n)CHQR, where Q is —N(R)₂, and n isselected from 3, 4, and 5;each R₅ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;each R₆ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;M and M′ are independently selected from —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)N(R′)—,—N(R′)C(O)—, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —C(S)S—, —SC(S)—, —CH(OH)—, —P(O)(OR′)O—,—S(O)₂—, —S—S—, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group;R₇ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl,and H;each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and H;each R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₃₋₁₄alkyl and C₃₋₁₄ alkenyl;each R* is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₂alkyl and C₁₋₁₂ alkenyl;each Y is independently a C₃₋₆ carbocycle;each X is independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br,and I; andm is selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13,or salts or stereoisomers thereof.

In yet another embodiments, another subset of compounds of Formula (I)includes those in which

-   -   R₁ is selected from the group consisting of C₅₋₂₀ alkyl, C₅₋₂₀        alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and —R″M′R′;    -   R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from the group consisting        of H, C₂₋₁₄ alkyl, C₂₋₁₄ alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and —R*OR″, or        R₂ and R₃, together with the atom to which they are attached,        form a heterocycle or carbocycle;    -   R₄ is —(CH₂)_(n)Q or —(CH₂)_(n)CHQR, where Q is —N(R)₂, and n is        selected from 3, 4, and 5;    -   each R₅ is independently selected from the group consisting of        C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;    -   each R₆ is independently selected from the group consisting of        C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;    -   M and M′ are independently selected from —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—,        —C(O)N(R′)—, —N(R′)C(O)—, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —C(S)S—, —SC(S)—,        —CH(OH)—, —P(O)(OR′)O—, —S(O)₂—, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl        group;    -   R₇ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃        alkenyl, and H;    -   each R is independently selected from the group consisting of        C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;    -   each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of        C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and H;    -   each R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of        C₃₋₁₄ alkyl and C₃₋₁₄ alkenyl;    -   each R* is independently selected from the group consisting of        C₁₋₁₂ alkyl and C1-12 alkenyl;    -   each Y is independently a C₃₋₆ carbocycle;    -   each X is independently selected from the group consisting of F,        Cl, Br, and I; and    -   m is selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13,        or salts or stereoisomers thereof.

In still other embodiments, another subset of compounds of Formula (I)includes those in which

R₁ is selected from the group consisting of C₅₋₃₀ alkyl, C₅₋₂₀ alkenyl,—R*YR″, —YR″, and —R″M′R′;R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₄alkyl, C₂₋₁₄ alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and —R*OR″, or R₂ and R₃, togetherwith the atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycle orcarbocycle;R₄ is selected from the group consisting of —(CH₂)_(n)Q, —(CH₂)_(n)CHQR,—CHQR, and —CQ(R)₂, where Q is —N(R)₂, and n is selected from 1, 2, 3,4, and 5;each R₅ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;each R₆ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;M and M′ are independently selected from —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)N(R′)—,—N(R′)C(O)—, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —C(S)S—, —SC(S)—, —CH(OH)—, —P(O)(OR′)O—,—S(O)₂—, —S—S—, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group;R₇ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl,and H;each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₈alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and H;each R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₃₋₁₄alkyl and C₃₋₁₄ alkenyl;each R* is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₂alkyl and C₁₋₁₂ alkenyl;each Y is independently a C₃₋₆ carbocycle;each X is independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br,and I; andm is selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13,or salts or stereoisomers thereof.

In still other embodiments, another subset of compounds of Formula (I)includes those in which

-   -   R₁ is selected from the group consisting of C₅₋₂₀ alkyl, C₅₋₂₀        alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and —R″M′R′;    -   R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from the group consisting        of C1-14 alkyl, C₂₋₁₄ alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and —R*OR″, or R₂        and R₃, together with the atom to which they are attached, form        a heterocycle or carbocycle;    -   R₄ is selected from the group consisting of —(CH₂)_(n)Q,        —(CH₂)_(n)CHQR, —CHQR, and —CQ(R)₂, where Q is —N(R)₂, and n is        selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5;    -   each R₅ is independently selected from the group consisting of        C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;    -   each R₆ is independently selected from the group consisting of        C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;    -   M and M′ are independently selected from —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—,        —C(O)N(R′)—, —N(R′)C(O)—, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —C(S)S—, —SC(S)—,        —CH(OH)—, —P(O)(OR′)O—, —S(O)₂—, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl        group;    -   R₇ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃        alkenyl, and H;    -   each R is independently selected from the group consisting of        C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, and H;    -   each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of        C₁₋₁₈ alkyl, C₂₋₁₈ alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and H;    -   each R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of        C₃₋₁₄ alkyl and C₃₋₁₄ alkenyl;    -   each R* is independently selected from the group consisting of        C₁₋₁₂ alkyl and C₁₋₁₂ alkenyl;    -   each Y is independently a C₃₋₆ carbocycle;    -   each X is independently selected from the group consisting of F,        Cl, Br, and I; and    -   m is selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13,        or salts or stereoisomers thereof.

In certain embodiments, a subset of compounds of Formula (I) includesthose of Formula (IA):

or a salt or stereoisomer thereof, wherein 1 is selected from 1, 2, 3,4, and 5; m is selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9; M₁ is a bond or M′; R₄is unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, or —(CH₂)_(n)Q, in which Q is OH,—NHC(S)N(R)₂, —NHC(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)S(O)₂R, —N(R)R₈,—NHC(═NR₉)N(R)₂, —NHC(═CHR₉)N(R)₂, —OC(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)OR, heteroarylor heterocycloalkyl; M and M′ are independently selected from —C(O)O—,—OC(O)—, —C(O)N(R′)—, —P(O)(OR′)O—, —S—S—, an aryl group, and aheteroaryl group; andR₂ and R₃ are independently selected from the group consisting of H,C₁₋₁₄ alkyl, and C₂₋₁₄ alkenyl.

In some embodiments, a subset of compounds of Formula (I) includes thoseof Formula (IA), or a salt or stereoisomer thereof,

-   -   wherein    -   l is selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; m is selected from 5, 6,        7, 8, and 9;    -   M1 is a bond or M′;    -   R₄ is unsubstituted C1-3 alkyl, or —(CH₂)_(n)Q, in which Q is        OH, —NHC(S)N(R)₂, or —NHC(O)N(R)₂;    -   M and M′ are independently selected from —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—,        —C(O)N(R′)—, —P(O)(OR′)O—, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl        group; and    -   R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from the group consisting        of H, C₁₋₁₄ alkyl, and C₂₋₁₄ alkenyl.

In certain embodiments, a subset of compounds of Formula (I) includesthose of Formula (II):

or a salt or stereoisomer thereof, wherein 1 is selected from 1, 2, 3,4, and 5; M₁ is a bond or M′; R₄ is unsubstituted C1-3 alkyl, or—(CH₂)_(n)Q, in which n is 2, 3, or 4, and Q is OH, —NHC(S)N(R)₂,—NHC(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)S(O)₂R, —N(R)R₈, —NHC(═NR₉)N(R)₂,—NHC(═CHR₉)N(R)₂, —OC(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)OR, heteroaryl orheterocycloalkyl; M and M′ are independently selected from —C(O)O—,—OC(O)—, —C(O)N(R′)—, —P(O)(OR′)O—, —S—S—, an aryl group, and aheteroaryl group; andR₂ and R₃ are independently selected from the group consisting of H,C₁₋₁₄ alkyl, and C₂₋₁₄ alkenyl.

In some embodiments, a subset of compounds of Formula (I) includes thoseof Formula (II), or a salt or stereoisomer thereof, wherein

-   -   l is selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5;    -   M1 is a bond or M′;    -   R₄ is unsubstituted C1-3 alkyl, or —(CH₂)_(n)Q, in which n is 2,        3, or 4, and Q is OH, —NHC(S)N(R)₂, or —NHC(O)N(R)₂;    -   M and M′ are independently selected from —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—,        —C(O)N(R′)—, —P(O)(OR′)O—, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl        group; and        R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from the group consisting        of H, C₁₋₁₄ alkyl, and C₂₋₁₄ alkenyl.

In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) is of the formula(IIa),

or a salt thereof, wherein R₄ is as described above.

In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) is of the formula(IIb),

or a salt thereof, wherein R₄ is as described above.

In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) is of the formula(IIc),

or a salt thereof, wherein R₄ is as described above.

In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) is of the formula(IIe):

or a salt thereof, wherein R₄ is as described above.

In some embodiments, the compound of formula (IIa), (IIb), (IIc), or(IIe) comprises an R₄ which is selected from —(CH₂)_(n)Q and—(CH₂)_(n)CHQR, wherein Q, R and n are as defined above.

In some embodiments, Q is selected from the group consisting of —OR,—OH, —O(CH₂)_(n)N(R)₂, —OC(O)R, —CX₃, —CN, —N(R)C(O)R, —N(H)C(O)R,—N(R)S(O)₂R, —N(H)S(O)₂R, —N(R)C(O)N(R)₂, —N(H)C(O)N(R)₂,—N(H)C(O)N(H)(R), —N(R)C(S)N(R)₂, —N(H)C(S)N(R)₂, —N(H)C(S)N(H)(R), anda heterocycle, wherein R is as defined above. In some aspects, n is 1 or2. In some embodiments, Q is OH, —NHC(S)N(R)₂, or —NHC(O)N(R)₂.

In some embodiments, the compound of formula (I) is of the formula(IId),

or a salt thereof, wherein R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from thegroup consisting of C₅₋₁₄ alkyl and C₅₋₁₄ alkenyl, n is selected from 2,3, and 4, and R′, R″, R₅, R₆ and m are as defined above.

In some aspects of the compound of formula (IId), R₂ is C₈ alkyl. Insome aspects of the compound of formula (IId), R₃ is C₅-C₉ alkyl. Insome aspects of the compound of formula (IId), m is 5, 7, or 9. In someaspects of the compound of formula (IId), each R₅ is H. In some aspectsof the compound of formula (IId), each R₆ is H.

In another aspect, the present application provides a lipid composition(e.g., a lipid nanoparticle (LNP)) comprising: (1) a compound having theformula (I); (2) optionally a helper lipid (e.g. a phospholipid); (3)optionally a structural lipid (e.g. a sterol); (4) optionally a lipidconjugate (e.g. a PEG-lipid); and (5) optionally a quaternary aminecompound. In exemplary embodiments, the lipid composition (e.g., LNP)further comprises a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gammapolypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-18polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40Lpolypeptide, or a combination thereof, e.g., a polynucleotide orpolynucleotides encapsulated therein.

In one particular embodiment, the lipid composition (e.g., LNP) furthercomprises a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gammapolypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-18polypeptide, or a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40Lpolypeptide. In another particular embodiment, the lipid composition(e.g., LNP) further comprises a polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an IL-23 polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an IL-18 polypeptide, and a polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an OX40L polypeptide.

As used herein, the term “alkyl” or “alkyl group” means a linear orbranched, saturated hydrocarbon including one or more carbon atoms(e.g., one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten,eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen,eighteen, nineteen, twenty, or more carbon atoms).

The notation “C₁₋₁₄ alkyl” means a linear or branched, saturatedhydrocarbon including 1-14 carbon atoms. An alkyl group may beoptionally substituted.

As used herein, the term “alkenyl” or “alkenyl group” means a linear orbranched hydrocarbon including two or more carbon atoms (e.g., two,three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve,thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen,twenty, or more carbon atoms) and at least one double bond.

The notation “C₂₋₁₄ alkenyl” means a linear or branched hydrocarbonincluding 2-14 carbon atoms and at least one double bond. An alkenylgroup may include one, two, three, four, or more double bonds. Forexample, C₁₈ alkenyl may include one or more double bonds. A C₁₈ alkenylgroup including two double bonds may be a linoleyl group. An alkenylgroup may be optionally substituted.

As used herein, the term “carbocycle” or “carbocyclic group” means amono- or multi-cyclic system including one or more rings of carbonatoms. Rings may be three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten,eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, or fifteen membered rings.

The notation “C₃₋₆ carbocycle” means a carbocycle including a singlering having 3-6 carbon atoms. Carbocycles may include one or more doublebonds and may be aromatic (e.g., aryl groups). Examples of carbocyclesinclude cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, naphthyl, and1,2-dihydronaphthyl groups. Carbocycles may be optionally substituted.

As used herein, the term “heterocycle” or “heterocyclic group” means amono- or multi-cyclic system including one or more rings, where at leastone ring includes at least one heteroatom. Heteroatoms may be, forexample, nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur atoms. Rings may be three, four,five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, or twelve membered rings.Heterocycles may include one or more double bonds and may be aromatic(e.g., heteroaryl groups). Examples of heterocycles include imidazolyl,imidazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolidinyl, thiazolyl, thiazolidinyl,pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolidinyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolidinyl,isothiazolyl, morpholinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, furyl,tetrahydrofuryl, thiophenyl, pyridinyl, piperidinyl, quinolyl, andisoquinolyl groups. Heterocycles may be optionally substituted.

As used herein, a “biodegradable group” is a group that may facilitatefaster metabolism of a lipid in a subject. A biodegradable group may be,but is not limited to, —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)N(R′)—, —N(R′)C(O)—,—C(O)—, —C(S)—, —C(S)S—, —SC(S)—, —CH(OH)—, —P(O)(OR′)O—, —S(O)₂—, anaryl group, and a heteroaryl group.

As used herein, an “aryl group” is a carbocyclic group including one ormore aromatic rings. Examples of aryl groups include phenyl and naphthylgroups.

As used herein, a “heteroaryl group” is a heterocyclic group includingone or more aromatic rings. Examples of heteroaryl groups includepyrrolyl, furyl, thiophenyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, and thiazolyl. Botharyl and heteroaryl groups may be optionally substituted. For example, Mand M′ can be selected from the non-limiting group consisting ofoptionally substituted phenyl, oxazole, and thiazole. In the formulasherein, M and M′ can be independently selected from the list ofbiodegradable groups above.

Alkyl, alkenyl, and cyclyl (e.g., carbocyclyl and heterocyclyl) groupsmay be optionally substituted unless otherwise specified. Optionalsubstituents may be selected from the group consisting of, but are notlimited to, a halogen atom (e.g., a chloride, bromide, fluoride, oriodide group), a carboxylic acid (e.g., —C(O)OH), an alcohol (e.g., ahydroxyl, —OH), an ester (e.g., —C(O)OR or —OC(O)R), an aldehyde (e.g.,—C(O)H), a carbonyl (e.g., —C(O)R, alternatively represented by C═O), anacyl halide (e.g., —C(O)X, in which X is a halide selected from bromide,fluoride, chloride, and iodide), a carbonate (e.g., —OC(O)OR), an alkoxy(e.g., —OR), an acetal (e.g., —C(OR)₂R″, in which each OR are alkoxygroups that can be the same or different and R″ is an alkyl or alkenylgroup), a phosphate (e.g., P(O)₄₃), a thiol (e.g., —SH), a sulfoxide(e.g., —S(O)R), a sulfinic acid (e.g., —S(O)OH), a sulfonic acid (e.g.,—S(O)₂OH), a thial (e.g., —C(S)H), a sulfate (e.g., S(O)₄ ²⁻), asulfonyl (e.g., —S(O)₂—), an amide (e.g., —C(O)NR₂, or —N(R)C(O)R), anazido (e.g., —N₃), a nitro (e.g., —NO₂), a cyano (e.g., —CN), anisocyano (e.g., —NC), an acyloxy (e.g., —OC(O)R), an amino (e.g., —NR₂,—NRH, or —NH₂), a carbamoyl (e.g., —OC(O)NR₂, —OC(O)NRH, or —OC(O)NH₂),a sulfonamide (e.g., —S(O)₂NR₂, —S(O)₂NRH, —S(O)₂NH₂, —N(R)S(O)₂R,—N(H)S(O)₂R, —N(R)S(O)₂H, or —N(H)S(O)₂H), an alkyl group, an alkenylgroup, and a cyclyl (e.g., carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl) group.

In any of the preceding, R is an alkyl or alkenyl group, as definedherein. In some embodiments, the substituent groups themselves may befurther substituted with, for example, one, two, three, four, five, orsix substituents as defined herein. For example, a C₁₋₆ alkyl group maybe further substituted with one, two, three, four, five, or sixsubstituents as described herein.

The compounds of any one of formulae (I), (IA), (II), (IIa), (IIb),(IIc), (IId), and (IIe) include one or more of the following featureswhen applicable.

In some embodiments, R₄ is selected from the group consisting of a C₃₋₆carbocycle, —(CH₂)_(n)Q, —CH₂)_(n)CHQR, —CHQR, and —CQ(R)₂, where Q isselected from a C₃₋₆ carbocycle, 5- to 14-membered aromatic ornon-aromatic heterocycle having one or more heteroatoms selected from N,O, S, and P, —OR, —O(CH₂)_(n)N(R)₂, —C(O)OR, —OC(O)R, —CX₃, —CX₂H,—CXH₂, —CN, —N(R)₂, —C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)S(O)₂R, —N(R)C(O)N(R)₂,—N(R)C(S)N(R)₂, and —C(R)N(R)₂C(O)OR, and each n is independentlyselected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.

In another embodiment, R₄ is selected from the group consisting of aC₃₋₆ carbocycle, —CH₂)_(n)Q, —CH₂)_(n)CHQR, —CHQR, and —CQ(R)₂, where Qis selected from a C₃₋₆ carbocycle, a 5- to 14-membered heteroarylhaving one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, —OR,—O(CH₂)_(n)N(R)₂, —C(O)OR, —OC(O)R, —CX₃, —CX₂H, —CXH₂, —CN, —C(O)N(R)₂,—N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)S(O)₂R, —N(R)C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(S)N(R)₂,—C(R)N(R)₂C(O)OR, and a 5- to 14-membered heterocycloalkyl having one ormore heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S which is substituted with oneor more substituents selected from oxo (═O), OH, amino, and C₁₋₃ alkyl,and each n is independently selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.

In another embodiment, R₄ is selected from the group consisting of aC₃₋₆ carbocycle, —CH₂)_(n)Q, —CH₂)_(n)CHQR, —CHQR, and —CQ(R)₂, where Qis selected from a C₃₋₆ carbocycle, a 5- to 14-membered heterocyclehaving one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, —OR,—O(CH₂)_(n)N(R)₂, —C(O)OR, —OC(O)R, —CX₃, —CX₂H, —CXH₂, —CN, —C(O)N(R)₂,—N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)S(O)₂R, —N(R)C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(S)N(R)₂,—C(R)N(R)₂C(O)OR, and each n is independently selected from 1, 2, 3, 4,and 5; and when Q is a 5- to 14-membered heterocycle and (i) R₄ is—(CH₂)_(n)Q in which n is 1 or 2, or (ii) R₄ is —CH₂)_(n)CHQR in which nis 1, or (iii) R₄ is —CHQR, and —CQ(R)₂, then Q is either a 5- to14-membered heteroaryl or 8- to 14-membered heterocycloalkyl.

In another embodiment, R₄ is selected from the group consisting of aC₃₋₆ carbocycle, —(CH₂)_(n)Q, —(CH₂)_(n)CHQR, —CHQR, and —CQ(R)₂, whereQ is selected from a C₃₋₆ carbocycle, a 5- to 14-membered heteroarylhaving one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, —OR,—O(CH₂)_(n)N(R)₂, —C(O)OR, —OC(O)R, —CX₃, —CX₂H, —CXH₂, —CN, —C(O)N(R)₂,—N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)S(O)₂R, —N(R)C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(S)N(R)₂,—C(R)N(R)₂C(O)OR, and each n is independently selected from 1, 2, 3, 4,and 5.

In another embodiment, R₄ is unsubstituted C₁₄ alkyl, e.g.,unsubstituted methyl.

In certain embodiments, the disclosure provides a compound having theFormula (I), wherein R₄ is —CH₂)_(n)Q or —CH₂)_(n)CHQR, where Q is—N(R)₂, and n is selected from 3, 4, and 5.

In certain embodiments, the disclosure provides a compound having theFormula (I), wherein R₄ is selected from the group consisting of—CH₂)_(n)Q, —CH₂)_(n)CHQR, —CHQR, and —CQ(R)₂, where Q is —N(R)₂, and nis selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.

In certain embodiments, the disclosure provides a compound having theFormula (I), wherein R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of C₂₋₁₄ alkyl, C₂₋₁₄ alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and —R*OR″, orR₂ and R₃, together with the atom to which they are attached, form aheterocycle or carbocycle, and R₄ is —CH₂)_(n)Q or —CH₂)_(n)CHQR, whereQ is —N(R)₂, and n is selected from 3, 4, and 5.

In certain embodiments, R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from thegroup consisting of C2-14 alkyl, C2-14 alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and—R*OR″, or R₂ and R₃, together with the atom to which they are attached,form a heterocycle or carbocycle.

In some embodiments, R₁ is selected from the group consisting of C₅₋₂₀alkyl and C₅₋₂₀ alkenyl.

In other embodiments, R₁ is selected from the group consisting of—R*YR″, —YR″, and —R″M′R′.

In certain embodiments, R₁ is selected from —R*YR″ and —YR″. In someembodiments, Y is a cyclopropyl group. In some embodiments, R* is C₈alkyl or C₈ alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R″ is C₃₋₁₂ alkyl. Forexample, R″ may be C₃ alkyl. For example, R″ may be C₄₋₈ alkyl (e.g.,C₄, C₅, C₆, C₇, or C₈ alkyl).

In some embodiments, R₁ is C₅₋₂₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is C₆alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is C₈ alkyl. In other embodiments, R₁ isC₉ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R₁ is C₁₄ alkyl. In other embodiments,R₁ is C₁₈ alkyl.

In some embodiments, R₁ is C₅₋₂₀ alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R₁ isC₁₈ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is linoleyl.

In certain embodiments, R₁ is branched (e.g., decan-2-yl, undecan-3-yl,dodecan-4-yl, tridecan-5-yl, tetradecan-6-yl, 2-methylundecan-3-yl,2-methyldecan-2-yl, 3-methylundecan-3-yl, 4-methyldodecan-4-yl, orheptadeca-9-yl). In certain embodiments, R₁ is

In certain embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted C₅₋₂₀ alkyl or C₅₋₂₀alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R′ is substituted C₅₋₂₀ alkyl or C₅₋₂₀alkenyl (e.g., substituted with a C₃₋₆ carbocycle such as1-cyclopropylnonyl).

In other embodiments, R₁ is —R″M′R′.

In some embodiments, R′ is selected from —R*YR″ and —YR″. In someembodiments, Y is C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, Y is C₆₋₁₀ aryl.In some embodiments, Y is a cyclopropyl group. In some embodiments, Y isa cyclohexyl group. In certain embodiments, R* is C₁ alkyl.

In some embodiments, R″ is selected from the group consisting of C₃₋₁₂alkyl and C₃₋₁₂ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R″ adjacent to Y is C₁alkyl. In some embodiments, R″ adjacent to Y is C₄₋₉ alkyl (e.g., C₄,C₅, C₆, C₇ or C₈ or C₉ alkyl).

In some embodiments, R′ is selected from C₄ alkyl and C₄ alkenyl. Incertain embodiments, R′ is selected from C₅ alkyl and C₅ alkenyl. Insome embodiments, R′ is selected from C₆ alkyl and C₆ alkenyl. In someembodiments, R′ is selected from C₇ alkyl and C₇ alkenyl. In someembodiments, R′ is selected from C₉ alkyl and C₉ alkenyl.

In other embodiments, R′ is selected from C₁₁ alkyl and C₁₁ alkenyl. Inother embodiments, R′ is selected from C₁₂ alkyl, C₁₂ alkenyl, C₁₃alkyl, C₁₃ alkenyl, C₁₄ alkyl, C₁₄ alkenyl, C₁₅ alkyl, C₁₅ alkenyl, C₁₆alkyl, C₁₆ alkenyl, C₁₇ alkyl, C₁₇ alkenyl, C₁₈ alkyl, and C₁₈ alkenyl.In certain embodiments, R′ is branched (e.g., decan-2-yl, undecan-3-yl,dodecan-4-yl, tridecan-5-yl, tetradecan-6-yl, 2-methylundecan-3-yl,2-methyldecan-2-yl, 3-methylundecan-3-yl, 4-methyldodecan-4-yl orheptadeca-9-yl). In certain embodiments, R′ is

In certain embodiments, R′ is unsubstituted C₁₋₁₈ alkyl. In certainembodiments, R′ is substituted C₁₋₁₈ alkyl (e.g., C1-15 alkylsubstituted with a C₃₋₆ carbocycle such as 1-cyclopropylnonyl).

In some embodiments, R″ is selected from the group consisting of C₃₋₁₄alkyl and C3-14 alkenyl. In some embodiments, R″ is C₃ alkyl, C₄ alkyl,C₅ alkyl, C₆ alkyl, C₇ alkyl, or C₈ alkyl. In some embodiments, R″ is C₉alkyl, C₁₀ alkyl, C₁₁ alkyl, C₁₂ alkyl, C₁₃ alkyl, or C₁₄ alkyl.

In some embodiments, M′ is —C(O)O—. In some embodiments, M′ is —OC(O)—.

In other embodiments, M′ is an aryl group or heteroaryl group. Forexample, M′ may be selected from the group consisting of phenyl,oxazole, and thiazole.

In some embodiments, M is —C(O)O—. In some embodiments, M is —OC(O)—. Insome embodiments, M is —C(O)N(R′)—. In some embodiments, M is—P(O)(OR′)O—.

In other embodiments, M is an aryl group or heteroaryl group. Forexample, M may be selected from the group consisting of phenyl, oxazole,and thiazole.

In some embodiments, M is the same as M′. In other embodiments, M isdifferent from M′.

In some embodiments, each R₅ is H. In certain such embodiments, each R₆is also H.

In some embodiments, R₇ is H. In other embodiments, R₇ is C₁₋₃ alkyl(e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, or i-propyl).

In some embodiments, R₂ and R₃ are independently C₅₋₁₄ alkyl or C5-14alkenyl.

In some embodiments, R₂ and R₃ are the same. In some embodiments, R₂ andR₃ are C₈ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R₂ and R₃ are C₂ alkyl. Inother embodiments, R₂ and R₃ are C₃ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ andR₃ are C₄ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R₂ and R₃ are C₅ alkyl. Inother embodiments, R₂ and R₃ are C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ andR₃ are C₇ alkyl.

In other embodiments, R₂ and R₃ are different. In certain embodiments,R₂ is C₈ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₃ is C₁₋₇ (e.g., C₁, C₂, C₃, C₄,C₅, C₆, or C₇ alkyl) or C₉ alkyl.

In some embodiments, R₇ and R₃ are H.

In certain embodiments, R₂ is H.

In some embodiments, m is 5, 7, or 9.

In some embodiments, R₄ is selected from —(CH₂)_(n)Q and —(CH₂)_(n)CHQR.

In some embodiments, Q is selected from the group consisting of —OR,—OH, —O(CH₂)_(n)N(R)₂, —OC(O)R, —CX₃, —CN, —N(R)C(O)R, —N(H)C(O)R,—N(R)S(O)₂R, —N(H)S(O)₂R, —N(R)C(O)N(R)₂, —N(H)C(O)N(R)₂,—N(H)C(O)N(H)(R), —N(R)C(S)N(R)₂, —N(H)C(S)N(R)₂, —N(H)C(S)N(H)(R),—C(R)N(R)₂C(O)OR, a carbocycle, and a heterocycle.

In certain embodiments, Q is —OH.

In certain embodiments, Q is a substituted or unsubstituted 5- to10-membered heteroaryl, e.g., Q is an imidazole, a pyrimidine, a purine,2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one-9-yl (or guanin-9-yl), adenin-9-yl,cytosin-1-yl, or uracil-1-yl. In certain embodiments, Q is a substituted5- to 14-membered heterocycloalkyl, e.g., substituted with one or moresubstituents selected from oxo (═O), OH, amino, and C₁₋₃ alkyl. Forexample, Q is 4-methylpiperazinyl, 4-(4-methoxybenzyl)piperazinyl, orisoindolin-2-yl-1,3-dione.

In certain embodiments, Q is an unsubstituted or substituted C₆₋₁₀ aryl(such as phenyl) or C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, n is 1. In other embodiments, n is 2. In furtherembodiments, n is 3. In certain other embodiments, n is 4. For example,R₄ may be —(CH₂)₂OH. For example, R₄ may be —(CH₂)₃OH. For example, R₄may be —(CH₂)40H. For example, R₄ may be benzyl. For example, R₄ may be4-methoxybenzyl.

In some embodiments, R₄ is a C₃₋₆ carbocycle. In some embodiments, R₄ isa C3-6 cycloalkyl. For example, R₄ may be cyclohexyl optionallysubstituted with e.g., OH, halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, etc. For example, R₄ may be2-hydroxycyclohexyl.

In some embodiments, R is H.

In some embodiments, R is unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkyl or unsubstituted C₂₋₃alkenyl. For example, R₄ may be —CH₂CH(OH)CH₃ or —CH₂CH(OH)CH₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R is substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, e.g., CH₂OH. Forexample, R₄ may be —CH₂CH(OH)CH₂OH.

In some embodiments, R₂ and R₃, together with the atom to which they areattached, form a heterocycle or carbocycle. In some embodiments, R₂ andR₃, together with the atom to which they are attached, form a 5- to14-membered aromatic or non-aromatic heterocycle having one or moreheteroatoms selected from N, O, S, and P. In some embodiments, R₂ andR₃, together with the atom to which they are attached, form anoptionally substituted C₃₋₂₀ carbocycle (e.g., C₃₋₁₈ carbocycle, C₃₋₁₅carbocycle, C₃₋₁₂ carbocycle, or C₃₋₁₀ carbocycle), either aromatic ornon-aromatic. In some embodiments, R₂ and R₃, together with the atom towhich they are attached, form a C₃₋₆ carbocycle. In other embodiments,R₂ and R₃, together with the atom to which they are attached, form a C₆carbocycle, such as a cyclohexyl or phenyl group. In certainembodiments, the heterocycle or C₃₋₆ carbocycle is substituted with oneor more alkyl groups (e.g., at the same ring atom or at adjacent ornon-adjacent ring atoms). For example, R₂ and R₃, together with the atomto which they are attached, may form a cyclohexyl or phenyl groupbearing one or more C₅ alkyl substitutions. In certain embodiments, theheterocycle or C₃₋₆ carbocycle formed by R₂ and R₃, is substituted witha carbocycle groups. For example, R₂ and R₃, together with the atom towhich they are attached, may form a cyclohexyl or phenyl group that issubstituted with cyclohexyl. In some embodiments, R₂ and R₃, togetherwith the atom to which they are attached, form a C₇₋₁₅ carbocycle, suchas a cycloheptyl, cyclopentadecanyl, or naphthyl group.

In some embodiments, R₄ is selected from —(CH₂)_(n)Q and —(CH₂)_(n)CHQR.In some embodiments, Q is selected from the group consisting of —OR,—OH, —O(CH₂)_(n)N(R)₂, —OC(O)R, —CX₃, —CN, —N(R)C(O)R, —N(H)C(O)R,—N(R)S(O)₂R, —N(H)S(O)₂R, —N(R)C(O)N(R)₂, —N(H)C(O)N(R)₂,—N(H)C(O)N(H)(R), —N(R)C(S)N(R)₂, —N(H)C(S)N(R)₂, —N(H)C(S)N(H)(R), anda heterocycle. In other embodiments, Q is selected from the groupconsisting of an imidazole, a pyrimidine, and a purine.

In some embodiments, R₂ and R₃, together with the atom to which they areattached, form a heterocycle or carbocycle. In some embodiments, R₂ andR₃, together with the atom to which they are attached, form a C3-6carbocycle, such as a phenyl group. In certain embodiments, theheterocycle or C₃₋₆ carbocycle is substituted with one or more alkylgroups (e.g., at the same ring atom or at adjacent or non-adjacent ringatoms). For example, R₂ and R₃, together with the atom to which they areattached, may form a phenyl group bearing one or more C₅ alkylsubstitutions.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions of the presentdisclosure, the compound of formula (I) is selected from the groupconsisting of:

and salts or stereoisomers thereof.

In other embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is selected from thegroup consisting of Compound 1-Compound 147, or salt or stereoisomersthereof.

Amine moieties of the lipid compounds disclosed herein can be protonatedunder certain conditions. For example, the central amine moiety of alipid according to formula (I) is typically protonated (i.e., positivelycharged) at a pH below the pKa of the amino moiety and is substantiallynot charged at a pH above the pKa. Such lipids may be referred toionizable amino lipids. In some embodiments, the ionizable lipid is anionizable amino lipid, sometimes referred to in the art as an “ionizablecationic lipid”.

In some embodiments, the amount the ionizable amino lipid, e.g., thecompound of formula (I), ranges from about 1 mol % to 99 mol % in thelipid composition.

In one embodiment, the amount of the ionizable amino lipid, e.g., thecompound of formula (I) is at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28,29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46,47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64,65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82,83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99mol % in the lipid composition.

In one embodiment, the amount of the ionizable amino lipid, e.g., thecompound of formula (I), ranges from about 30 mol % to about 70 mol %,from about 35 mol % to about 65 mol %, from about 40 mol % to about 60mol %, and from about 45 mol % to about 55 mol % in the lipidcomposition.

In one specific embodiment, the amount of the ionizable amino lipid,e.g., the compound of formula (I), is about 50 mol % in the lipidcomposition.

In addition to the ionizable amino lipid, e.g., the compound of formulaI, the lipid composition of the pharmaceutical compositions disclosedherein can comprise additional components such as phospholipids,structural lipids, quaternary amine compounds, PEG-lipids, and anycombination thereof.

Additional Components in the Lipid Composition A. Phospholipids

The lipid composition of the pharmaceutical composition disclosed hereincan comprise one or more phospholipids, for example, one or moresaturated or (poly)unsaturated phospholipids or a combination thereof.In general, phospholipids comprise a phospholipid moiety and one or morefatty acid moieties. For example, a phospholipid can be a lipidaccording to formula (VII):

in which R_(p) represents a phospholipid moiety and R₁ and R₂ representfatty acid moieties with or without unsaturation that may be the same ordifferent.

A phospholipid moiety may be selected, for example, from thenon-limiting group consisting of phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidicacid, 2-lysophosphatidyl choline, and a sphingomyelin.

A fatty acid moiety may be selected, for example, from the non-limitinggroup consisting of lauric acid, myristic acid, myristoleic acid,palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleicacid, alpha-linolenic acid, erucic acid, phytanoic acid, arachidic acid,arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, behenic acid, docosapentaenoicacid, and docosahexaenoic acid.

Particular phospholipids may facilitate fusion to a membrane. Forexample, a cationic phospholipid may interact with one or morenegatively charged phospholipids of a membrane (e.g., a cellular orintracellular membrane). Fusion of a phospholipid to a membrane mayallow one or more elements (e.g., a therapeutic agent) of alipid-containing composition (e.g., LNPs) to pass through the membranepermitting, e.g., delivery of the one or more elements to a targettissue (e.g., tumoral tissue).

Non-natural phospholipid species including natural species withmodifications and substitutions including branching, oxidation,cyclization, and alkynes are also contemplated. For example, aphospholipid may be functionalized with or cross-linked to one or morealkynes (e.g., an alkenyl group in which one or more double bonds isreplaced with a triple bond). Under appropriate reaction conditions, analkyne group may undergo a copper-catalyzed cycloaddition upon exposureto an azide. Such reactions may be useful in functionalizing a lipidbilayer of a nanoparticle composition to facilitate membrane permeationor cellular recognition or in conjugating a nanoparticle composition toa useful component such as a targeting or imaging moiety (e.g., a dye).

Phospholipids include, but are not limited to, glycerophospholipids suchas phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylserines,phosphatidylinositols, phosphatidyl glycerols, and phosphatidic acids.Phospholipids also include phosphosphingolipid, such as sphingomyelin.In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition for intratumoraldelivery disclosed herein can comprise more than one phospholipid. Whenmore than one phospholipid is used, such phospholipids can belong to thesame phospholipid class (e.g., MSPC and DSPC) or different classes(e.g., MSPC and MSPE).

Phospholipids may be of a symmetric or an asymmetric type. As usedherein, the term “symmetric phospholipid” includes glycerophospholipidshaving matching fatty acid moieties and sphingolipids in which thevariable fatty acid moiety and the hydrocarbon chain of the sphingosinebackbone include a comparable number of carbon atoms. As used herein,the term “asymmetric phospholipid” includes lysolipids,glycerophospholipids having different fatty acid moieties (e.g., fattyacid moieties with different numbers of carbon atoms and/orunsaturations (e.g., double bonds)), and sphingolipids in which thevariable fatty acid moiety and the hydrocarbon chain of the sphingosinebackbone include a dissimilar number of carbon atoms (e.g., the variablefatty acid moiety include at least two more carbon atoms than thehydrocarbon chain or at least two fewer carbon atoms than thehydrocarbon chain).

In some embodiments, the lipid composition of a pharmaceuticalcomposition disclosed herein comprises at least one symmetricphospholipid. Symmetric phospholipids may be selected from thenon-limiting group consisting of

-   1,2-dipropionyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (03:0 PC),-   1,2-dibutyryl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (04:0 PC),-   1,2-dipentanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (05:0 PC),-   1,2-dihexanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (06:0 PC),-   1,2-diheptanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (07:0 PC),-   1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (08:0 PC),-   1,2-dinonanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (09:0 PC),-   1,2-didecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (10:0 PC),-   1,2-diundecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (11:0 PC, DUPC),-   1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (12:0 PC),-   1,2-ditridecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (13:0 PC),-   1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (14:0 PC, DMPC),-   1,2-dipentadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (15:0 PC),-   1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (16:0 PC, DPPC),-   1,2-diphytanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (4ME 16:0 PC),-   1,2-diheptadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (17:0 PC),-   1,2-di stearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:0 PC, DSPC),-   1,2-dinonadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (19:0 PC),-   1,2-diarachidoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (20:0 PC),-   1,2-dihenarachidoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (21:0 PC),-   1,2-dibehenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (22:0 PC),-   1,2-ditricosanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (23:0 PC),-   1,2-dilignoceroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (24:0 PC),-   1,2-dimyristoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (14:1 (Δ9-Cis) PC),-   1,2-dimyristelaidoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (14:1 (Δ9-Trans)    PC),-   1,2-dipalmitoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (16:1 (Δ9-Cis) PC),-   1,2-dipalmitelaidoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (16:1 (Δ9-Trans)    PC),-   1,2-dipetroselenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:1 (Δ6-Cis) PC),-   1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:1 (Δ9-Cis) PC, DOPC),-   1,2-dielaidoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:1 (Δ9-Trans) PC),-   1,2-dilinoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:2 (Cis) PC, DLPC),-   1,2-dilinolenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:3 (Cis) PC, DLnPC),-   1,2-dieicosenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (20:1 (Cis) PC),-   1,2-diarachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (20:4 (Cis) PC,    DAPC),-   1,2-dierucoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (22:1 (Cis) PC),-   1,2-didocosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (22:6 (Cis) PC,    DHAPC),-   1,2-dinervonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (24:1 (Cis) PC),-   1,2-dihexanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (06:0 PE),-   1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (08:0 PE),-   1,2-didecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (10:0 PE),-   1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (12:0 PE),-   1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (14:0 PE),-   1,2-dipentadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (15:0 PE),-   1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (16:0 PE),-   1,2-diphytanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (4ME 16:0 PE),-   1,2-diheptadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (17:0 PE),-   1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (18:0 PE, DSPE),-   1,2-dipalmitoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (16:1 PE),-   1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (18:1 (Δ9-Cis) PE,    DOPE),-   1,2-dielaidoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (18:1 (Δ9-Trans)    PE),-   1,2-dilinoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (18:2 PE, DLPE),-   1,2-dilinolenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (18:3 PE, DLnPE),-   1,2-diarachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (20:4 PE, DAPE),-   1,2-didocosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (22:6 PE,    DHAPE),-   1,2-di-O-octadecenyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:0 Diether PC),-   1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-rac-(1-glycerol) sodium salt    (DOPG), and    any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the lipid composition of a pharmaceuticalcomposition disclosed herein comprises at least one symmetricphospholipid selected from the non-limiting group consisting of DLPC,DMPC, DOPC, DPPC, DSPC, DUPC, 18:0 Diether PC, DLnPC, DAPC, DHAPC, DOPE,4ME 16:0 PE, DSPE, DLPE, DLnPE, DAPE, DHAPE, DOPG, and any combinationthereof.

In some embodiments, the lipid composition of a pharmaceuticalcomposition disclosed herein comprises at least one asymmetricphospholipid. Asymmetric phospholipids may be selected from thenon-limiting group consisting of

-   1-myristoyl-2-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (14:0-16:0 PC,    MPPC),-   1-myristoyl-2-stearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (14:0-18:0 PC,    MSPC),-   1-palmitoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (16:0-02:0 PC),-   1-palmitoyl-2-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (16:0-14:0 PC,    PMPC),-   1-palmitoyl-2-stearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (16:0-18:0 PC,    PSPC),-   1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (16:0-18:1 PC,    POPC),-   1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (16:0-18:2 PC,    PLPC),-   1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (16:0-20:4    PC),-   1-palmitoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (14:0-22:6    PC),-   1-stearoyl-2-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:0-14:0 PC,    SMPC),-   1-stearoyl-2-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:0-16:0 PC,    SPPC),-   1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:0-18:1 PC,    SOPC),-   1-stearoyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:0-18:2 PC),-   1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:0-20:4    PC),-   1-stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:0-22:6    PC),-   1-oleoyl-2-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:1-14:0 PC,    OMPC),-   1-oleoyl-2-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:1-16:0 PC,    OPPC),-   1-oleoyl-2-stearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:1-18:0 PC,    OSPC),-   1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (16:0-18:1 PE,    POPE),-   1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (16:0-18:2    PE),-   1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine    (16:0-20:4 PE),-   1-palmitoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine    (16:0-22:6 PE),-   1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (18:0-18:1 PE),-   1-stearoyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (18:0-18:2    PE),-   1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine    (18:0-20:4 PE),-   1-stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine    (18:0-22:6 PE),-   1-oleoyl-2-cholesterylhemisuccinoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine    (OChemsPC), and any combination thereof.

Asymmetric lipids useful in the lipid composition may also belysolipids. Lysolipids may be selected from the non-limiting groupconsisting of

-   1-hexanoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (06:0 Lyso PC),-   1-heptanoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (07:0 Lyso PC),-   1-octanoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (08:0 Lyso PC),-   1-nonanoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (09:0 Lyso PC),-   1-decanoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (10:0 Lyso PC),-   1-undecanoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (11:0 Lyso PC),-   1-lauroyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (12:0 Lyso PC),-   1-tridecanoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (13:0 Lyso PC),-   1-myristoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (14:0 Lyso PC),-   1-pentadecanoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (15:0 Lyso    PC),-   1-palmitoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (16:0 Lyso PC),-   1-heptadecanoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (17:0 Lyso    PC),-   1-stearoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:0 Lyso PC),-   1-oleoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:1 Lyso PC),-   1-nonadecanoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (19:0 Lyso PC),-   1-arachidoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (20:0 Lyso PC),-   1-behenoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (22:0 Lyso PC),-   1-lignoceroyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (24:0 Lyso PC),-   1-hexacosanoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (26:0 Lyso PC),-   1-myristoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (14:0 Lyso    PE),-   1-palmitoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (16:0 Lyso    PE),-   1-stearoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (18:0 Lyso    PE),-   1-oleoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (18:1 Lyso PE),-   1-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (C16 Lyso PC), and    any combination thereof.

In some embodiment, the lipid composition of a pharmaceuticalcomposition disclosed herein comprises at least one asymmetricphospholipid selected from the group consisting of MPPC, MSPC, PMPC,PSPC, SMPC, SPPC, and any combination thereof. In some embodiments, theasymmetric phospholipid is1-myristoyl-2-stearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (MSPC).

In some embodiments, the lipid compositions disclosed herein may containone or more symmetric phospholipids, one or more asymmetricphospholipids, or a combination thereof. When multiple phospholipids arepresent, they can be present in equimolar ratios, or non-equimolarratios.

In one embodiment, the lipid composition of a pharmaceutical compositiondisclosed herein comprises a total amount of phospholipid (e.g., MSPC)which ranges from about 1 mol % to about 20 mol %, from about 5 mol % toabout 20 mol %, from about 10 mol % to about 20 mol %, from about 15 mol% to about 20 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 15 mol %, from about 5mol % to about 15 mol %, from about 10 mol % to about 15 mol %, fromabout 5 mol % to about 10 mol % in the lipid composition. In oneembodiment, the amount of the phospholipid is from about 8 mol % toabout 15 mol % in the lipid composition. In one embodiment, the amountof the phospholipid (e.g., MSPC) is about 10 mol % in the lipidcomposition.

In some aspects, the amount of a specific phospholipid (e.g., MSPC) isat least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,17, 18, 19 or 20 mol % in the lipid composition.

B. Quaternary Amine Compounds

The lipid composition of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed hereincan comprise one or more quaternary amine compounds (e.g., DOTAP). Theterm “quaternary amine compound” is used to include those compoundshaving one or more quaternary amine groups (e.g., trialkylamino groups)and permanently carrying a positive charge and existing in a form of asalt. For example, the one or more quaternary amine groups can bepresent in a lipid or a polymer (e.g., PEG). In some embodiments, thequaternary amine compound comprises (1) a quaternary amine group and (2)at least one hydrophobic tail group comprising (i) a hydrocarbon chain,linear or branched, and saturated or unsaturated, and (ii) optionally anether, ester, carbonyl, or ketal linkage between the quaternary aminegroup and the hydrocarbon chain. In some embodiments, the quaternaryamine group can be a trimethylammonium group. In some embodiments, thequaternary amine compound comprises two identical hydrocarbon chains. Insome embodiments, the quaternary amine compound comprises two differenthydrocarbon chains.

In some embodiments, the lipid composition of a pharmaceuticalcomposition disclosed herein comprises at least one quaternary aminecompound. Quaternary amine compound may be selected from thenon-limiting group consisting of

-   1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP),-   N-[1-(2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride    (DOTMA),-   1-[2-(oleoyloxy)ethyl]-2-oleyl-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)imidazolinium    chloride (DOTIM),-   2,3-dioleyloxy-N-[2(sperminecarboxamido)ethyl]-N,N-dimethyl-1-propanaminium    trifluoroacetate (DOSPA),-   N,N-distearyl-N,N-dimethylammonium bromide (DDAB),-   N-(1,2-dimyristyloxyprop-3-yl)-N,N-dimethyl-N-hydroxyethyl ammonium    bromide (DMRIE),-   N-(1,2-dioleoyloxyprop-3-yl)-N,N-dimethyl-N-hydroxyethyl ammonium    bromide (DORIE),-   N,N-dioleyl-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride (DODAC),-   1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine (DLePC),-   1,2-distearoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DSTAP),-   1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DPTAP),-   1,2-dilinoleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DLTAP),-   1,2-dimyristoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DMTAP)-   1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine (DSePC)-   1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine (DPePC),-   1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine (DMePC),-   1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine (DOePC),-   1,2-di-(9Z-tetradecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine (14:1    EPC),-   1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylsphocholine (16:0-18:1 EPC),    and any combination thereof.

In one embodiment, the quaternary amine compound is1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP).

Quaternary amine compounds are known in the art, such as those describedin U.S. Patent Appl. Publ. Nos. US2013/0245107 and US2014/0363493, U.S.Pat. No. 8,158,601, and Int'l. Publ. Nos. WO2015/123264 andWO2015/148247, which are incorporated herein by reference in theirentireties.

In one embodiment, the amount of the quaternary amine compound (e.g.,DOTAP) in the lipid composition disclosed herein ranges from about 0.01mol % to about 20 mol %.

In one embodiment, the amount of the quaternary amine compound (e.g.,DOTAP) in the lipid composition disclosed herein ranges from about 0.5mol % to about 20 mol %, from about 0.5 mol % to about 15 mol %, fromabout 0.5 mol % to about 10 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 20 mol %,from about 1 mol % to about 15 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 10 mol%, from about 2 mol % to about 20 mol %, from about 2 mol % to about 15mol %, from about 2 mol % to about 10 mol %, from about 3 mol % to about20 mol %, from about 3 mol % to about 15 mol %, from about 3 mol % toabout 10 mol %, from about 4 mol % to about 20 mol %, from about 4 mol %to about 15 mol %, from about 4 mol % to about 10 mol %, from about 5mol % to about 20 mol %, from about 5 mol % to about 15 mol %, fromabout 5 mol % to about 10 mol %, from about 6 mol % to about 20 mol %,from about 6 mol % to about 15 mol %, from about 6 mol % to about 10 mol%, from about 7 mol % to about 20 mol %, from about 7 mol % to about 15mol %, from about 7 mol % to about 10 mol %, from about 8 mol % to about20 mol %, from about 8 mol % to about 15 mol %, from about 8 mol % toabout 10 mol %, from about 9 mol % to about 20 mol %, from about 9 mol %to about 15 mol %, from about 9 mol % to about 10 mol %.

In one embodiment, the amount of the quaternary amine compound (e.g.,DOTAP) in the lipid composition disclosed herein ranges from about 5 mol% to about 10 mol %.

In one embodiment, the amount of the quaternary amine compound (e.g.,DOTAP) in the lipid composition disclosed herein is about 5 mol %. Inone embodiment, the amount of the quaternary amine compound (e.g.,DOTAP) in the lipid composition disclosed herein is about 10 mol %.

In some embodiments, the amount of the quaternary amine compound (e.g.,DOTAP) is at least about 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08,0.09, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3,3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, 10, 10.5, 11, 11.5,12, 12.5, 13, 13.5, 14, 14.5, 15, 15.5, 16, 16.5, 17, 17.5, 18, 18.5,19, 19.5 or 20 mol % in the lipid composition disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, the lipid composition of the pharmaceuticalcompositions disclosed herein comprises a compound of formula (I). Inone embodiment, the mole ratio of the compound of formula (I) (e.g.,Compounds 18, 25, 26 or 48) to the quaternary amine compound (e.g.,DOTA) is about 100:1 to about 2.5:1. In one embodiment, the mole ratioof the compound of formula (I) (e.g., Compounds 18, 25, 26 or 48) to thequaternary amine compound (e.g., DOTAP) is about 90:1, about 80:1, about70:1, about 60:1, about 50:1, about 40:1, about 30:1, about 20:1, about15:1, about 10:1, about 9:1, about 8:1, about 7:1, about 6:1, about 5:1,or about 2.5:1. In one embodiment, the mole ratio of the compound offormula (I) (e.g., Compounds 18, 25, 26 or 48) to the quaternary aminecompound (e.g., DOTAP) in the lipid composition disclosed herein isabout 10:1.

In some aspects, the lipid composition of the pharmaceuticalcompositions disclosed herein does not comprise a quaternary aminecompound. In some aspects, the lipid composition of the pharmaceuticalcompositions disclosed herein does not comprise DOTAP.

C. Structural Lipids

The lipid composition of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed hereincan comprise one or more structural lipids. As used herein, the term“structural lipid” refers to sterols and also to lipids containingsterol moieties. In some embodiments, the structural lipid is selectedfrom the group consisting of cholesterol, fecosterol, sitosterol,ergosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, brassicasterol, tomatidine,tomatine, ursolic acid, alpha-tocopherol, and mixtures thereof. In someembodiments, the structural lipid is cholesterol.

In one embodiment, the amount of the structural lipid (e.g., an sterolsuch as cholesterol) in the lipid composition of a pharmaceuticalcomposition disclosed herein ranges from about 20 mol % to about 60 mol%, from about 25 mol % to about 55 mol %, from about 30 mol % to about50 mol %, or from about 35 mol % to about 45 mol %.

In one embodiment, the amount of the structural lipid (e.g., an sterolsuch as cholesterol) in the lipid composition disclosed herein rangesfrom about 25 mol % to about 30 mol %, from about 30 mol % to about 35mol %, or from about 35 mol % to about 40 mol %.

In one embodiment, the amount of the structural lipid (e.g., a sterolsuch as cholesterol) in the lipid composition disclosed herein is about23.5 mol %, about 28.5 mol %, about 33.5 mol %, or about 38.5 mol %.

In some embodiments, the amount of the structural lipid (e.g., an sterolsuch as cholesterol) in the lipid composition disclosed herein is atleast about 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34,35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52,53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, or 60 mol %.

In some aspects, the lipid composition component of the pharmaceuticalcompositions for intratumoral delivery disclosed does not comprisecholesterol.

D. Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)-Lipids

The lipid composition of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed hereincan comprise one or more a polyethylene glycol (PEG) lipid.

As used herein, the term “PEG-lipid” refers to polyethylene glycol(PEG)-modified lipids. Non-limiting examples of PEG-lipids includePEG-modified phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidic acid,PEG-ceramide conjugates (e.g., PEG-CerC14 or PEG-CerC20), PEG-modifieddialkylamines and PEG-modified 1,2-diacyloxypropan-3-amines. Such lipidsare also referred to as PEGylated lipids. For example, a PEG lipid maybe PEG-c-DOMG, PEG-DMG, PEG-DLPE, PEG-DMPE, PEG-DPPC, or a PEG-DSPElipid.

In some embodiments, the PEG-lipid includes, but not limited to1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycerol methoxypolyethylene glycol (PEG-DMG),1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[amino(polyethyleneglycol)] (PEG-DSPE), PEG-disteryl glycerol (PEG-DSG), PEG-dipalmetoleyl,PEG-dioleyl, PEG-distearyl, PEG-diacylglycamide (PEG-DAG),PEG-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-DPPE), orPEG-1,2-dimyristyloxlpropyl-3-amine (PEG-c-DMA).

In one embodiment, the PEG-lipid is selected from the group consistingof a PEG-modified phosphatidylethanolamine, a PEG-modified phosphatidicacid, a PEG-modified ceramide, a PEG-modified dialkylamine, aPEG-modified diacylglycerol, a PEG-modified dialkylglycerol, andmixtures thereof.

In some embodiments, the lipid moiety of the PEG-lipids includes thosehaving lengths of from about C14 to about C₂₂, preferably from about C14to about C₁₆. In some embodiments, a PEG moiety, for example anmPEG-NH₂, has a size of about 1000, 2000, 5000, 10,000, 15,000 or 20,000daltons. In one embodiment, the PEG-lipid is PEG_(2k)-DMG.

In one embodiment, the lipid nanoparticles described herein may comprisea PEG lipid which is a non-diffusible PEG. Non-limiting examples ofnon-diffusible PEGs include PEG-DSG and PEG-DSPE.

PEG-lipids are known in the art, such as those described in U.S. Pat.No. 8,158,601 and International Publ. No. WO2015/130584, which areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

In one embodiment, the amount of PEG-lipid in the lipid composition of apharmaceutical composition disclosed herein ranges from about 0.1 mol %to about 5 mol %, from about 0.5 mol % to about 5 mol %, from about 1mol % to about 5 mol %, from about 1.5 mol % to about 5 mol %, fromabout 2 mol % to about 5 mol % mol %, from about 0.1 mol % to about 4mol %, from about 0.5 mol % to about 4 mol %, from about 1 mol % toabout 4 mol %, from about 1.5 mol % to about 4 mol %, from about 2 mol %to about 4 mol %, from about 0.1 mol % to about 3 mol %, from about 0.5mol % to about 3 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 3 mol %, from about1.5 mol % to about 3 mol %, from about 2 mol % to about 3 mol %, fromabout 0.1 mol % to about 2 mol %, from about 0.5 mol % to about 2 mol %,from about 1 mol % to about 2 mol %, from about 1.5 mol % to about 2 mol%, from about 0.1 mol % to about 1.5 mol %, from about 0.5 mol % toabout 1.5 mol %, or from about 1 mol % to about 1.5 mol %.

In one embodiment, the amount of PEG-lipid in the lipid compositiondisclosed herein is about 1.5 mol %.

In one embodiment, the amount of PEG-lipid in the lipid compositiondisclosed herein is at least about 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7,0.8, 0.9, 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.2,2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7,3.8, 3.9, 4, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, or 5 mol %.

In some aspects, the lipid composition of the pharmaceuticalcompositions disclosed herein does not comprise a PEG-lipid.

In some embodiments, the lipid composition disclosed herein comprises anionizable amino lipid, e.g., a compound of formula (I), and anasymmetric phospholipid. In some embodiments, the lipid compositioncomprises Compound 18 and MSPC.

In some embodiments, the lipid composition disclosed herein comprises anionizable amino lipid, e.g., a compound of formula (I), and a quaternaryamine compound. In some embodiments, the lipid composition comprisesCompound 18 and DOTAP.

In some embodiments, the lipid composition disclosed herein comprises anionizable amino lipid, e.g., a compound of formula (I), an asymmetricphospholipid, and a quaternary amine compound. In some embodiments, thelipid composition comprises Compound 18, MSPC and DOTAP.

In one embodiment, the lipid composition comprises about 50 mol % of acompound of formula (I) (e.g. Compounds 18, 25, 26 or 48), about 10 mol% of DSPC or MSPC, about 33.5 mol % of cholesterol, about 1.5 mol % ofPEG-DMG, and about 5 mol % of DOTAP. In one embodiment, the lipidcomposition comprises about 50 mol % of a compound of formula (I) (e.g.Compounds 18, 25, 26 or 48), about 10 mol % of DSPC or MSPC, about 28.5mol % of cholesterol, about 1.5 mol % of PEG-DMG, and about 10 mol % ofDOTAP.

The components of the lipid nanoparticle may be tailored for optimaldelivery of the polynucleotides based on the desired outcome. As anon-limiting example, the lipid nanoparticle may comprise 40-60 mol % anionizable amino lipid (e.g., a compound of formula (I)), 8-16 mol %phospholipid, 30-45 mol % cholesterol, 1-5 mol % PEG lipid, andoptionally 1-15 mol % quaternary amine compound.

In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle may comprise 45-65 mol % ofan ionizable amino lipid (e.g., a compound of formula (I)), 5-10 mol %phospholipid, 25-40 mol % cholesterol, 0.5-5 mol % PEG lipid, andoptionally 1-15 mol % quaternary amine compound.

Non-limiting examples of nucleic acid lipid particles are disclosed inU.S. Patent Publication No. 20140121263, herein incorporated byreference in its entirety.

E. Other Ionizable Amino Lipids

The lipid composition of the pharmaceutical composition disclosed hereincan comprise one or more ionizable amino lipids in addition to a lipidaccording to formula (I).

Ionizable lipids may be selected from the non-limiting group consistingof

-   3-(didodecylamino)-N1,N1,4-tridodecyl-1-piperazineethanamine (KL    10),-   N1-[2-(didodecylamino)ethyl]-N1,N4,N4-tridodecyl-1,4-piperazinediethanamine    (KL22),-   14,25-ditridecyl-15,18,21,24-tetraaza-octatriacontane (KL25),-   1,2-dilinoleyloxy-N,N-dimethylaminopropane (DLin-DMA),-   2,2-dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminomethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane (DLin-K-DMA),-   heptatriaconta-6,9,28,31-tetraen-19-yl 4-(dimethylamino)butanoate    (DLin-MC3-DMA),-   2,2-dilinoleyl-4-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-[1,3]-dioxolane    (DLin-KC2-DMA),-   1,2-dioleyloxy-N,N-dimethylaminopropane (DODMA),    (13Z,165Z)—N,N-dimethyl-3-nonydocosa-13-16-dien-1-amine (L608),-   2-({8-[(3β)-cholest-5-en-3-yloxy]octyl}    oxy)-N,N-dimethyl-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yloxy]propan-1-amine    (Octyl-CLinDMA),-   (2R)-2-({8-[(3β)-cholest-5-en-3-yloxy]octyl}    oxy)-N,N-dimethyl-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yloxy]propan-1-amine    (Octyl-CLinDMA (2R)), and-   (2S)-2-({8-[(3β)-cholest-5-en-3-yloxy]octyl}    oxy)-N,N-dimethyl-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yloxy]propan-1-amine    (Octyl-CLinDMA (2S)). In addition to these, an ionizable amino lipid    may also be a lipid including a cyclic amine group.

Ionizable lipids can also be the compounds disclosed in InternationalPublication No. WO2015/199952 (see also US20150376115), herebyincorporated by reference in their entirety. For example, the ionizableamino lipids include, but not limited to:

and any combination thereof.

F. Other Lipid Composition Components

The lipid composition of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed hereinmay include one or more components in addition to those described above.For example, the lipid composition may include one or more permeabilityenhancer molecules, carbohydrates, polymers, surface altering agents(e.g., surfactants), or other components. For example, a permeabilityenhancer molecule may be a molecule described by U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication No. 2005/0222064. Carbohydrates may include simple sugars(e.g., glucose) and polysaccharides (e.g., glycogen and derivatives andanalogs thereof). The lipid composition may include a buffer such as,but not limited to, citrate or phosphate at a pH of 7, salt and/orsugar. Salt and/or sugar may be included in the formulations describedherein for isotonicity.

A polymer may be included in and/or used to encapsulate or partiallyencapsulate a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein (e.g., apharmaceutical composition in lipid nanoparticle form). A polymer may bebiodegradable and/or biocompatible. A polymer may be selected from, butis not limited to, polyamines, polyethers, polyamides, polyesters,polycarbamates, polyureas, polycarbonates, polystyrenes, polyimides,polysulfones, polyurethanes, polyacetylenes, polyethylenes,polyethyleneimines, polyisocyanates, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates,polyacrylonitriles, and polyarylates.

The ratio between the lipid composition and the polynucleotide rangefrom about 10:1 to about 60:1 (wt/wt).

In some embodiments, the ratio between the lipid composition and thepolynucleotide can be about 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1, 16:1,17:1, 18:1, 19:1, 20:1, 21:1, 22:1, 23:1, 24:1, 25:1, 26:1, 27:1, 28:1,29:1, 30:1, 31:1, 32:1, 33:1, 34:1, 35:1, 36:1, 37:1, 38:1, 39:1, 40:1,41:1, 42:1, 43:1, 44:1, 45:1, 46:1, 47:1, 48:1, 49:1, 50:1, 51:1, 52:1,53:1, 54:1, 55:1, 56:1, 57:1, 58:1, 59:1 or 60:1 (wt/wt). In someembodiments, the wt/wt ratio of the lipid composition to thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide,or the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide,is about 20:1 or about 15:1.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein cancontain more than one polypeptides, e.g., two, three or morepolypeptides. For example, a pharmaceutical composition disclosed hereincan contain two, three, or more polynucleotides (e.g., mRNA).

In one embodiment, the lipid nanoparticles described herein may comprisepolynucleotides (e.g., mRNA) in a lipid:polynucleotide weight ratio of5:1, 10:1, 15:1, 20:1, 25:1, 30:1, 35:1, 40:1, 45:1, 50:1, 55:1, 60:1 or70:1, or a range or any of these ratios such as, but not limited to, 5:1to about 10:1, from about 5:1 to about 15:1, from about 5:1 to about20:1, from about 5:1 to about 25:1, from about 5:1 to about 30:1, fromabout 5:1 to about 35:1, from about 5:1 to about 40:1, from about 5:1 toabout 45:1, from about 5:1 to about 50:1, from about 5:1 to about 55:1,from about 5:1 to about 60:1, from about 5:1 to about 70:1, from about10:1 to about 15:1, from about 10:1 to about 20:1, from about 10:1 toabout 25:1, from about 10:1 to about 30:1, from about 10:1 to about35:1, from about 10:1 to about 40:1, from about 10:1 to about 45:1, fromabout 10:1 to about 50:1, from about 10:1 to about 55:1, from about 10:1to about 60:1, from about 10:1 to about 70:1, from about 15:1 to about20:1, from about 15:1 to about 25:1,from about 15:1 to about 30:1, fromabout 15:1 to about 35:1, from about 15:1 to about 40:1, from about 15:1to about 45:1, from about 15:1 to about 50:1, from about 15:1 to about55:1, from about 15:1 to about 60:1 or from about 15:1 to about 70:1.

In one embodiment, the lipid nanoparticles described herein may comprisethe polynucleotide in a concentration from approximately 0.1 mg/ml to 2mg/ml such as, but not limited to, 0.1 mg/ml, 0.2 mg/ml, 0.3 mg/ml, 0.4mg/ml, 0.5 mg/ml, 0.6 mg/ml, 0.7 mg/ml, 0.8 mg/ml, 0.9 mg/ml, 1.0 mg/ml,1.1 mg/ml, 1.2 mg/ml, 1.3 mg/ml, 1.4 mg/ml, 1.5 mg/ml, 1.6 mg/ml, 1.7mg/ml, 1.8 mg/ml, 1.9 mg/ml, 2.0 mg/ml or greater than 2.0 mg/ml.

In one embodiment, formulations comprising the polynucleotides and lipidnanoparticles described herein may comprise 0.15 mg/ml to 2 mg/ml of thepolynucleotide described herein (e.g., mRNA). In some embodiments, theformulation may further comprise 10 mM of citrate buffer and theformulation may additionally comprise up to 10% w/w of sucrose (e.g., atleast 1% w/w, at least 2% w/w/, at least 3% w/w, at least 4% w/w, atleast 5% w/w, at least 6% w/w, at least 7% w/w, at least 8% w/w, atleast 9% w/w or 10% w/w).

Nanoparticle Compositions

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed hereinare formulated as lipid nanoparticles (LNP). Accordingly, the presentdisclosure also provides nanoparticle compositions comprising (i) alipid composition comprising a delivery agent such as a compound offormula (I) as described herein, and (ii) a polynucleotide comprising anmRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an IL-18 polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an OX40L polypeptide, or any combination thereof. In suchnanoparticle composition, the lipid composition disclosed herein canencapsulate the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-18 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anOX40L polypeptide, or any combination thereof.

In one particular embodiment, (i) the polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an IL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising anmRNA encoding an IL-18 polypeptide, and the polynucleotide comprising anmRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide are encapsulated separately (i.e., intwo populations of nanoparticles). In another particular embodiment, thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide,the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-18 polypeptide, andthe polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide areencapsulated separately (i.e., in three populations of nanoparticles).In one particular embodiment, (i) the polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an IL-23 polypeptide and the polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, or the polynucleotide comprising anmRNA encoding an IL-18 polypeptide, (ii) the polynucleotide comprisingan mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide and the polynucleotide comprisingan mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide, or (iii) the polynucleotidecomprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide and the polynucleotidecomprising an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide are encapsulatedtogether (i.e., in a single population of nanoparticles). In anotherparticular embodiment, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide or the polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an L-18 polypeptide, and the polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an OX40L polypeptide are encapsulated together (i.e., in asingle population of nanoparticles).

Nanoparticle compositions are typically sized on the order ofmicrometers or smaller and may include a lipid bilayer. Nanoparticlecompositions encompass lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), liposomes (e.g.,lipid vesicles), and lipoplexes. For example, a nanoparticle compositionmay be a liposome having a lipid bilayer with a diameter of 500 nm orless.

Nanoparticle compositions include, for example, lipid nanoparticles(LNPs), liposomes, and lipoplexes. In some embodiments, nanoparticlecompositions are vesicles including one or more lipid bilayers. Incertain embodiments, a nanoparticle composition includes two or moreconcentric bilayers separated by aqueous compartments. Lipid bilayersmay be functionalized and/or crosslinked to one another. Lipid bilayersmay include one or more ligands, proteins, or channels.

Nanoparticle compositions of the present disclosure comprise at leastone compound according to formula (I). For example, the nanoparticlecomposition can include one or more of Compounds 1-147, or one or moreof Compounds 1-232. Nanoparticle compositions can also include a varietyof other components. For example, the nanoparticle composition mayinclude one or more other lipids in addition to a lipid according toformula (I), (II), or (IIa)-(IId), such as (i) at least onephospholipid, (ii) at least one quaternary amine compound, (iii) atleast one structural lipid, (iv) at least one PEG-lipid, or (v) anycombination thereof.

In some embodiments, the nanoparticle composition comprises a compoundof formula (I) (e.g., Compounds 18, 25, 26 or 48). In some embodiments,the nanoparticle composition comprises a compound of formula (I) (e.g.,Compounds 18, 25, 26 or 48) and a phospholipid (e.g., DSPC or MSPC). Insome embodiments, the nanoparticle composition comprises a compound offormula (I) (e.g., Compounds 18, 25, 26 or 48), a phospholipid (e.g.,DSPC or MSPC), and a quaternary amine compound (e.g., DOTAP). In someembodiments, the nanoparticle composition comprises a compound offormula (I) (e.g., Compounds 18, 25, 26 or 48), and a quaternary aminecompound (e.g., DOTAP).

In some embodiments, the nanoparticle composition comprises a lipidcomposition consisting or consisting essentially of compound of formula(I) (e.g., Compounds 18, 25, 26 or 48). In some embodiments, thenanoparticle composition comprises a lipid composition consisting orconsisting essentially of a compound of formula (I) (e.g., Compounds 18,25, 26 or 48) and a phospholipid (e.g., DSPC or MSPC). In someembodiments, the nanoparticle composition comprises a lipid compositionconsisting or consisting essentially of a compound of formula (I) (e.g.,Compounds 18, 25, 26 or 48), a phospholipid (e.g., DSPC or MSPC), and aquaternary amine compound (e.g., DOTAP). In some embodiments, thenanoparticle composition comprises a lipid composition consisting orconsisting essentially of a compound of formula (I) (e.g., Compounds 18,25, 26 or 48), and a quaternary amine compound (e.g., DOTAP).

In one embodiment, the nanoparticle composition comprises (1) a lipidcomposition comprising about 50 mole % of a compound of formula (I)(e.g., Compounds 18, 25, 26 or 48); about 10 mole % of DSPC or MSPC;about 33.5 mole % of cholesterol; about 1.5 mole % of PEG-DMG (e.g.,PEG₂k-DMG); about 5 mole % of DOTAP; and (2) a polynucleotide.

In one embodiment, the nanoparticle composition comprises (1) a lipidcomposition comprising about 50 mole % of a compound of formula (I)(e.g., Compounds 18, 25, 26 or 48); about 10 mole % of DSPC or MSPC;about 28.5 mole % of cholesterol; about 1.5 mole % of PEG-DMG (e.g.,PEG₂k-DMG); about 10 mole % of DOTAP; and (2) a polynucleotide.

In one embodiment, the nanoparticle composition comprises (1) a lipidcomposition comprising about 50 mole % of a compound of formula (I)(e.g., Compounds 18, 25, 26 or 48); about 10 mole % of DSPC or MSPC;about 23.5 mole % of cholesterol; about 1.5 mole % of PEG-DMG (e.g.,PEG₂k-DMG); about 15 mole % of DOTAP; and (2) a polynucleotide.

As generally defined herein, the term “lipid” refers to a small moleculethat has hydrophobic or amphiphilic properties. Lipids may be naturallyoccurring or synthetic. Examples of classes of lipids include, but arenot limited to, fats, waxes, sterol-containing metabolites, vitamins,fatty acids, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids,saccharolipids, and polyketides, and prenol lipids. In some instances,the amphiphilic properties of some lipids leads them to form liposomes,vesicles, or membranes in aqueous media.

In some embodiments, a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) may comprise anionizable lipid. As used herein, the term “ionizable lipid” has itsordinary meaning in the art and may refer to a lipid comprising one ormore charged moieties. In some embodiments, an ionizable lipid may bepositively charged or negatively charged. An ionizable lipid may bepositively charged, in which case it can be referred to as “cationiclipid”. For example, an ionizable molecule may comprise an amine group,referred to as ionizable amino lipids. As used herein, a “chargedmoiety” is a chemical moiety that carries a formal electronic charge,e.g., monovalent (+1, or −1), divalent (+2, or −2), trivalent (+3, or−3), etc. The charged moiety may be anionic (i.e., negatively charged)or cationic (i.e., positively charged). Examples of positively-chargedmoieties include amine groups (e.g., primary, secondary, and/or tertiaryamines), ammonium groups, pyridinium group, guanidine groups, andimidizolium groups. In a particular embodiment, the charged moietiescomprise amine groups. Examples of negatively-charged groups orprecursors thereof, include carboxylate groups, sulfonate groups,sulfate groups, phosphonate groups, phosphate groups, hydroxyl groups,and the like. The charge of the charged moiety may vary, in some cases,with the environmental conditions, for example, changes in pH may alterthe charge of the moiety, and/or cause the moiety to become charged oruncharged. In general, the charge density of the molecule may beselected as desired.

It should be understood that the terms “charged” or “charged moiety”does not refer to a “partial negative charge” or “partial positivecharge” on a molecule. The terms “partial negative charge” and “partialpositive charge” are given its ordinary meaning in the art. A “partialnegative charge” may result when a functional group comprises a bondthat becomes polarized such that electron density is pulled toward oneatom of the bond, creating a partial negative charge on the atom. Thoseof ordinary skill in the art will, in general, recognize bonds that canbecome polarized in this way.

In some embodiments, the ionizable lipid is an ionizable amino lipid,sometimes referred to in the art as an “ionizable cationic lipid”. Inone embodiment, the ionizable amino lipid may have a positively chargedhydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail that are connected via a linkerstructure.

Nanoparticle compositions may be characterized by a variety of methods.For example, microscopy (e.g., transmission electron microscopy orscanning electron microscopy) may be used to examine the morphology andsize distribution of a nanoparticle composition. Dynamic lightscattering or potentiometry (e.g., potentiometric titrations) may beused to measure zeta potentials. Dynamic light scattering may also beutilized to determine particle sizes. Instruments such as the ZetasizerNano ZS (Malvern Instruments Ltd, Malvern, Worcestershire, UK) may alsobe used to measure multiple characteristics of a nanoparticlecomposition, such as particle size, polydispersity index, and zetapotential.

The size of the nanoparticles can help counter biological reactions suchas, but not limited to, inflammation, or can increase the biologicaleffect of the polynucleotide.

As used herein, “size” or “mean size” in the context of nanoparticlecompositions refers to the mean diameter of a nanoparticle composition.

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, and the polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an OX40L polypeptide are formulated in lipid nanoparticles. Insome aspects, the lipid nanoparticles have a diameter from about 10 toabout 100 nm such as, but not limited to, about 10 to about 20 nm, about10 to about 30 nm, about 10 to about 40 nm, about 10 to about 50 nm,about 10 to about 60 nm, about 10 to about 70 nm, about 10 to about 80nm, about 10 to about 90 nm, about 20 to about 30 nm, about 20 to about40 nm, about 20 to about 50 nm, about 20 to about 60 nm, about 20 toabout 70 nm, about 20 to about 80 nm, about 20 to about 90 nm, about 20to about 100 nm, about 30 to about 40 nm, about 30 to about 50 nm, about30 to about 60 nm, about 30 to about 70 nm, about 30 to about 80 nm,about 30 to about 90 nm, about 30 to about 100 nm, about 40 to about 50nm, about 40 to about 60 nm, about 40 to about 70 nm, about 40 to about80 nm, about 40 to about 90 nm, about 40 to about 100 nm, about 50 toabout 60 nm, about 50 to about 70 nm, about 50 to about 80 nm, about 50to about 90 nm, about 50 to about 100 nm, about 60 to about 70 nm, about60 to about 80 nm, about 60 to about 90 nm, about 60 to about 100 nm,about 70 to about 80 nm, about 70 to about 90 nm, about 70 to about 100nm, about 80 to about 90 nm, about 80 to about 100 nm and/or about 90 toabout 100 nm.

In one embodiment, the nanoparticles have a diameter from about 10 to500 nm. In one embodiment, the nanoparticle has a diameter greater than100 nm, greater than 150 nm, greater than 200 nm, greater than 250 nm,greater than 300 nm, greater than 350 nm, greater than 400 nm, greaterthan 450 nm, greater than 500 nm, greater than 550 nm, greater than 600nm, greater than 650 nm, greater than 700 nm, greater than 750 nm,greater than 800 nm, greater than 850 nm, greater than 900 nm, greaterthan 950 nm or greater than 1000 nm.

In some embodiments, the largest dimension of a nanoparticle compositionis 1 m or shorter (e.g., 1 m, 900 nm, 800 nm, 700 nm, 600 nm, 500 nm,400 nm, 300 nm, 200 nm, 175 nm, 150 nm, 125 nm, 100 nm, 75 nm, 50 nm, orshorter).

A nanoparticle composition may be relatively homogenous. Apolydispersity index may be used to indicate the homogeneity of ananoparticle composition, e.g., the particle size distribution of thenanoparticle composition. A small (e.g., less than 0.3) polydispersityindex generally indicates a narrow particle size distribution. Ananoparticle composition may have a polydispersity index from about 0 toabout 0.25, such as 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08,0.09, 0.10, 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.19, 0.20,0.21, 0.22, 0.23, 0.24, or 0.25. In some embodiments, the polydispersityindex of a nanoparticle composition disclosed herein may be from about0.10 to about 0.20.

The zeta potential of a nanoparticle composition may be used to indicatethe electrokinetic potential of the composition. For example, the zetapotential may describe the surface charge of a nanoparticle composition.Nanoparticle compositions with relatively low charges, positive ornegative, are generally desirable, as more highly charged species mayinteract undesirably with cells, tissues, and other elements in thebody. In some embodiments, the zeta potential of a nanoparticlecomposition disclosed herein may be from about −10 mV to about +20 mV,from about −10 mV to about +15 mV, from about 10 mV to about +10 mV,from about −10 mV to about +5 mV, from about −10 mV to about 0 mV, fromabout −10 mV to about −5 mV, from about −5 mV to about +20 mV, fromabout −5 mV to about +15 mV, from about −5 mV to about +10 mV, fromabout −5 mV to about +5 mV, from about −5 mV to about 0 mV, from about 0mV to about +20 mV, from about 0 mV to about +15 mV, from about 0 mV toabout +10 mV, from about 0 mV to about +5 mV, from about +5 mV to about+20 mV, from about +5 mV to about +15 mV, or from about +5 mV to about+10 mV.

In some embodiments, the zeta potential of the lipid nanoparticles maybe from about 0 mV to about 100 mV, from about 0 mV to about 90 mV, fromabout 0 mV to about 80 mV, from about 0 mV to about 70 mV, from about 0mV to about 60 mV, from about 0 mV to about 50 mV, from about 0 mV toabout 40 mV, from about 0 mV to about 30 mV, from about 0 mV to about 20mV, from about 0 mV to about 10 mV, from about 10 mV to about 100 mV,from about 10 mV to about 90 mV, from about 10 mV to about 80 mV, fromabout 10 mV to about 70 mV, from about 10 mV to about 60 mV, from about10 mV to about 50 mV, from about 10 mV to about 40 mV, from about 10 mVto about 30 mV, from about 10 mV to about 20 mV, from about 20 mV toabout 100 mV, from about 20 mV to about 90 mV, from about 20 mV to about80 mV, from about 20 mV to about 70 mV, from about 20 mV to about 60 mV,from about 20 mV to about 50 mV, from about 20 mV to about 40 mV, fromabout 20 mV to about 30 mV, from about 30 mV to about 100 mV, from about30 mV to about 90 mV, from about 30 mV to about 80 mV, from about 30 mVto about 70 mV, from about 30 mV to about 60 mV, from about 30 mV toabout 50 mV, from about 30 mV to about 40 mV, from about 40 mV to about100 mV, from about 40 mV to about 90 mV, from about 40 mV to about 80mV, from about 40 mV to about 70 mV, from about 40 mV to about 60 mV,and from about 40 mV to about 50 mV. In some embodiments, the zetapotential of the lipid nanoparticles may be from about 10 mV to about 50mV, from about 15 mV to about 45 mV, from about 20 mV to about 40 mV,and from about 25 mV to about 35 mV. In some embodiments, the zetapotential of the lipid nanoparticles may be about 10 mV, about 20 mV,about 30 mV, about 40 mV, about 50 mV, about 60 mV, about 70 mV, about80 mV, about 90 mV, and about 100 mV.

The term “encapsulation efficiency” of a polynucleotide describes theamount of the polynucleotide that is encapsulated by or otherwiseassociated with a nanoparticle composition after preparation, relativeto the initial amount provided. As used herein, “encapsulation” mayrefer to complete, substantial, or partial enclosure, confinement,surrounding, or encasement.

Encapsulation efficiency is desirably high (e.g., close to 100%). Theencapsulation efficiency may be measured, for example, by comparing theamount of the polynucleotide in a solution containing the nanoparticlecomposition before and after breaking up the nanoparticle compositionwith one or more organic solvents or detergents.

Fluorescence may be used to measure the amount of free polynucleotide ina solution. For the nanoparticle compositions described herein, theencapsulation efficiency of a polynucleotide may be at least 50%, forexample 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%,95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%. In some embodiments, the encapsulationefficiency may be at least 80%. In certain embodiments, theencapsulation efficiency may be at least 90%.

The amount of a polynucleotide present in a pharmaceutical compositiondisclosed herein can depend on multiple factors such as the size of thepolynucleotide, desired target and/or application, or other propertiesof the nanoparticle composition as well as on the properties of thepolynucleotide.

For example, the amount of an mRNA useful in a nanoparticle compositionmay depend on the size (expressed as length, or molecular mass),sequence, and other characteristics of the mRNA. The relative amounts ofa polynucleotide in a nanoparticle composition may also vary.

The relative amounts of the lipid composition and the polynucleotidepresent in a lipid nanoparticle composition of the present disclosurecan be optimized according to considerations of efficacy andtolerability. For compositions including an mRNA as a polynucleotide,the N:P ratio can serve as a useful metric.

As the N:P ratio of a nanoparticle composition controls both expressionand tolerability, nanoparticle compositions with low N:P ratios andstrong expression are desirable. N:P ratios vary according to the ratioof lipids to RNA in a nanoparticle composition.

In general, a lower N:P ratio is preferred. The one or more RNA, lipids,and amounts thereof may be selected to provide an N:P ratio from about2:1 to about 30:1, such as 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1,12:1, 14:1, 16:1, 18:1, 20:1, 22:1, 24:1, 26:1, 28:1, or 30:1. Incertain embodiments, the N:P ratio may be from about 2:1 to about 8:1.In other embodiments, the N:P ratio is from about 5:1 to about 8:1. Incertain embodiments, the N:P ratio is between 5:1 and 6:1. In onespecific aspect, the N:P ratio is about is about 5.67:1.

In addition to providing nanoparticle compositions, the presentdisclosure also provides methods of producing lipid nanoparticlescomprising encapsulating a polynucleotide. Such method comprises usingany of the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein and producinglipid nanoparticles in accordance with methods of production of lipidnanoparticles known in the art. See, e.g., Wang (et al. 2015) Adv. DrugDeliv. Rev. 87:68-80; Silva et al. (2015) Curr. Pharm. Technol. 16:940-954; Naseri et al. (2015) Adv. Pharm. Bull. 5:305-13; Silva et al.(2015) Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 16:291-302, and references citedtherein.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide of the disclosure is formulatedin a lipid nanoparticle, wherein the polynucleotide comprises an mRNAdisclosed in TABLE 1. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide of thedisclosure is formulated in a lipid nanoparticle, wherein thepolynucleotide comprises a sequence set forth in TABLE 1.

Lipid nanoparticle formulations typically comprise a lipid, inparticular, an ionizable amino lipid, for example,2,2-dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminoethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane (DLin-KC2-DMA),dilinoleyl-methyl-4-dimethylaminobutyrate (DLin-MC3-DMA), ordi((Z)-non-2-en-1-yl)9-((4-(dimethylamino)butanoyl)oxy)heptadecanedioate (L319), and furthercomprise a neutral lipid, a sterol and a molecule capable of reducingparticle aggregation, for example a PEG or PEG-modified lipid.

In one embodiment, the lipid nanoparticle formulation consistsessentially of (i) at least one lipid selected from the group consistingof 2,2-dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminoethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane (DLin-KC2-DMA),dilinoleyl-methyl-4-dimethylaminobutyrate (DLin-MC3-DMA), anddi((Z)-non-2-en-1-yl)9-((4-(dimethylamino)butanoyl)oxy)heptadecanedioate (L319); (ii) aneutral lipid selected from DSPC, DPPC, POPC, DOPE and SM; (iii) asterol, e.g., cholesterol; and (iv) a PEG-lipid, e.g., PEG-DMG orPEG-cDMA, in a molar ratio of about 20-60% ionizable amino lipid: 5-25%neutral lipid: 25-55% sterol; 0.5-15% PEG-lipid.

In one embodiment, the formulation includes from about 25% to about 75%on a molar basis of a ionizable amino lipid selected from2,2-dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminoethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane (DLin-KC2-DMA),dilinoleyl-methyl-4-dimethylaminobutyrate (DLin-MC3-DMA), anddi((Z)-non-2-en-1-yl)9-((4-(dimethylamino)butanoyl)oxy)heptadecanedioate (L319), e.g., fromabout 35 to about 65%, from about 45 to about 65%, about 60%, about57.5%, about 50% or about 40% on a molar basis.

In one embodiment, the formulation includes from about 0.5% to about 15%on a molar basis of the neutral lipid, e.g., from about 3 to about 12%,from about 5 to about 10% or about 15%, about 10%, or about 7.5% on amolar basis. Exemplary neutral lipids include, but are not limited to,DSPC, POPC, DPPC, DOPE and SM. In one embodiment, the formulationincludes from about 5% to about 50% on a molar basis of the sterol(e.g., about 15 to about 45%, about 20 to about 40%, about 40%, about38.5%, about 35%, or about 31% on a molar basis. An exemplary sterol ischolesterol. In one embodiment, the formulation includes from about 0.5%to about 20% on a molar basis of the PEG or PEG-modified lipid (e.g.,about 0.5 to about 10%, about 0.5 to about 5%, about 1.5%, about 0.5%,about 1.5%, about 3.5%, or about 5% on a molar basis. In one embodiment,the PEG or PEG modified lipid comprises a PEG molecule of an averagemolecular weight of 2,000 Da. In other embodiments, the PEG or PEGmodified lipid comprises a PEG molecule of an average molecular weightof less than 2,000, for example around 1,500 Da, around 1,000 Da, oraround 500 Da. Exemplary PEG-modified lipids include, but are notlimited to, PEG-distearoyl glycerol (PEG-DMG) (also referred herein asPEG-C14 or C14-PEG), PEG-cDMA (further discussed in Reyes et al. (2005)J. Controlled Release 107:276-287).

In one embodiment, the formulations of the disclosure include 25-75% ofa ionizable amino lipid selected from2,2-dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminoethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane (DLin-KC2-DMA),dilinoleyl-methyl-4-dimethylaminobutyrate (DLin-MC3-DMA), anddi((Z)-non-2-en-1-yl)9-((4-(dimethylamino)butanoyl)oxy)heptadecanedioate (L319), 0.5-15% ofthe neutral lipid, 5-50% of the sterol, and 0.5-20% of the PEG orPEG-modified lipid on a molar basis.

In one embodiment, the formulations of the disclosure include 35-65% ofa ionizable amino lipid selected from2,2-dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminoethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane (DLin-KC2-DMA),dilinoleyl-methyl-4-dimethylaminobutyrate (DLin-MC3-DMA), anddi((Z)-non-2-en-1-yl)9-((4-(dimethylamino)butanoyl)oxy)heptadecanedioate (L319), 3-12% of theneutral lipid, 15-45% of the sterol, and 0.5-10% of the PEG orPEG-modified lipid on a molar basis.

In one embodiment, the formulations of the disclosure include 45-65% ofa ionizable amino lipid selected from2,2-dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminoethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane (DLin-KC2-DMA),dilinoleyl-methyl-4-dimethylaminobutyrate (DLin-MC3-DMA), anddi((Z)-non-2-en-1-yl)9-((4-(dimethylamino)butanoyl)oxy)heptadecanedioate (L319), 5-10% of theneutral lipid, 25-40% of the sterol, and 0.5-10% of the PEG orPEG-modified lipid on a molar basis.

In one embodiment, the formulations of the disclosure include about 60%of a ionizable amino lipid selected from2,2-dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminoethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane (DLin-KC2-DMA),dilinoleyl-methyl-4-dimethylaminobutyrate (DLin-MC3-DMA), anddi((Z)-non-2-en-1-yl)9-((4-(dimethylamino)butanoyl)oxy)heptadecanedioate (L319), about 7.5%of the neutral lipid, about 31% of the sterol, and about 1.5% of the PEGor PEG-modified lipid on a molar basis.

In one embodiment, the formulations of the disclosure include about 50%of a ionizable amino lipid selected from2,2-dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminoethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane (DLin-KC2-DMA),dilinoleyl-methyl-4-dimethylaminobutyrate (DLin-MC3-DMA), anddi((Z)-non-2-en-1-yl)9-((4-(dimethylamino)butanoyl)oxy)heptadecanedioate (L319), about 10% ofthe neutral lipid, about 38.5% of the sterol, and about 1.5% of the PEGor PEG-modified lipid on a molar basis.

In one embodiment, the formulations of the disclosure include about 50%of a ionizable amino lipid selected from2,2-dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminoethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane (DLin-KC2-DMA),dilinoleyl-methyl-4-dimethylaminobutyrate (DLin-MC3-DMA), anddi((Z)-non-2-en-1-yl)9-((4-(dimethylamino)butanoyl)oxy)heptadecanedioate (L319), about 10% ofthe neutral lipid, about 35% of the sterol, about 4.5% or about 5% ofthe PEG or PEG-modified lipid, and about 0.5% of the targeting lipid ona molar basis.

In one embodiment, the formulations of the disclosure include about 40%of a ionizable amino lipid selected from2,2-dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminoethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane (DLin-KC2-DMA),dilinoleyl-methyl-4-dimethylaminobutyrate (DLin-MC3-DMA), anddi((Z)-non-2-en-1-yl)9-((4-(dimethylamino)butanoyl)oxy)heptadecanedioate (L319), about 15% ofthe neutral lipid, about 40% of the sterol, and about 5% of the PEG orPEG-modified lipid on a molar basis.

In one embodiment, the formulations of the disclosure include about57.2% of a ionizable amino lipid selected from2,2-dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminoethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane (DLin-KC2-DMA),dilinoleyl-methyl-4-dimethylaminobutyrate (DLin-MC3-DMA), anddi((Z)-non-2-en-1-yl)9-((4-(dimethylamino)butanoyl)oxy)heptadecanedioate (L319), about 7.1%of the neutral lipid, about 34.3% of the sterol, and about 1.4% of thePEG or PEG-modified lipid on a molar basis.

In one embodiment, the formulations of the disclosure include about57.5% of a ionizable amino lipid selected from the PEG lipid is PEG-cDMA(PEG-cDMA is further discussed in Reyes et al. (2005) J. ControlledRelease 107:276-287, about 7.5% of the neutral lipid, about 31.5% of thesterol, and about 3.5% of the PEG or PEG-modified lipid on a molarbasis.

In some embodiments, lipid nanoparticle formulation consists essentiallyof a lipid mixture in molar ratios of about 20-70% ionizable aminolipid: 5-45% neutral lipid: 20-55% cholesterol: 0.5-15% PEG-modifiedlipid; e.g., in a molar ratio of about 20-60% ionizable amino lipid:5-25% neutral lipid: 25-55% cholesterol: 0.5-15% PEG-modified lipid.

In particular embodiments, the molar lipid ratio is approximately50/10/38.5/1.5 (mol % ionizable amino lipid/neutral lipid, e.g.,DSPC/Chol/PEG-modified lipid, e.g., PEG-DMG, PEG-DSG or PEG-DPG),57.2/7.1134.3/1.4 (mol % ionizable amino lipid/neutral lipid, e.g.,DPPC/Chol/PEG-modified lipid, e.g., PEG-cDMA), 40/15/40/5 (mol %ionizable amino lipid/neutral lipid, e.g., DSPC/Chol/PEG-modified lipid,e.g., PEG-DMG), 50/10/35/4.5/0.5 (mol % ionizable amino lipid/neutrallipid, e.g., DSPC/Chol/PEG-modified lipid, e.g., PEG-DSG), 50/10/35/5(ionizable amino lipid/neutral lipid, e.g., DSPC/Chol/PEG-modifiedlipid, e.g., PEG-DMG), 40/10/40/10 (mol % ionizable amino lipid/neutrallipid, e.g., DSPC/Chol/PEG-modified lipid, e.g., PEG-DMG or PEG-cDMA),35/15/40/10 (mol % ionizable amino lipid/neutral lipid, e.g.,DSPC/Chol/PEG-modified lipid, e.g., PEG-DMG or PEG-cDMA) or 52/13/30/5(mol % ionizable amino lipid/neutral lipid, e.g., DSPC/Chol/PEG-modifiedlipid, e.g., PEG-DMG or PEG-cDMA).

Exemplary lipid nanoparticle compositions and methods of making same aredescribed, for example, in Semple et al. (2010) Nat. Biotechnol.28:172-176; Jayarama et al. (2012) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51:8529-8533;and Maier et al. (2013) Molecular Therapy 21:570-1578.

In one embodiment, the lipid nanoparticle formulations described hereincomprise a ionizable amino lipid, a PEG lipid and a structural lipid andoptionally comprise a non-cationic lipid. As a non-limiting example, thelipid nanoparticle comprises about 40-60% of ionizable amino lipid,about 5-15% of a non-cationic lipid, about 1-2% of a PEG lipid and about30-50% of a structural lipid. As another non-limiting example, the lipidnanoparticle comprises about 50% ionizable amino lipid, about 10%non-cationic lipid, about 1.5% PEG lipid and about 38.5% structurallipid. As yet another non-limiting example, the lipid nanoparticlecomprises about 55% ionizable amino lipid, about 10% non-cationic lipid,about 2.5% PEG lipid and about 32.5% structural lipid. In oneembodiment, the ionizable amino lipid is any ionizable amino lipiddescribed herein such as, but not limited to, DLin-KC2-DMA, DLin-MC3-DMAand L319.

In one embodiment, the lipid nanoparticle formulations described hereinare 4 component lipid nanoparticles. The lipid nanoparticle can comprisea ionizable amino lipid, a non-cationic lipid, a PEG lipid and astructural lipid. As a non-limiting example, the lipid nanoparticle cancomprise about 40-60% of ionizable amino lipid, about 5-15% of anon-cationic lipid, about 1-2% of a PEG lipid and about 30-50% of astructural lipid. As another non-limiting example, the lipidnanoparticle can comprise about 50% ionizable amino lipid, about 10%non-cationic lipid, about 1.5% PEG lipid and about 38.5% structurallipid. As yet another non-limiting example, the lipid nanoparticle cancomprise about 55% ionizable amino lipid, about 10% non-cationic lipid,about 2.5% PEG lipid and about 32.5% structural lipid. In oneembodiment, the ionizable amino lipid can be any ionizable amino lipiddescribed herein such as, but not limited to, DLin-KC2-DMA, DLin-MC3-DMAand L319.

In one embodiment, the lipid nanoparticle formulations described hereincomprise a ionizable amino lipid, a non-cationic lipid, a PEG lipid anda structural lipid. As a non-limiting example, the lipid nanoparticlecomprise about 50% of the ionizable amino lipid DLin-KC2-DMA, about 10%of the non-cationic lipid DSPC, about 1.5% of the PEG lipid PEG-DOMG andabout 38.5% of the structural lipid cholesterol. As a non-limitingexample, the lipid nanoparticle comprise about 50% of the ionizableamino lipid DLin-MC3-DMA, about 10% of the non-cationic lipid DSPC,about 1.5% of the PEG lipid PEG-DOMG and about 38.5% of the structurallipid cholesterol. As a non-limiting example, the lipid nanoparticlecomprise about 50% of the ionizable amino lipid DLin-MC3-DMA, about 10%of the non-cationic lipid DSPC, about 1.5% of the PEG lipid PEG-DMG andabout 38.5% of the structural lipid cholesterol. As yet anothernon-limiting example, the lipid nanoparticle comprise about 55% of theionizable amino lipid L319, about 10% of the non-cationic lipid DSPC,about 2.5% of the PEG lipid PEG-DMG and about 32.5% of the structurallipid cholesterol.

In one embodiment, the lipid is a cleavable lipid such as thosedescribed in International Publication No. WO2012170889. In anotherembodiment, the lipid is a cationic lipid such as, but not limited to,Formula (I) of U.S. Patent Application No. US20130064894.

In one embodiment, the lipid is synthesized by methods known in the artand/or as described in International Publication Nos. WO2012040184,WO2011153120, WO2011149733, WO2011090965, WO2011043913, WO2011022460,WO2012061259, WO2012054365, WO2012044638, WO2010080724, WO201021865,WO2013086373 and WO2013086354.

In another embodiment, the cationic lipid is a trialkyl cationic lipid.Non-limiting examples of trialkyl cationic lipids and methods of makingand using the trialkyl cationic lipids are described in InternationalPatent Publication No. WO2013126803.

In one embodiment, the LNP formulations of the polynucleotides containPEG-c-DOMG at 3% lipid molar ratio. In another embodiment, the LNPformulations of the polynucleotides contains PEG-c-DOMG at 1.5% lipidmolar ratio.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions of the polynucleotidecomprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotidecomprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, and/or thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide includeat least one of the PEGylated lipids described in InternationalPublication No. WO2012099755.

In one embodiment, the LNP formulation contains PEG-DMG 2000(1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phophoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethyleneglycol)-2000). In one embodiment, the LNP formulation can containPEG-DMG 2000, a ionizable amino lipid known in the art and at least oneother component. In another embodiment, the LNP formulation containsPEG-DMG 2000, a ionizable amino lipid known in the art, DSPC andcholesterol. As a non-limiting example, the LNP formulation containsPEG-DMG 2000, DLin-DMA, DSPC and cholesterol. As another non-limitingexample the LNP formulation contains PEG-DMG 2000, DLin-DMA, DSPC andcholesterol in a molar ratio of 2:40:10:48 (see, e.g., Geall et al.(2012) Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 109:14604-9).

In one embodiment, the LNP formulation is formulated by the methodsdescribed in International Publication Nos. WO2011127255 orWO2008103276. As a non-limiting example, the polynucleotide comprisingan mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising anmRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, and/or the polynucleotidecomprising an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide described herein areencapsulated in LNP formulations as described in WO2011127255 and/orWO2008103276; see also, U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. Nos. US20130037977 andUS20100015218, which are herein incorporated by reference in theirentireties.

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, and/or the polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an OX40L polypeptide described herein are formulated in ananoparticle to be delivered by a parenteral route as described in U.S.Patent Application Publication No. US20120207845.

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, and/or the polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an OX40L polypeptide are formulated in a lipid nanoparticlemade by the methods described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No.US20130156845 or International Publication No. WO2013093648 orWO2012024526.

The lipid nanoparticles described herein can be made in a sterileenvironment by the system and/or methods described in U.S. PatentApplication Publication No. US20130164400.

In one embodiment, the LNP formulation is formulated in a nanoparticlesuch as a nucleic acid-lipid particle described in U.S. Pat. No.8,492,359. As a non-limiting example, the lipid particle comprises oneor more active agents or therapeutic agents; one or more ionizable aminolipids comprising from about 50 mol % to about 85 mol % of the totallipid present in the particle; one or more non-cationic lipidscomprising from about 13 mol % to about 49.5 mol % of the total lipidpresent in the particle; and one or more conjugated lipids that inhibitaggregation of particles comprising from about 0.5 mol % to about 2 mol% of the total lipid present in the particle. The nucleic acid in thenanoparticle can be the polynucleotides described herein and/or areknown in the art.

In one embodiment, the LNP formulation is formulated by the methodsdescribed in International Publication Nos. WO2011127255 orWO2008103276. As a non-limiting example, modified RNA described hereinis encapsulated in LNP formulations as described in WO2011127255 and/orWO2008103276.

In one embodiment, LNP formulations described herein comprise apolycationic composition. As a non-limiting example, the polycationiccomposition is selected from formula 1-60 of U.S. Patent Publication No.US20050222064. In another embodiment, the LNP formulations comprising apolycationic composition are used for the delivery of the modified RNAdescribed herein in vivo and/or in vitro.

In one embodiment, the LNP formulations described herein additionallycomprise a permeability enhancer molecule. Non-limiting permeabilityenhancer molecules are described in U.S. Patent Application PublicationNo. US20050222064.

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide pharmaceutical compositions areformulated in liposomes such as, but not limited to, DiLa2 liposomes(Marina Biotech, Bothell, Wash.), SMARTICLES® (Marina Biotech, Bothell,Wash.), neutral DOPC (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) basedliposomes (e.g., siRNA delivery for ovarian cancer (Landen et al. (2006)Cancer Biology & Therapy 5:1708-1713) and hyaluronan-coated liposomes(Quiet Therapeutics, Israel).

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, and the polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an OX40L polypeptide are formulated in a lyophilized gel-phaseliposomal composition as described in U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication No. US2012060293.

The nanoparticle formulations can comprise a phosphate conjugate. Thephosphate conjugate can increase in vivo circulation times and/orincrease the targeted delivery of the nanoparticle. Phosphate conjugatesfor use with the present disclosure can be made by the methods describedin International Application No. WO2013033438 or U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication No. US20130196948. As a non-limiting example, the phosphateconjugates can include a compound of any one of the formulas describedin International Application No. WO2013033438; see also, U.S. Pat. Appl.Publ. No. US20130066086.

The nanoparticle formulation can comprise a polymer conjugate. Thepolymer conjugate can be a water soluble conjugate. The polymerconjugate can have a structure as described in U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication No. 20130059360. In one embodiment, polymer conjugates withthe polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide,the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-18 polypeptide,and/or the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40Lpolypeptide of the present disclosure can be made using the methodsand/or segmented polymeric reagents described in U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication No. US20130072709. In another embodiment, the polymerconjugate can have pendant side groups comprising ring moieties such as,but not limited to, the polymer conjugates described in U.S. PatentApplication Publication No. US20130196948.

The nanoparticle formulations can comprise a conjugate to enhance thedelivery of nanoparticles of the present disclosure in a subject.Further, the conjugate can inhibit phagocytic clearance of thenanoparticles in a subject. In one embodiment, the conjugate is a “self”peptide designed from the human membrane protein CD47, e.g., the “self”particles described by Rodriguez et al. (2013) Science 339:971-975. Asshown by Rodriguez et al. the self peptides delayed macrophage-mediatedclearance of nanoparticles which enhanced delivery of the nanoparticles.In another embodiment, the conjugate is the membrane protein CD47. See,e.g., Rodriguez et al. (2013) Science 339:971-975. Rodriguez et al.showed that, similarly to “self” peptides, CD47 can increase thecirculating particle ratio in a subject as compared to scrambledpeptides and PEG coated nanoparticles.

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-18 polypeptide, and/or the polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an OX40L polypeptide of the present disclosure are formulatedin nanoparticles which comprise a conjugate to enhance the delivery ofthe nanoparticles of the present disclosure in a subject. The conjugatecan be the CD47 membrane or the conjugate can be derived from the CD47membrane protein, such as the “self” peptide described previously. Inanother aspect the nanoparticle can comprise PEG and a conjugate of CD47or a derivative thereof. In yet another aspect, the nanoparticlecomprises both the “self” peptide described above and the membraneprotein CD47.

In another aspect, a “self” peptide and/or CD47 protein is conjugated toa virus-like particle or pseudovirion, as described herein for deliveryof the polynucleotides of the present disclosure.

In another embodiment, pharmaceutical compositions comprising thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide,the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-18 polypeptide,and/or the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40Lpolypeptide of the present disclosure, can comprise a conjugate with adegradable linkage. Non-limiting examples of conjugates include anaromatic moiety comprising an ionizable hydrogen atom, a spacer moiety,and a water-soluble polymer. As a non-limiting example, pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising a conjugate with a degradable linkage andmethods for delivering such pharmaceutical compositions are described inU.S. Patent Application Publication No. US20130184443.

The nanoparticle formulations can be a carbohydrate nanoparticlecomprising a carbohydrate carrier and a polynucleotide. As anon-limiting example, the carbohydrate carrier includes, but is notlimited to, an anhydride-modified phytoglycogen or glycogen-typematerial, phtoglycogen octenyl succinate, phytoglycogen beta-dextrin,anhydride-modified phytoglycogen beta-dextrin. See, e.g., InternationalPublication No. WO2012109121; see also U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No.US20140066363.

Nanoparticle formulations of the present disclosure can be coated with asurfactant or polymer in order to improve the delivery of the particle.In one embodiment, the nanoparticle is coated with a hydrophilic coatingsuch as, but not limited to, PEG coatings and/or coatings that have aneutral surface charge. The hydrophilic coatings can help to delivernanoparticles with larger payloads such as, but not limited to,polynucleotides within the central nervous system. As a non-limitingexample nanoparticles comprising a hydrophilic coating and methods ofmaking such nanoparticles are described in U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication No. US20130183244.

In one embodiment, the lipid nanoparticles of the present disclosure arehydrophilic polymer particles. Non-limiting examples of hydrophilicpolymer particles and methods of making hydrophilic polymer particlesare described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US20130210991.

In another embodiment, the lipid nanoparticles of the present disclosureare hydrophobic polymer particles. Lipid nanoparticle formulations canbe improved by replacing the ionizable cationic lipid with abiodegradable ionizable cationic lipid which is known as a rapidlyeliminated lipid nanoparticle (reLNP). Ionizable cationic lipids, suchas, but not limited to, DLinDMA, DLin-KC2-DMA, and DLin-MC3-DMA, havebeen shown to accumulate in plasma and tissues over time and can be apotential source of toxicity. The rapid metabolism of the rapidlyeliminated lipids can improve the tolerability and therapeutic index ofthe lipid nanoparticles by an order of magnitude from a 1 mg/kg dose toa 10 mg/kg dose in rat. Inclusion of an enzymatically degraded esterlinkage can improve the degradation and metabolism profile of thecationic component, while still maintaining the activity of the reLNPformulation. The ester linkage can be internally located within thelipid chain or it can be terminally located at the terminal end of thelipid chain. The internal ester linkage can replace any carbon in thelipid chain.

In one embodiment, the internal ester linkage is located on either sideof the saturated carbon.

In one embodiment, an immune response is elicited by delivering a lipidnanoparticle which can include a nanospecies, a polymer and animmunogen. See, e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication No.US20120189700 and International Publication No. WO2012099805. Thepolymer can encapsulate the nanospecies or partially encapsulate thenanospecies. The immunogen can be a recombinant protein, a modified RNAand/or a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptidedescribed herein, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide or a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-18 polypeptide described herein, and/or a polynucleotidecomprising an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide described herein.

Lipid nanoparticles can be engineered to alter the surface properties ofparticles so the lipid nanoparticles can penetrate the mucosal barrier.Mucus is located on mucosal tissue such as, but not limited to, oral(e.g., the buccal and esophageal membranes and tonsil tissue),ophthalmic, gastrointestinal (e.g., stomach, small intestine, largeintestine, colon, rectum), nasal, respiratory (e.g., nasal, pharyngeal,tracheal and bronchial membranes), genital (e.g., vaginal, cervical andurethral membranes). Nanoparticles larger than 10-200 nm which arepreferred for higher drug encapsulation efficiency and the ability toprovide the sustained delivery of a wide array of drugs have beenthought to be too large to rapidly diffuse through mucosal barriers.Mucus is continuously secreted, shed, discarded or digested and recycledso most of the trapped particles can be removed from the mucosal tissuewithin seconds or within a few hours. Large polymeric nanoparticles (200nm-500 nm in diameter) which have been coated densely with a lowmolecular weight polyethylene glycol (PEG) diffused through mucus only 4to 6-fold lower than the same particles diffusing in water (Lai et al.(2007) Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 104:1482-487; Lai et al. (2009) Adv.Drug Deliv. Rev. 61:158-171). The transport of nanoparticles can bedetermined using rates of permeation and/or fluorescent microscopytechniques including, but not limited to, fluorescence recovery afterphotobleaching (FRAP) and high resolution multiple particle tracking(MPT). As a non-limiting example, compositions which can penetrate amucosal barrier can be made as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,241,670 orInternational Patent Publication No. WO2013110028 (see, also U.S. Pat.Appl. Publ. No. US20150297531).

The lipid nanoparticle engineered to penetrate mucus can comprise apolymeric material (i.e. a polymeric core) and/or a polymer-vitaminconjugate and/or a tri-block co-polymer. The polymeric material caninclude, but is not limited to, polyamines, polyethers, polyamides,polyesters, polycarbamates, polyureas, polycarbonates, poly(styrenes),polyimides, polysulfones, polyurethanes, polyacetylenes, polyethylenes,polyethyeneimines, polyisocyanates, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates,polyacrylonitriles, and polyarylates. The polymeric material can bebiodegradable and/or biocompatible. Non-limiting examples ofbiocompatible polymers are described in International Patent PublicationNo. WO2013116804; see also, U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. US20130203713,which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. The polymericmaterial can additionally be irradiated. As a non-limiting example, thepolymeric material can be gamma irradiated. See, e.g., InternationalApp. No. WO2012082165; see also, U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No.US20130101609, which is herein incorporated by reference in itsentirety.

Non-limiting examples of specific polymers include poly(caprolactone)(PCL), ethylene vinyl acetate polymer (EVA), poly(lactic acid) (PLA),poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA), poly(glycolic acid) (PGA), poly(lacticacid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), poly(L-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid)(PLLGA), poly(D,L-lactide) (PDLA), poly(L-lactide) (PLLA),poly(D,L-lactide-co-caprolactone),poly(D,L-lactide-co-caprolactone-co-glycolide),poly(D,L-lactide-co-PEO-co-D,L-lactide),poly(D,L-lactide-co-PPO-co-D,L-lactide), polyalkyl cyanoacralate,polyurethane, poly-L-lysine (PLL), hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA),polyethyleneglycol, poly-L-glutamic acid, poly(hydroxy acids),polyanhydrides, polyorthoesters, poly(ester amides), polyamides,poly(ester ethers), polycarbonates, polyalkylenes such as polyethyleneand polypropylene, polyalkylene glycols such as poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG), polyalkylene oxides (PEO), polyalkylene terephthalates such aspoly(ethylene terephthalate), polyvinyl alcohols (PVA), polyvinylethers, polyvinyl esters such as poly(vinyl acetate), polyvinyl halidessuch as poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), polyvinylpyrrolidone, polysiloxanes,polystyrene (PS), polyurethanes, derivatized celluloses such as alkylcelluloses, hydroxyalkyl celluloses, cellulose ethers, cellulose esters,nitro celluloses, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose,polymers of acrylic acids, such as poly(methyl(meth)acrylate) (PMMA),poly(ethyl(meth)acrylate), poly(butyl(meth)acrylate),poly(isobutyl(meth)acrylate), poly(hexyl(meth)acrylate),poly(isodecyl(meth)acrylate), poly(lauryl(meth)acrylate),poly(phenyl(meth)acrylate), poly(methyl acrylate), poly(isopropylacrylate), poly(isobutyl acrylate), poly(octadecyl acrylate) andcopolymers and mixtures thereof, polydioxanone and its copolymers,polyhydroxyalkanoates, polypropylene fumarate, polyoxymethylene,poloxamers, poly(ortho)esters, poly(butyric acid), poly(valeric acid),poly(lactide-co-caprolactone), PEG-PLGA-PEG and trimethylene carbonate,polyvinylpyrrolidone. The lipid nanoparticle can be coated or associatedwith a co-polymer such as, but not limited to, a block co-polymer (suchas a branched polyether-polyamide block copolymer described inInternational Publication No. WO2013012476), and (poly(ethyleneglycol))-(poly(propylene oxide))-(poly(ethylene glycol)) triblockcopolymer. See, e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos.US20120121718 and US20100003337, and U.S. Pat. No. 8,263,665.

The co-polymer can be a polymer that is generally regarded as safe(GRAS) and the formation of the lipid nanoparticle can be in such a waythat no new chemical entities are created. For example, the lipidnanoparticle can comprise poloxamers coating PLGA nanoparticles withoutforming new chemical entities which are still able to rapidly penetratehuman mucus. Yang et al. (2011) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50:2597-2600. Anon-limiting scalable method to produce nanoparticles which canpenetrate human mucus is described by Xu et al. (2013) J. ControlRelease 170:279-86.

The vitamin of the polymer-vitamin conjugate can be vitamin E. Thevitamin portion of the conjugate can be substituted with other suitablecomponents such as, but not limited to, vitamin A, vitamin E, othervitamins, cholesterol, a hydrophobic moiety, or a hydrophobic componentof other surfactants (e.g., sterol chains, fatty acids, hydrocarbonchains and alkylene oxide chains).

The lipid nanoparticle engineered to penetrate mucus can include surfacealtering agents such as, but not limited to, polynucleotides, anionicproteins (e.g., bovine serum albumin), surfactants (e.g., cationicsurfactants such as for example dimethyldioctadecyl-ammonium bromide),sugars or sugar derivatives (e.g., cyclodextrin), nucleic acids,polymers (e.g., heparin, polyethylene glycol and poloxamer), mucolyticagents (e.g., N-acetylcysteine, mugwort, bromelain, papain,clerodendrum, acetylcysteine, bromhexine, carbocysteine, eprazinone,mesna, ambroxol, sobrerol, domiodol, letosteine, stepronin, tiopronin,gelsolin, thymosin β4 dornase alfa, neltenexine, erdosteine) and variousDNases including rhDNase. The surface altering agent can be embedded orenmeshed in the particle's surface or disposed (e.g., by coating,adsorption, covalent linkage, or other process) on the surface of thelipid nanoparticle. See, e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos.US20100215580, US20080166414, and US20130164343.

In one embodiment, the mucus penetrating lipid nanoparticles comprisesat least one polynucleotide described herein. The polynucleotide can beencapsulated in the lipid nanoparticle and/or disposed on the surface ofthe particle. The polynucleotide can be covalently coupled to the lipidnanoparticle. Formulations of mucus penetrating lipid nanoparticles cancomprise a plurality of nanoparticles. Further, the formulations cancontain particles which can interact with the mucus and alter thestructural and/or adhesive properties of the surrounding mucus todecrease mucoadhesion which can increase the delivery of the mucuspenetrating lipid nanoparticles to the mucosal tissue.

In another embodiment, the mucus penetrating lipid nanoparticles are ahypotonic formulation comprising a mucosal penetration enhancingcoating. The formulation can be hypotonic for the epithelium to which itis being delivered. Non-limiting examples of hypotonic formulations canbe found in International Patent Publication No. WO2013110028; see alsoU.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. US20150297531, which is herein incorporated byreference in its entirety.

In one embodiment, in order to enhance the delivery through the mucosalbarrier the polynucleotide formulation comprises or is a hypotonicsolution. Hypotonic solutions were found to increase the rate at whichmucoinert particles such as, but not limited to, mucus-penetratingparticles, were able to reach the vaginal epithelial surface. See, e.g.,Ensign et al. (2013) Biomaterials 34:6922-9.

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide is formulated as a lipoplex, suchas, without limitation, the ATUPLEX™ system, the DACC system, the DBTCsystem and other siRNA-lipoplex technology from Silence Therapeutics(London, United Kingdom), STEMFECT™ from STEMGENT® (Cambridge, Mass.),and polyethylenimine (PEI) or protamine-based targeted and non-targeteddelivery of nucleic acids. See Aleku et al. (2008) Cancer Res.68:9788-9798; Strumberg et al. (2012) Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.50:76-78; Santel et al. (2006) Gene Ther. 13:1222-1234; Santel et al.(2006) Gene Ther. 13:1360-1370; Gutbier et al. (2010) Pulm. Pharmacol.Ther. 23:334-344; Kaufmann et al. (2010) Microvasc. Res. 80:286-293;Weide et al. (2009) J. Immunother. 32:498-507; Weide et al. (2008) J.Immunother. 31:180-188; Pascolo (2004) Expert Opin. Biol. Ther.4:1285-1294; Fotin-Mleczek et al. (2011) J. Immunother. 34:1-15; Song etal. (2005) Nature Biotechnol. 23:709-717; Peer et al. (2007) Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. USA 6:104:4095-4100; deFougerolles (2008) Hum. Gene Ther.19:125-132).

In one embodiment, such formulations are also constructed orcompositions altered such that they passively or actively are directedto different cell types in vivo, including but not limited tohepatocytes, immune cells, tumor cells, endothelial cells, antigenpresenting cells, and leukocytes (Akinc et al. (2010) Mol. Ther.18:1357-1364; Song et al. (2005) Nat. Biotechnol. 23:709-717; Judge etal. (2009) J. Clin. Invest. 119:661-673; Kaufmann et al. (2010)Microvasc. Res. 80:286-293; Santel et al. (2006) Gene Ther.13:1222-1234; Santel et al. (2006) Gene Ther. 13:1360-1370; Gutbier etal. (2010) Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther. 23:334-344; Basha et al. (2011) Mol.Ther. 19:2186-2200; Fenske and Cullis (2008) Expert Opin. Drug Deliv.5:25-44; Peer et al. (2008) Science 319:627-630; Peer and Lieberman(2011) Gene Ther. 18:1127-1133). One example of passive targeting offormulations to liver cells includes the DLin-DMA, DLin-KC2-DMA andDLin-MC3-DMA-based lipid nanoparticle formulations which have been shownto bind to apolipoprotein E and promote binding and uptake of theseformulations into hepatocytes in vivo (Akinc et al. (2010) Mol. Ther.18:1357-1364).

Formulations can also be selectively targeted through expression ofdifferent ligands on their surface as exemplified by, but not limitedby, folate, transferrin, N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), and antibodytargeted approaches. See, e.g., Kolhatkar et al., Curr Drug DiscovTechnol. 2011 8:197-206; Musacchio and Torchilin, Front Biosci. 201116:1388-1412; Yu et al., Mol Membr Biol. 2010 27:286-298; Patil et al.,Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 2008 25:1-61; Benoit et al.,Biomacromolecules. 2011 12:2708-2714; Zhao et al., Expert Opin DrugDeliv. 2008 5:309-319; Akinc et al., Mol Ther. 2010 18:1357-1364;Srinivasan et al., Methods Mol Biol. 2012 820:105-116; Ben-Arie et al.,Methods Mol Biol. 2012 757:497-507; Peer 2010 J Control Release.20:63-68; Peer et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007 104:4095-4100; Kimet al., Methods Mol Biol. 2011 721:339-353; Subramanya et al., Mol Ther.2010 18:2028-2037; Song et al., Nat Biotechnol. 2005 23:709-717; Peer etal., Science. 2008 319:627-630; and, Peer and Lieberman, Gene Ther. 201118:1127-1133; all of which are herein incorporated by reference in theirentireties.

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-18 polypeptide, and the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan OX40L polypeptide of the disclosure are formulated as a solid lipidnanoparticle.

A solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) can be spherical with an averagediameter between 10 to 1,000 nm. SLN possess a solid lipid core matrixthat can solubilize lipophilic molecules and can be stabilized withsurfactants and/or emulsifiers. In a further embodiment, the lipidnanoparticle can be a self-assembly lipid-polymer nanoparticle. SeeZhang et al. (2008) ACS Nano 2:1696-1702. As a non-limiting example, theSLN can be the SLN described in International Patent Publication No.WO2013105101. As another non-limiting example, the SLN can be made bythe methods or processes described in International Patent PublicationNo. WO2013105101.

Liposomes, lipoplexes, or lipid nanoparticles can be used to improve theefficacy of a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gammapolypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-18polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40Lpolypeptide, and any combination thereof as these formulations can beable to increase cell transfection by the polynucleotides; and/orincrease the translation of encoded IL-23, IL-36, IL-18, and OX40L. Onesuch example involves the use of lipid encapsulation to enable theeffective systemic delivery of polyplex plasmid DNA. See Heyes et al.(2007) Mol. Ther. 15:713-720. The liposomes, lipoplexes, or lipidnanoparticles can also be used to increase the stability of thepolynucleotide.

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-18 polypeptide, and/or the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan OX40L polypeptide of the present disclosure are formulated forcontrolled release and/or targeted delivery.

As used herein, “controlled release” refers to a pharmaceuticalcomposition or compound release profile that conforms to a particularpattern of release to effect a therapeutic outcome. In one embodiment,the polynucleotides are encapsulated into a delivery agent describedherein and/or known in the art for controlled release and/or targeteddelivery. As used herein, the term “encapsulate” means to enclose,surround or encase. As it relates to the formulation of the compounds ofthe disclosure, encapsulation can be substantial, complete or partial.The term “substantially encapsulated” means that at least greater than50, 60, 70, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 99.9, 99.9 or greater than99.999% of the pharmaceutical composition or compound of the disclosurecan be enclosed, surrounded or encased within the delivery agent.“Partially encapsulation” means that less than 10, 10, 20, 30, 40 50 orless of the pharmaceutical composition or compound of the disclosure canbe enclosed, surrounded or encased within the delivery agent.Advantageously, encapsulation can be determined by measuring the escapeor the activity of the pharmaceutical composition or compound of thedisclosure using fluorescence and/or electron micrograph. For example,at least 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98,99, 99.9, 99.99 or greater than 99.99% of the pharmaceutical compositionor compound of the disclosure are encapsulated in the delivery agent.

In one embodiment, the controlled release formulation includes, but isnot limited to, tri-block co-polymers. As a non-limiting example, theformulation includes two different types of tri-block co-polymers. SeeInternational Publ. Nos. WO2012131104 and WO2012131106; see also U.S.Pat. Appl. Publ. Nos. US20140219923 and US20150165042, which are hereinincorporated by reference in their entireties.

In another embodiment, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-18 polypeptide, and/or the polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding OX40L polypeptide are encapsulated into a lipid nanoparticle ora rapidly eliminated lipid nanoparticle and the lipid nanoparticles or arapidly eliminated lipid nanoparticle can then be encapsulated into apolymer, hydrogel and/or surgical sealant described herein and/or knownin the art. As a non-limiting example, the polymer, hydrogel or surgicalsealant is PLGA, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVAc), poloxamer, GELSITE®(Nanotherapeutics, Inc. Alachua, Fla.), HYLENEX® (Halozyme Therapeutics,San Diego Calif.), surgical sealants such as fibrinogen polymers(Ethicon Inc. Cornelia, Ga.), TISSELL® (Baxter International, IncDeerfield, Ill.), PEG-based sealants, or COSEAL® (Baxter International,Inc Deerfield, Ill.).

In another embodiment, the lipid nanoparticle is encapsulated into anypolymer known in the art which can form a gel when injected into asubject. As another non-limiting example, the lipid nanoparticle isencapsulated into a polymer matrix which can be biodegradable.

In one embodiment, the formulation for controlled release and/ortargeted delivery comprises a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-23 polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-18 polypeptide, and/or a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingOX40L polypeptide also includes at least one controlled release coating.

Controlled release coatings include, but are not limited to, OPADRY®,polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinylpyrrolidone,hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, EUDRAGIT RL®, EUDRAGIT RS® and cellulose derivatives such asethylcellulose aqueous dispersions (AQUACOAT® and SURELEASE®).

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide controlled release and/or targeteddelivery formulation comprises at least one degradable polyester whichcan contain polycationic side chains. Degradable polyesters include, butare not limited to, poly(serine ester), poly(L-lactide-co-L-lysine),poly(4-hydroxy-L-proline ester), and combinations thereof. In anotherembodiment, the degradable polyesters can include a PEG conjugation toform a PEGylated polymer.

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide controlled release and/or targeteddelivery formulation comprising at least one polynucleotide comprises atleast one PEG and/or PEG related polymer derivatives as described inU.S. Pat. No. 8,404,222.

In another embodiment, the polynucleotide controlled release deliveryformulation comprising at least one polynucleotide is the controlledrelease polymer system described in U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No.US20130130348.

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide and the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide or the polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an IL-18 polypeptide, of the present disclosure is encapsulatedin a therapeutic nanoparticle

Therapeutic nanoparticles can be formulated by methods described hereinand known in the art such as, but not limited to, International Publ.Nos. WO2010005740, WO2010030763, WO2010005721, WO2010005723,WO2012054923, U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. Nos. US20110262491, US20100104645,US20100087337, US20100068285, US20110274759, US20100068286,US20120288541, US20130123351 and US20130230567 and U.S. Pat. Nos.8,206,747, 8,293,276, 8,318,208 and 8,318,211. In another embodiment,therapeutic polymer nanoparticles can be identified by the methodsdescribed in U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. US20120140790.

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide or the polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an IL-18 polypeptide, and/or the polynucleotide comprising anmRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide are formulated for sustained release.

As used herein, “sustained release” refers to a pharmaceuticalcomposition or compound that conforms to a release rate over a specificperiod of time. The period of time can include, but is not limited to,hours, days, weeks, months and years. As a non-limiting example, thesustained release nanoparticle comprises a polymer and a therapeuticagent such as, but not limited to, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an IL-23 polypeptide and the polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide or the polynucleotide comprising anmRNA encoding an IL-18 polypeptide of the present disclosure. SeeInternational Publ. No. WO2010075072 and U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. Nos.US20100216804, US20110217377 and US20120201859. In another non-limitingexample, the sustained release formulation comprises agents which permitpersistent bioavailability such as, but not limited to, crystals,macromolecular gels and/or particulate suspensions. See U.S. Pat. Appl.Publ. No. US20130150295.

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-18 polypeptide, and/or the polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an OX40L polypeptide can be formulated to be target specific.

As a non-limiting example, the therapeutic nanoparticles include acorticosteroid. See International Pub. No. WO2011084518. As anon-limiting example, the therapeutic nanoparticles are formulated innanoparticles described in International Publ. Nos. WO2008121949,WO2010005726, WO2010005725, WO2011084521 and U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. Nos.US20100069426, US20120004293 and US20100104655.

In one embodiment, the nanoparticles of the present disclosure comprisea polymeric matrix. As a non-limiting example, the nanoparticlecomprises two or more polymers such as, but not limited to,polyethylenes, polycarbonates, polyanhydrides, polyhydroxyacids,polypropylfumerates, polycaprolactones, polyamides, polyacetals,polyethers, polyesters, poly(orthoesters), polycyanoacrylates, polyvinylalcohols, polyurethanes, polyphosphazenes, polyacrylates,polymethacrylates, polycyanoacrylates, polyureas, polystyrenes,polyamines, polylysine, poly(ethylene imine), poly(serine ester),poly(L-lactide-co-L-lysine), poly(4-hydroxy-L-proline ester) orcombinations thereof.

In one embodiment, the therapeutic nanoparticle comprises a diblockcopolymer. In one embodiment, the diblock copolymer includes PEG incombination with a polymer such as, but not limited to, polyethylenes,polycarbonates, polyanhydrides, polyhydroxyacids, polypropylfumerates,polycaprolactones, polyamides, polyacetals, polyethers, polyesters,poly(orthoesters), polycyanoacrylates, polyvinyl alcohols,polyurethanes, polyphosphazenes, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates,polycyanoacrylates, polyureas, polystyrenes, polyamines, polylysine,poly(ethylene imine), poly(serine ester), poly(L-lactide-co-L-lysine),poly(4-hydroxy-L-proline ester) or combinations thereof. In yet anotherembodiment, the diblock copolymer is a high-X diblock copolymer such asthose described in International Patent Publication No. WO2013120052;see also U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. US20150337068, which is hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety.

As a non-limiting example the therapeutic nanoparticle comprises aPLGA-PEG block copolymer. See U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. US20120004293and U.S. Pat. No. 8,236,330. In another non-limiting example, thetherapeutic nanoparticle is a stealth nanoparticle comprising a diblockcopolymer of PEG and PLA or PEG and PLGA. See U.S. Pat. No. 8,246,968and International Publication No. WO2012166923. In yet anothernon-limiting example, the therapeutic nanoparticle is a stealthnanoparticle or a target-specific stealth nanoparticle as described inU.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. US20130172406.

In one embodiment, the therapeutic nanoparticle comprises a multiblockcopolymer. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,263,665 and 8,287,910 and U.S.Pat. Appl. Publ. No. US20130195987. In yet another non-limiting example,the lipid nanoparticle comprises the block copolymer PEG-PLGA-PEG. See,e.g., Lee et al. (2003) Pharmaceutical Research 20:1995-2000; Li et al.(2003) Pharmaceutical Research 20:884-888; and Chang et al. (2007) J.Controlled Release. 118:245-253.

The polynucleotides comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23, IL-36-gammaand/or OX40L polypeptide of the present disclosure can be formulated inlipid nanoparticles comprising the PEG-PLGA-PEG block copolymer.

In one embodiment, the therapeutic nanoparticle comprises a multiblockcopolymer. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,263,665 and 8,287,910 and U.S.Patent Appl. Publ. No. US20130195987.

In one embodiment, the block copolymers described herein are included ina polyion complex comprising a non-polymeric micelle and the blockcopolymer. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. App. Publ. No. US20120076836.

In one embodiment, the therapeutic nanoparticle comprises at least oneacrylic polymer. Acrylic polymers include but are not limited to,acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, acrylic acid and methacrylic acidcopolymers, methyl methacrylate copolymers, ethoxyethyl methacrylates,cyanoethyl methacrylate, amino alkyl methacrylate copolymer,poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), polycyanoacrylates andcombinations thereof.

In one embodiment, the therapeutic nanoparticles comprises at least onepoly(vinyl ester) polymer. The poly(vinyl ester) polymer can be acopolymer such as a random copolymer. As a non-limiting example, therandom copolymer has a structure such as those described inInternational Application No. WO2013032829 or U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No.US20130121954. In one aspect, the poly(vinyl ester) polymers can beconjugated to the polynucleotides described herein.

In one embodiment, the therapeutic nanoparticle comprises at least onediblock copolymer. The diblock copolymer can be, but it not limited to,a poly(lactic) acid-poly(ethylene)glycol copolymer. See, e.g.,International Patent Publication No. WO2013044219.

As a non-limiting example, the therapeutic nanoparticle are used totreat cancer. See International Publication No. WO2013044219; see also,U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. US20150017245, which is herein incorporated byreference in its entirety.

In one embodiment, the therapeutic nanoparticles comprise at least onecationic polymer described herein and/or known in the art.

In one embodiment, the therapeutic nanoparticles comprise at least oneamine-containing polymer such as, but not limited to polylysine,polyethylene imine, poly(amidoamine) dendrimers, poly(beta-amino esters)and combinations thereof. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 8,287,849.

In another embodiment, the nanoparticles described herein comprise anamine cationic lipid such as those described in International PatentApplication No. WO2013059496. In one aspect the cationic lipids have anamino-amine or an amino-amide moiety.

In one embodiment, the therapeutic nanoparticles comprise at least onedegradable polyester which can contain polycationic side chains.Degradable polyesters include, but are not limited to, poly(serineester), poly(L-lactide-co-L-lysine), poly(4-hydroxy-L-proline ester),and combinations thereof. In another embodiment, the degradablepolyesters can include a PEG conjugation to form a PEGylated polymer.

In another embodiment, the therapeutic nanoparticle include aconjugation of at least one targeting ligand. The targeting ligand canbe any ligand known in the art such as, but not limited to, a monoclonalantibody. See Kirpotin et al (2006) Cancer Res. 66:6732-6740.

In one embodiment, the therapeutic nanoparticle is formulated in anaqueous solution which can be used to target cancer (see InternationalPub No. WO2011084513 and U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. US20110294717).

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-18 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anOX40L polypeptide, or a combination thereof, are formulated using themethods described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,404,799.

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-18 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anOX40L polypeptide, or a combination thereof, are encapsulated in, linkedto and/or associated with synthetic nanocarriers.

Synthetic nanocarriers include, but are not limited to, those describedin International Pub. Nos. WO2010005740, WO2010030763, WO201213501,WO2012149252, WO2012149255, WO2012149259, WO2012149265, WO2012149268,WO2012149282, WO2012149301, WO2012149393, WO2012149405, WO2012149411,WO2012149454 and WO2013019669, and U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. Nos.US20110262491, US20100104645, US20100087337 and US20120244222. Thesynthetic nanocarriers can be formulated using methods known in the artand/or described herein. As a non-limiting example, the syntheticnanocarriers can be formulated by the methods described in InternationalPub Nos. WO2010005740, WO2010030763 and WO201213501and U.S. Pat. Appl.Publ. Nos. US20110262491, US20100104645, US20100087337 and US2012024422.In another embodiment, the synthetic nanocarrier formulations can belyophilized by methods described in International Pub. No. WO2011072218and U.S. Pat. No. 8,211,473. In yet another embodiment, formulations ofthe present disclosure, including, but not limited to, syntheticnanocarriers, can be lyophilized or reconstituted by the methodsdescribed in US Pat. Appl. Publ. No. US20130230568.

In one embodiment, the synthetic nanocarriers contain reactive groups torelease the polynucleotides described herein (see International Publ.No. WO20120952552 and U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. US20120171229).

In one embodiment, the synthetic nanocarriers contain animmunostimulatory agent to enhance the immune response from delivery ofthe synthetic nanocarrier. As a non-limiting example, the syntheticnanocarrier can comprise a Th1 immunostimulatory agent which can enhancea Th1-based response of the immune system (see International Publ. No.WO2010123569 and U. S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. US20110223201).

In one embodiment, the synthetic nanocarriers are formulated fortargeted release. In one embodiment, the synthetic nanocarrier isformulated to release the polynucleotides at a specified pH and/or aftera desired time interval. As a non-limiting example, the syntheticnanoparticle are formulated to release the polynucleotides after 24hours and/or at a pH of 4.5 (see International Publ. Nos. WO2010138193and WO2010138194 and U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. Nos. US20110020388 andUS20110027217).

In one embodiment, the synthetic nanocarriers are formulated forcontrolled and/or sustained release of the polynucleotides describedherein. As a non-limiting example, the synthetic nanocarriers forsustained release are formulated by methods known in the art, describedherein and/or as described in International Pub No. WO2010138192 andU.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. 20100303850, both of which are hereinincorporated by reference in their entireties.

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-18 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anOX40L polypeptide, or a combination thereof, are formulated forcontrolled and/or sustained release wherein the formulation comprises atleast one polymer that is a crystalline side chain (CYSC) polymer. CYSCpolymers are described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,399,007.

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-18 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anOX40L polypeptide, or a combination thereof, are encapsulated in, linkedto and/or associated with zwitterionic lipids. Non-limiting examples ofzwitterionic lipids and methods of using zwitterionic lipids aredescribed in U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. US20130216607. In one aspect, thezwitterionic lipids can be used in the liposomes and lipid nanoparticlesdescribed herein.

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan L-18 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anOX40L polypeptide, or a combination thereof, are formulated in colloidnanocarriers as described in U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. US20130197100.

In one embodiment, the nanoparticle is optimized for oraladministration. The nanoparticle can comprise at least one cationicbiopolymer such as, but not limited to, chitosan or a derivativethereof. As a non-limiting example, the nanoparticle can be formulatedby the methods described in U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. US20120282343.

In some embodiments, LNPs comprise the lipid KL52 (an amino-lipiddisclosed in U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. US2012/0295832). Activity and/orsafety (as measured by examining one or more of ALT/AST, white bloodcell count and cytokine induction) of LNP administration can be improvedby incorporation of such lipids. LNPs comprising KL52 can beadministered intravenously and/or in one or more doses. In someembodiments, administration of LNPs comprising KL52 results in equal orimproved mRNA and/or protein expression as compared to LNPs comprisingMC3.

In some embodiments, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-18 polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40Lpolypeptide, or any combination thereof, are delivered using smallerLNPs. Such particles can comprise a diameter from below 0.1 um up to 100nm such as, but not limited to, less than 0.1 um, less than 1.0 um, lessthan 5 um, less than 10 um, less than 15 um, less than 20 um, less than25 um, less than 30 um, less than 35 um, less than 40 um, less than 50um, less than 55 um, less than 60 um, less than 65 um, less than 70 um,less than 75 um, less than 80 um, less than 85 um, less than 90 um, lessthan 95 um, less than 100 um, less than 125 um, less than 150 um, lessthan 175 um, less than 200 um, less than 225 um, less than 250 um, lessthan 275 um, less than 300 um, less than 325 um, less than 350 um, lessthan 375 um, less than 400 um, less than 425 um, less than 450 um, lessthan 475 um, less than 500 um, less than 525 um, less than 550 um, lessthan 575 um, less than 600 um, less than 625 um, less than 650 um, lessthan 675 um, less than 700 um, less than 725 um, less than 750 um, lessthan 775 um, less than 800 um, less than 825 um, less than 850 um, lessthan 875 um, less than 900 um, less than 925 um, less than 950 um, orless than 975 um.

In another embodiment, polynucleotides comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, polynucleotides comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, polynucleotides comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-18 polypeptide, polynucleotides comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40Lpolypeptide, or any combination thereof, are delivered using smallerLNPs which can comprise a diameter from about 1 nm to about 100 nm, fromabout 1 nm to about 10 nm, about 1 nm to about 20 nm, from about 1 nm toabout 30 nm, from about 1 nm to about 40 nm, from about 1 nm to about 50nm, from about 1 nm to about 60 nm, from about 1 nm to about 70 nm, fromabout 1 nm to about 80 nm, from about 1 nm to about 90 nm, from about 5nm to about from 100 nm, from about 5 nm to about 10 nm, about 5 nm toabout 20 nm, from about 5 nm to about 30 nm, from about 5 nm to about 40nm, from about 5 nm to about 50 nm, from about 5 nm to about 60 nm, fromabout 5 nm to about 70 nm, from about 5 nm to about 80 nm, from about 5nm to about 90 nm, about 10 to about 50 nM, from about 20 to about 50nm, from about 30 to about 50 nm, from about 40 to about 50 nm, fromabout 20 to about 60 nm, from about 30 to about 60 nm, from about 40 toabout 60 nm, from about 20 to about 70 nm, from about 30 to about 70 nm,from about 40 to about 70 nm, from about 50 to about 70 nm, from about60 to about 70 nm, from about 20 to about 80 nm, from about 30 to about80 nm, from about 40 to about 80 nm, from about 50 to about 80 nm, fromabout 60 to about 80 nm, from about 20 to about 90 nm, from about 30 toabout 90 nm, from about 40 to about 90 nm, from about 50 to about 90 nm,from about 60 to about 90 nm and/or from about 70 to about 90 nm.

In some embodiments, such LNPs are synthesized using methods comprisingmicrofluidic mixers. Exemplary microfluidic mixers can include, but arenot limited to a slit interdigitial micromixer including, but notlimited to those manufactured by Microinnova (Allerheiligen bei Wildon,Austria) and/or a staggered herringbone micromixer (SHM). See Zhigaltsevet al. (2012) Langmuir 28:3633-40; Belliveau et al. (2012) MolecularTherapy-Nucleic Acids 1:e37; Chen et al. (2012) J. Am. Chem. Soc.134:6948-51.

In some embodiments, methods of LNP generation comprising SHM, furthercomprise the mixing of at least two input streams wherein mixing occursby microstructure-induced chaotic advection (MICA). According to thismethod, fluid streams flow through channels present in a herringbonepattern causing rotational flow and folding the fluids around eachother. This method can also comprise a surface for fluid mixing whereinthe surface changes orientations during fluid cycling. Methods ofgenerating LNPs using SHM include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Appl.Publ. Nos. US2004/0262223 and US2012/0276209.

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-18 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anOX40L polypeptide, or a combination thereof, of the present disclosureare formulated in lipid nanoparticles created using a micromixer suchas, but not limited to, a Slit Interdigital Microstructured Mixer(SIMM-V2) or a Standard Slit Interdigital Micro Mixer (SSIMM) orCaterpillar (CPMM) or Impinging-jet (IJMM) from the Institut fiirMikrotechnik Mainz GmbH, Mainz Germany).

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan OX40L polypeptide, or a combination thereof, of the presentdisclosure are formulated in lipid nanoparticles created usingmicrofluidic technology. See Whitesides (2006) Nature 442: 368-373; andAbraham et al. (2002) Science 295:647-651. As a non-limiting example,controlled microfluidic formulation includes a passive method for mixingstreams of steady pressure-driven flows in micro channels at a lowReynolds number. See, e.g., Abraham et al. (2002) Science 295: 647-651.

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan L-18 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anOX40L polypeptide, or a combination thereof, can be formulated in lipidnanoparticles created using a micromixer chip such as, but not limitedto, those from Harvard Apparatus (Holliston, Mass.) or DolomiteMicrofluidics (Royston, UK). A micromixer chip can be used for rapidmixing of two or more fluid streams with a split and recombinemechanism.

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan L-18 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anOX40L polypeptide, or any combination thereof, are formulated fordelivery using the drug encapsulating microspheres described inInternational Patent Publication No. WO2013063468 or U.S. Pat. No.8,440,614. The microspheres can comprise a compound of the formula (I),(II), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI) as described in International PatentPublication No. WO2013063468. In another aspect, the amino acid,peptide, polypeptide, lipids (APPL) are useful in delivering thepolynucleotides of the disclosure to cells. See International PatentPublication No. WO2013063468; see also, U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No.US20130158021, which is herein incorporated by reference in itsentirety.

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan L-18 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anOX40L polypeptide, or any combination thereof, are formulated in lipidnanoparticles having a diameter from about 10 to about 100 nm such as,but not limited to, about 10 to about 20 nm, about 10 to about 30 nm,about 10 to about 40 nm, about 10 to about 50 nm, about 10 to about 60nm, about 10 to about 70 nm, about 10 to about 80 nm, about 10 to about90 nm, about 20 to about 30 nm, about 20 to about 40 nm, about 20 toabout 50 nm, about 20 to about 60 nm, about 20 to about 70 nm, about 20to about 80 nm, about 20 to about 90 nm, about 20 to about 100 nm, about30 to about 40 nm, about 30 to about 50 nm, about 30 to about 60 nm,about 30 to about 70 nm, about 30 to about 80 nm, about 30 to about 90nm, about 30 to about 100 nm, about 40 to about 50 nm, about 40 to about60 nm, about 40 to about 70 nm, about 40 to about 80 nm, about 40 toabout 90 nm, about 40 to about 100 nm, about 50 to about 60 nm, about 50to about 70 nm about 50 to about 80 nm, about 50 to about 90 nm, about50 to about 100 nm, about 60 to about 70 nm, about 60 to about 80 nm,about 60 to about 90 nm, about 60 to about 100 nm, about 70 to about 80nm, about 70 to about 90 nm, about 70 to about 100 nm, about 80 to about90 nm, about 80 to about 100 nm and/or about 90 to about 100 nm.

In one embodiment, the lipid nanoparticles have a diameter from about 10to 500 nm. In one embodiment, the lipid nanoparticle has a diametergreater than 100 nm, greater than 150 nm, greater than 200 nm, greaterthan 250 nm, greater than 300 nm, greater than 350 nm, greater than 400nm, greater than 450 nm, greater than 500 nm, greater than 550 nm,greater than 600 nm, greater than 650 nm, greater than 700 nm, greaterthan 750 nm, greater than 800 nm, greater than 850 nm, greater than 900nm, greater than 950 nm or greater than 1000 nm.

In one aspect, the lipid nanoparticle is a limit size lipid nanoparticledescribed in International Patent Publication No. WO2013059922 (see alsoU.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. US20140328759, which is herein incorporated byreference in its entirety). The limit size lipid nanoparticle cancomprise a lipid bilayer surrounding an aqueous core or a hydrophobiccore; where the lipid bilayer can comprise a phospholipid such as, butnot limited to, diacylphosphatidylcholine, adiacylphosphatidylethanolamine, a ceramide, a sphingomyelin, adihydrosphingomyelin, a cephalin, a cerebroside, a C8-C20 fatty aciddiacylphophatidylcholine, and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine(POPC). In another aspect the limit size lipid nanoparticle can comprisea polyethylene glycol-lipid such as, but not limited to, DLPE-PEG,DMPE-PEG, DPPC-PEG and DSPE-PEG.

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-18 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anOX40L polypeptide, or any combination thereof, are delivered, localizedand/or concentrated in a specific location using the delivery methodsdescribed in International Patent Publication No. WO2013063530. Seealso, U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. US20140323907, which is hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety. As a non-limiting example, asubject can be administered an empty polymeric particle prior to,simultaneously with or after delivering the polynucleotides to thesubject. The empty polymeric particle undergoes a change in volume oncein contact with the subject and becomes lodged, embedded, immobilized orentrapped at a specific location in the subject.

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-18 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anOX40L polypeptide, or any combination thereof, are formulated in anactive substance release system (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Appl. Publ. No.US20130102545). The active substance release system can comprise 1) atleast one nanoparticle bonded to an oligonucleotide inhibitor strandwhich is hybridized with a catalytically active nucleic acid and 2) acompound bonded to at least one substrate molecule bonded to atherapeutically active substance (e.g., polynucleotides describedherein), where the therapeutically active substance is released by thecleavage of the substrate molecule by the catalytically active nucleicacid.

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan L-18 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anOX40L polypeptide, or any combination thereof, are formulated in ananoparticle comprising an inner core comprising a non-cellular materialand an outer surface comprising a cellular membrane. The cellularmembrane can be derived from a cell or a membrane derived from a virus.As a non-limiting example, the nanoparticle is made by the methodsdescribed in International Patent Publication No. WO2013052167. Asanother non-limiting example, the nanoparticle described inInternational Patent Publication No. WO2013052167, is used to deliverthe polynucleotides described herein. See also, U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ.No. US20130337066, which is herein incorporated by reference in itsentirety.

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan L-18 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anOX40L polypeptide, or any combination thereof, are formulated in porousnanoparticle-supported lipid bilayers (protocells). Protocells aredescribed in International Patent Publication No. WO2013056132 (see alsoU.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. US20150272885, which is herein incorporated byreference in its entirety).

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan L-18 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anOX40L polypeptide, or any combination thereof, described herein areformulated in polymeric nanoparticles as described in or made by themethods described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,420,123 and 8,518,963 and EuropeanPatent No. EP2073848B1 As a non-limiting example, the polymericnanoparticle has a high glass transition temperature such as thenanoparticles described in or nanoparticles made by the methodsdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,518,963. As another non-limiting example,the polymer nanoparticle for oral and parenteral formulations is made bythe methods described in European Patent No. EP2073 848B 1.

In another embodiment, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan L-18 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anOX40L polypeptide, or any combination thereof, described herein areformulated in nanoparticles used in imaging. The nanoparticles can beliposome nanoparticles such as those described in U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ.No. US20130129636. As a non-limiting example, the liposome can comprisegadolinium(III)2-{4,7-bis-carboxymethyl-10-[(N,N-distearylamidomethyl-N′-amido-methyl]-1,4,7,10-tetra-azacyclododec-1-yl}-aceticacid and a neutral, fully saturated phospholipid component (see, e.g.,U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. US20130129636).

In one embodiment, the nanoparticles which can be used in the presentdisclosure are formed by the methods described in U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ.No. US20130130348.

The nanoparticles of the present disclosure can further includenutrients such as, but not limited to, those which deficiencies can leadto health hazards from anemia to neural tube defects. See, e.g., thenanoparticles described in International Patent Publication NoWO2013072929; see also, U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. US20150224035, whichis herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. As a non-limitingexample, the nutrient is iron in the form of ferrous, ferric salts orelemental iron, iodine, folic acid, vitamins or micronutrients.

In one embodiment, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-18 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anOX40L polypeptide, or any combination thereof, are formulated in aswellable nanoparticle. The swellable nanoparticle can be, but is notlimited to, those described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,440,231. As anon-limiting embodiment, the swellable nanoparticle is used for deliveryof the polynucleotides of the present disclosure to the pulmonary system(see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 8,440,231).

The polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide,the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-18 polypeptide, thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide, or anycombination thereof, are formulated in polyanhydride nanoparticles suchas, but not limited to, those described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,449,916.

The nanoparticles and microparticles of the present disclosure can begeometrically engineered to modulate macrophage and/or the immuneresponse. In one aspect, the geometrically engineered particles can havevaried shapes, sizes and/or surface charges in order to incorporated thepolynucleotides of the present disclosure for targeted delivery such as,but not limited to, pulmonary delivery (see, e.g., InternationalPublication No WO2013082111). Other physical features the geometricallyengineering particles can have include, but are not limited to,fenestrations, angled arms, asymmetry and surface roughness, chargewhich can alter the interactions with cells and tissues. As anon-limiting example, nanoparticles of the present disclosure are madeby the methods described in International Publication No WO20130821 11(see also U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. US20150037428).

In one embodiment, the nanoparticles of the present disclosure are watersoluble nanoparticles such as, but not limited to, those described inInternational Publication No. WO2013090601 (see also, U.S. Pat. Appl.Publ. No. US20130184444). The nanoparticles can be inorganicnanoparticles which have a compact and zwitterionic ligand in order toexhibit good water solubility. The nanoparticles can also have smallhydrodynamic diameters (HD), stability with respect to time, pH, andsalinity and a low level of non-specific protein binding.

In one embodiment the nanoparticles of the present disclosure aredeveloped by the methods described in U.S. Patent Appl. Publ. No.US20130172406.

In one embodiment, the nanoparticles of the present disclosure arestealth nanoparticles or target-specific stealth nanoparticles such as,but not limited to, those described in U.S. Patent Appl. Publ. No.US20130172406. The nanoparticles of the present disclosure can be madeby the methods described in U.S. Patent Appl. Publ. No. US20130172406.

In another embodiment, the stealth or target-specific stealthnanoparticles comprise a polymeric matrix. The polymeric matrix cancomprise two or more polymers such as, but not limited to,polyethylenes, polycarbonates, polyanhydrides, polyhydroxyacids,polypropylfumerates, polycaprolactones, polyamides, polyacetals,polyethers, polyesters, poly(orthoesters), polycyanoacrylates, polyvinylalcohols, polyurethanes, polyphosphazenes, polyacrylates,polymethacrylates, polycyanoacrylates, polyureas, polystyrenes,polyamines, polyesters, polyanhydrides, polyethers, polyurethanes,polymethacrylates, polyacrylates, polycyanoacrylates or combinationsthereof.

In one embodiment, the nanoparticle is a nanoparticle-nucleic acidhybrid structure having a high density nucleic acid layer. As anon-limiting example, the nanoparticle-nucleic acid hybrid structure ismade by the methods described in US Patent Appl. Publ. No.US20130171646. The nanoparticle can comprise a nucleic acid such as, butnot limited to, polynucleotides described herein and/or known in theart.

At least one of the nanoparticles of the present disclosure can beembedded in in the core a nanostructure or coated with a low densityporous 3-D structure or coating which is capable of carrying orassociating with at least one payload within or on the surface of thenanostructure. Non-limiting examples of the nanostructures comprising atleast one nanoparticle are described in International Patent PublicationNo. WO2013123523. See also U.S. Patent Appl. Publ. No. US20150037249,which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Hyaluronidase

The intramuscular, intratumoral, or subcutaneous localized injection ofa polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, apolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, apolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-18 polypeptide, apolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide, or anycombination thereof, can include hyaluronidase, which catalyzes thehydrolysis of hyaluronan.

By catalyzing the hydrolysis of hyaluronan, a constituent of theinterstitial barrier, hyaluronidase lowers the viscosity of hyaluronan,thereby increasing tissue permeability (Frost, Expert Opin. Drug Deliv.(2007) 4:427-440). It is useful to speed their dispersion and systemicdistribution of encoded proteins produced by transfected cells.Alternatively, the hyaluronidase can be used to increase the number ofcells exposed to a polynucleotide of the disclosure administeredintramuscularly, intratumorally, or subcutaneously.

Nanoparticle Mimics

The polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide,the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-18 polypeptide, thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide, or anycombination thereof, can be encapsulated within and/or absorbed to ananoparticle mimic. A nanoparticle mimic can mimic the delivery functionorganisms or particles such as, but not limited to, pathogens, viruses,bacteria, fungus, parasites, prions and cells. As a non-limiting examplethe polynucleotides of the disclosure can be encapsulated in anon-virion particle which can mimic the delivery function of a virus(see International Pub. No. WO2012006376 and U.S. Patent Appl. Publ.Nos. US20130171241 and US20130195968).

Nanotubes

The polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide,the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-18 polypeptide, thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide, or anycombination thereof, can be attached or otherwise bound to at least onenanotube such as, but not limited to, rosette nanotubes, rosettenanotubes having twin bases with a linker, carbon nanotubes and/orsingle-walled carbon nanotubes. The polynucleotides can be bound to thenanotubes through forces such as, but not limited to, steric, ionic,covalent and/or other forces. Nanotubes and nanotube formulationscomprising polynucleotides are described in International PatentApplication No. PCT/US2014/027077 (published as WO2014152211).

Self-Assembled Nanoparticles

The polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide,the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-18 polypeptide, thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide, or anycombination thereof, can be formulated in self-assembled nanoparticles.Nucleic acid self-assembled nanoparticles are described in InternationalPatent Application No. PCT/US2014/027077 (published as WO2014152211),such as in paragraphs [000740]-[000743]. Polymer-based self-assemblednanoparticles are described in International Patent Application No.PCT/US2014/027077. See also U.S. Patent Appl. Publ. No. US20160038612,which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Self-Assembled Macromolecules

The polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide,the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-18 polypeptide, thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide, or anycombination thereof, can be formulated in amphiphilic macromolecules(AMs) for delivery. AMs comprise biocompatible amphiphilic polymerswhich have an alkylated sugar backbone covalently linked topoly(ethylene glycol). In aqueous solution, the AMs self-assemble toform micelles. Non-limiting examples of methods of forming AMs and AMsare described in U.S. Patent Appl. Publ. No. US20130217753.

Inorganic Nanoparticles

The polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide,the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-18 polypeptide, thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide, or anycombination thereof, can be formulated in inorganic nanoparticles (U.S.Pat. No. 8,257,745). The inorganic nanoparticles can include, but arenot limited to, clay substances that are water swellable. As anon-limiting example, the inorganic nanoparticle include syntheticsmectite clays which are made from simple silicates (See e.g., U.S. Pat.Nos. 5,585,108 and 8,257,745).

In some embodiments, the inorganic nanoparticles comprises a core of thepolynucleotides disclosed herein and a polymer shell. The polymer shellcan be any of the polymers described herein and are known in the art. Inan additional embodiment, the polymer shell can be used to protect thepolynucleotides in the core.

Semi-Conductive and Metallic Nanoparticles

The polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide,the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-18 polypeptide, thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide, or anycombination thereof, can be formulated in water-dispersible nanoparticlecomprising a semiconductive or metallic material (U.S. Patent Appl.Publ. No. US20120228565) or formed in a magnetic nanoparticle (U.S.Patent Appl. Publ. No. US20120265001 and US20120283503). Thewater-dispersible nanoparticles can be hydrophobic nanoparticles orhydrophilic nanoparticles.

In some embodiments, the semi-conductive and/or metallic nanoparticlescan comprise a core of the polynucleotides disclosed herein and apolymer shell. The polymer shell can be any of the polymers describedherein and are known in the art. In an additional embodiment, thepolymer shell can be used to protect the polynucleotides in the core.

Surgical Sealants: Gels and Hydrogels

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-18 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding, anOX40L polypeptide, or any combination thereof, are encapsulated into anyhydrogel known in the art which forms a gel when injected into asubject. Surgical sealants such as gels and hydrogels are described inInternational Patent Application No. PCT/US2014/027077.

Suspension Formulations

In some embodiments, suspension formulations are provided comprisingpolynucleotides, water immiscible oil depots, surfactants and/orco-surfactants and/or co-solvents. Combinations of oils and surfactantscan enable suspension formulation with polynucleotides. Delivery ofpolynucleotides in a water immiscible depot can be used to improvebioavailability through sustained release of mRNA from the depot to thesurrounding physiologic environment and prevent polynucleotidesdegradation by nucleases.

In some embodiments, suspension formulations of mRNA are prepared usingcombinations of polynucleotides, oil-based solutions and surfactants.Such formulations can be prepared as a two-part system comprising anaqueous phase comprising polynucleotides and an oil-based phasecomprising oil and surfactants. Exemplary oils for suspensionformulations can include, but are not limited to sesame oil and Miglyol(comprising esters of saturated coconut and palm kernel oil-derivedcaprylic and capric fatty acids and glycerin or propylene glycol), cornoil, soybean oil, peanut oil, beeswax and/or palm seed oil. Exemplarysurfactants can include, but are not limited to Cremophor, polysorbate20, polysorbate 80, polyethylene glycol, transcutol, CAPMUL®, labrasol,isopropyl myristate, and/or Span 80. In some embodiments, suspensionscan comprise co-solvents including, but not limited to ethanol, glyceroland/or propylene glycol.

Suspensions can be formed by first preparing polynucleotides formulationcomprising an aqueous solution of polynucleotide and an oil-based phasecomprising one or more surfactants. Suspension formation occurs as aresult of mixing the two phases (aqueous and oil-based). In someembodiments, such a suspension can be delivered to an aqueous phase toform an oil-in-water emulsion. In some embodiments, delivery of asuspension to an aqueous phase results in the formation of anoil-in-water emulsion in which the oil-based phase comprisingpolynucleotides forms droplets that can range in size fromnanometer-sized droplets to micrometer-sized droplets. In someembodiments, specific combinations of oils, surfactants, cosurfactantsand/or co-solvents can be utilized to suspend polynucleotides in the oilphase and/or to form oil-in-water emulsions upon delivery into anaqueous environment.

In some embodiments, suspensions provide modulation of the release ofpolynucleotides into the surrounding environment. In such embodiments,polynucleotides release can be modulated by diffusion from a waterimmiscible depot followed by resolubilization into a surroundingenvironment (e.g. an aqueous environment).

In some embodiments, polynucleotides within a water immiscible depot(e.g. suspended within an oil phase) result in altered polynucleotidesstability (e.g. altered degradation by nucleases).

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-18 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anOX40L polypeptide, or any combination thereof, are formulated such thatupon injection, an emulsion forms spontaneously (e.g. when delivered toan aqueous phase). Such particle formation can provide a high surfacearea to volume ratio for release of polynucleotides from an oil phase toan aqueous phase.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-18 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anOX40L polypeptide, or any combination thereof, are formulated in ananoemulsion such as, but not limited to, the nanoemulsions described inU.S. Pat. No. 8,496,945. The nanoemulsions can comprise nanoparticlesdescribed herein. As a non-limiting example, the nanoparticles cancomprise a liquid hydrophobic core which can be surrounded or coatedwith a lipid or surfactant layer. The lipid or surfactant layer cancomprise at least one membrane-integrating peptide and can also comprisea targeting ligand (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 8,496,945).

Cations and Anions

Formulations of a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gammapolypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-18polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40Lpolypeptide, or any combination thereof, can include cations or anions.In some embodiments, the formulations include metal cations such as, butnot limited to, Zn²⁺, Ca²⁺, Cu²⁺, Mg²⁺ and combinations thereof. As anon-limiting example, formulations include polymers and apolynucleotides complexed with a metal cation (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos.6,265,389 and 6,555,525).

In some embodiments, cationic nanoparticles comprising combinations ofdivalent and monovalent cations are formulated with polynucleotides.Such nanoparticles can form spontaneously in solution over a givenperiod (e.g. hours, days, etc). Such nanoparticles do not form in thepresence of divalent cations alone or in the presence of monovalentcations alone. The delivery of polynucleotides in cationic nanoparticlesor in one or more depot comprising cationic nanoparticles can improvepolynucleotide bioavailability by acting as a long-acting depot and/orreducing the rate of degradation by nucleases.

Molded Nanoparticles and Microparticles

The polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide,the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-18 polypeptide, thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide, or anycombination thereof, can be formulated in nanoparticles and/ormicroparticles. As an example, the nanoparticles and/or microparticlescan be made using the PRINT® technology by LIQUIDA TECHNOLOGIES®(Morrisville, N.C.) (see, e.g., International Pub. No. WO2007024323).

In some embodiments, the nanoparticles comprise a core of thepolynucleotides disclosed herein and a polymer shell. The polymer shellcan be any of the polymers described herein and are known in the art. Inan additional embodiment, the polymer shell can be used to protect thepolynucleotides in the core.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-18 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anOX40L polypeptide, or any combination thereof, are formulated inmicroparticles. The microparticles can contain a core of thepolynucleotides and a cortex of a biocompatible and/or biodegradablepolymer. As a non-limiting example, the microparticles which can be usedwith the present disclosure can be those described in U.S. Pat. No.8,460,709, U.S. Patent Appl. Publ. No. US20130129830 and InternationalPatent Publication No WO2013075068. As another non-limiting example, themicroparticles can be designed to extend the release of thepolynucleotides of the present disclosure over a desired period of time(see e.g, extended release of a therapeutic protein in U.S. Patent Appl.Publ. No. US20130129830).

NanoJackets and NanoLiposomes

The polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide,the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-18 polypeptide, thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide, or anycombination thereof, can be formulated in NanoJackets and NanoLiposomesby Keystone Nano (State College, Pa.). NanoJackets are made of compoundsthat are naturally found in the body including calcium, phosphate andcan also include a small amount of silicates. Nanojackets can range insize from 5 to 50 nm and can be used to deliver hydrophilic andhydrophobic compounds such as, but not limited to, polynucleotides.

NanoLiposomes are made of lipids such as, but not limited to, lipidswhich naturally occur in the body. NanoLiposomes can range in size from60-80 nm and can be used to deliver hydrophilic and hydrophobiccompounds such as, but not limited to, polynucleotides. In one aspect,the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide,and/or the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40Lpolypeptide are formulated in a NanoLiposome such as, but not limitedto, Ceramide NanoLiposomes.

Minicells

In one aspect, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-18 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anOX40L polypeptide, or any combination thereof, can be formulated inbacterial minicells. As a non-limiting example, bacterial minicells arethose described in International Publication No. WO2013088250 or U.S.Patent Publication No. US20130177499. The bacterial minicells comprisingtherapeutic agents such as polynucleotides described herein can be usedto deliver the therapeutic agents to brain tumors.

Semi-Solid Compositions

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-18 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anOX40L polypeptide, or any combination thereof, are formulated with ahydrophobic matrix to form a semi-solid composition. As a non-limitingexample, the semi-solid composition or paste-like composition is made bythe methods described in International Patent Publication No.WO201307604. The semi-solid composition can be a sustained releaseformulation as described in International Patent Publication No.WO201307604.

In another embodiment, the semi-solid composition further has amicro-porous membrane or a biodegradable polymer formed around thecomposition (see e.g., International Patent Publication No.WO201307604).

The semi-solid composition using the polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an IL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising anmRNA encoding an IL-18 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising anmRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide, or any combination thereof, can havethe characteristics of the semi-solid mixture as described inInternational Patent Publication No WO201307604 (e.g., a modulus ofelasticity of at least 10⁻⁴ N·mm², and/or a viscosity of at least100mPa·s).

Exosomes

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-18 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anOX40L polypeptide, or any combination thereof, are formulated inexosomes. The exosomes can be loaded with at least one polynucleotideand delivered to cells, tissues and/or organisms. As a non-limitingexample, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-18 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anOX40L polypeptide, or any combination thereof, can be loaded in theexosomes described in International Publication No. WO2013084000.

Silk-Based Delivery

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-18 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anOX40L polypeptide, or any combination thereof, are formulated in asustained release silk-based delivery system. The silk-based deliverysystem can be formed by contacting a silk fibroin solution with atherapeutic agent such as, but not limited to, the polynucleotidecomprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotidecomprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide, or anycombination thereof. As a non-limiting example, the sustained releasesilk-based delivery system which can be used in the present disclosureand methods of making such system are described in U.S. PatentPublication No. 20130177611.

Microparticles

In some embodiments, formulations comprising a polynucleotide comprisingan mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising anmRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising anmRNA encoding an L-18 polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an OX40L polypeptide, or any combination thereof, comprisemicroparticles. The microparticles can comprise a polymer describedherein and/or known in the art such as, but not limited to,poly(a-hydroxy acid), a polyhydroxy butyric acid, a polycaprolactone, apolyorthoester and a polyanhydride. The microparticle can have adsorbentsurfaces to adsorb biologically active molecules such aspolynucleotides. As a non-limiting example microparticles for use withthe present disclosure and methods of making microparticles aredescribed in U.S. Patent Publication No. US2013195923 and US20130195898and U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,309,139 and 8,206,749.

In another embodiment, the formulation is a microemulsion comprisingmicroparticles and polynucleotides. As a non-limiting example,microemulsions comprising microparticles are described in U.S. PatentPublication Nos. 2013195923 and 20130195898 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,309,139and 8,206,749.

Amino Acid Lipids

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-18 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anOX40L polypeptide, or any combination thereof, are formulated in aminoacid lipids. Amino acid lipids are lipophilic compounds comprising anamino acid residue and one or more lipophilic tails. Non-limitingexamples of amino acid lipids and methods of making amino acid lipidsare described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,501,824.

In some embodiments, the amino acid lipids have a hydrophilic portionand a lipophilic portion. The hydrophilic portion can be an amino acidresidue and a lipophilic portion can comprise at least one lipophilictail.

In some embodiments, the amino acid lipid formulations are used todeliver the polynucleotides to a subject.

In another embodiment, the amino acid lipid formulations deliver apolynucleotide in releasable form which comprises an amino acid lipidthat binds and releases the polynucleotides. As a non-limiting example,the release of the polynucleotides can be provided by an acid-labilelinker such as, but not limited to, those described in U.S. Pat. Nos.7,098,032, 6,897,196, 6,426,086, 7,138,382, 5,563,250, and 5,505,931.

Microvesicles

In some embodiments, the polynucleotides comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide, are formulated inmicrovesicles. Non-limiting examples of microvesicles include thosedescribed in US20130209544.

In some embodiments, the microvesicle is an ARRDC1-mediatedmicrovesicles (ARMMs). Non-limiting examples of ARMMs and methods ofmaking ARMMs are described in International Patent Publication No.WO2013119602.

Interpolyelectrolyte Complexes

In some embodiments, the polynucleotides comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide are formulated in aninterpolyelectrolyte complex. Interpolyelectrolyte complexes are formedwhen charge-dynamic polymers are complexed with one or more anionicmolecules. Non-limiting examples of charge-dynamic polymers andinterpolyelectrolyte complexes and methods of makinginterpolyelectrolyte complexes are described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,524,368.

Crystalline Polymeric Systems

In some embodiments, the polynucleotides comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23, IL-36-gamma, 11-18 and/or OX40L polypeptide are formulated incrystalline polymeric systems. Crystalline polymeric systems arepolymers with crystalline moieties and/or terminal units comprisingcrystalline moieties. Non-limiting examples of polymers with crystallinemoieties and/or terminal units comprising crystalline moieties termed“CYC polymers,” crystalline polymer systems and methods of making suchpolymers and systems are described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,524,259.

Excipients

Pharmaceutical formulations can additionally comprise a pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipient, which, as used herein, includes, but are notlimited to, any and all solvents, dispersion media, diluents, or otherliquid vehicles, dispersion or suspension aids, surface active agents,isotonic agents, thickening or emulsifying agents, preservatives, solidbinders, lubricants, flavoring agents, stabilizers, antioxidants,osmolality adjusting agents, pH adjusting agents and the like, as suitedto the particular dosage form desired. Various excipients forformulating pharmaceutical compositions and techniques for preparing thecomposition are known in the art (see Remington: The Science andPractice of Pharmacy, 21^(st) Edition, A. R. Gennaro (Lippincott,Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Md., 2006). The use of a conventionalexcipient medium can be contemplated within the scope of the presentdisclosure, except insofar as any conventional excipient medium isincompatible with a substance or its derivatives, such as by producingany undesirable biological effect or otherwise interacting in adeleterious manner with any other component(s) of the pharmaceuticalcomposition, its use is contemplated to be within the scope of thisdisclosure.

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is at least95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%pure. In some embodiments, an excipient is approved for use for humansand for veterinary use. In some embodiments, an excipient can beapproved by United States Food and Drug Administration. In someembodiments, an excipient can be of pharmaceutical grade. In someembodiments, an excipient can meet the standards of the United StatesPharmacopoeia (USP), the European Pharmacopoeia (EP), the BritishPharmacopoeia, and/or the International Pharmacopoeia.

Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients used in the manufacture ofpharmaceutical compositions include, but are not limited to, inertdiluents, dispersing and/or granulating agents, surface active agentsand/or emulsifiers, disintegrating agents, binding agents,preservatives, buffering agents, lubricating agents, and/or oils. Suchexcipients can optionally be included in pharmaceutical compositions.The composition can also include excipients such as cocoa butter andsuppository waxes, coloring agents, coating agents, sweetening,flavoring, and/or perfuming agents.

Exemplary diluents include, but are not limited to, calcium carbonate,sodium carbonate, calcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, calciumsulfate, calcium hydrogen phosphate, sodium phosphate lactose, sucrose,cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, kaolin, mannitol, sorbitol,inositol, sodium chloride, dry starch, cornstarch, powdered sugar, etc.,and/or combinations thereof.

Exemplary granulating and/or dispersing agents include, but are notlimited to, potato starch, corn starch, tapioca starch, sodium starchglycolate, clays, alginic acid, guar gum, citrus pulp, agar, bentonite,cellulose and wood products, natural sponge, cation-exchange resins,calcium carbonate, silicates, sodium carbonate, cross-linkedpoly(vinyl-pyrrolidone) (crospovidone), sodium carboxymethyl starch(sodium starch glycolate), carboxymethyl cellulose, cross-linked sodiumcarboxymethyl cellulose (croscarmellose), methylcellulose,pregelatinized starch (starch 1500), microcrystalline starch, waterinsoluble starch, calcium carboxymethyl cellulose, magnesium aluminumsilicate (VEEGUM®), sodium lauryl sulfate, quaternary ammoniumcompounds, etc., and/or combinations thereof.

Exemplary surface active agents and/or emulsifiers include, but are notlimited to, natural emulsifiers (e.g. acacia, agar, alginic acid, sodiumalginate, tragacanth, chondrux, cholesterol, xanthan, pectin, gelatin,egg yolk, casein, wool fat, cholesterol, wax, and lecithin), colloidalclays (e.g. bentonite [aluminum silicate] and VEEGUM® [magnesiumaluminum silicate]), long chain amino acid derivatives, high molecularweight alcohols (e.g. stearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol,triacetin monostearate, ethylene glycol distearate, glycerylmonostearate, and propylene glycol monostearate, polyvinyl alcohol),carbomers (e.g. carboxy polymethylene, polyacrylic acid, acrylic acidpolymer, and carboxyvinyl polymer), carrageenan, cellulosic derivatives(e.g. carboxymethylcellulose sodium, powdered cellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose,methylcellulose), sorbitan fatty acid esters (e.g. polyoxyethylenesorbitan monolaurate [TWEEN®20], polyoxyethylene sorbitan [TWEEN®60],polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate [TWEEN®80], sorbitan monopalmitate[SPAN®40], sorbitan monostearate [SPAN®60], sorbitan tristearate[SPAN®65], glyceryl monooleate, sorbitan monooleate [SPAN®80]),polyoxyethylene esters (e.g. polyoxyethylene monostearate [MYRJ®45],polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil, polyethoxylated castor oil,polyoxymethylene stearate, and SOLUTOL®), sucrose fatty acid esters,polyethylene glycol fatty acid esters (e.g. CREMOPHOR®), polyoxyethyleneethers, (e.g. polyoxyethylene lauryl ether [BRIJ®30]),poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone), diethylene glycol monolaurate, triethanolamineoleate, sodium oleate, potassium oleate, ethyl oleate, oleic acid, ethyllaurate, sodium lauryl sulfate, PLUORINC®F 68, POLOXAMER®188,cetrimonium bromide, cetylpyridinium chloride, benzalkonium chloride,docusate sodium, etc. and/or combinations thereof.

Exemplary binding agents include, but are not limited to, starch (e.g.cornstarch and starch paste); gelatin; sugars (e.g. sucrose, glucose,dextrose, dextrin, molasses, lactose, lactitol, mannitol); amino acids(e.g., glycine); natural and synthetic gums (e.g. acacia, sodiumalginate, extract of Irish moss, panwar gum, ghatti gum, mucilage ofisapol husks, carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, ethylcellulose,hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, cellulose acetate,poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone), magnesium aluminum silicate (VEEGUM®), andlarch arabogalactan); alginates; polyethylene oxide; polyethyleneglycol; inorganic calcium salts; silicic acid; polymethacrylates; waxes;water; alcohol; etc.; and combinations thereof.

Exemplary preservatives can include, but are not limited to,antioxidants, chelating agents, antimicrobial preservatives, antifungalpreservatives, alcohol preservatives, acidic preservatives, and/or otherpreservatives. Oxidation is a potential degradation pathway for mRNA,especially for liquid mRNA formulations. In order to prevent oxidation,antioxidants can be added to the formulation. Exemplary antioxidantsinclude, but are not limited to, alpha tocopherol, ascorbic acid,acorbyl palmitate, benzyl alcohol, butylated hydroxyanisole, EDTA,m-cresol, methionine, butylated hydroxytoluene, monothioglycerol,potassium metabisulfite, propionic acid, propyl gallate, sodiumascorbate, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, thioglycerol and/orsodium sulfite. Exemplary chelating agents includeethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), citric acid monohydrate,disodium edetate, dipotassium edetate, edetic acid, fumaric acid, malicacid, phosphoric acid, sodium edetate, tartaric acid, and/or trisodiumedetate. Exemplary antimicrobial preservatives include, but are notlimited to, benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, benzylalcohol, bronopol, cetrimide, cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorhexidine,chlorobutanol, chlorocresol, chloroxylenol, cresol, ethyl alcohol,glycerin, hexetidine, imidurea, phenol, phenoxyethanol, phenylethylalcohol, phenylmercuric nitrate, propylene glycol, and/or thimerosal.Exemplary antifungal preservatives include, but are not limited to,butyl paraben, methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, benzoicacid, hydroxybenzoic acid, potassium benzoate, potassium sorbate, sodiumbenzoate, sodium propionate, and/or sorbic acid. Exemplary alcoholpreservatives include, but are not limited to, ethanol, polyethyleneglycol, phenol, phenolic compounds, bisphenol, chlorobutanol,hydroxybenzoate, and/or phenylethyl alcohol. Exemplary acidicpreservatives include, but are not limited to, vitamin A, vitamin C,vitamin E, beta-carotene, citric acid, acetic acid, dehydroacetic acid,ascorbic acid, sorbic acid, and/or phytic acid. Other preservativesinclude, but are not limited to, tocopherol, tocopherol acetate,deteroxime mesylate, cetrimide, butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA), butylatedhydroxytoluened (BHT), ethylenediamine, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS),sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), sodium bisulfite, sodiummetabisulfite, potassium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, GLYDANTPLUS®, PHENONIP®, methylparaben, GERMALL®115, GERMABEN®II, NEOLONE™,KATHON™, and/or EUXYL®.

In some embodiments, the pH of polynucleotide solutions is maintainedbetween pH 5 and pH 8 to improve stability. Exemplary buffers to controlpH can include, but are not limited to sodium phosphate, sodium citrate,sodium succinate, histidine (or histidine-HCl), sodium carbonate, and/orsodium malate. In another embodiment, the exemplary buffers listed abovecan be used with additional monovalent counterions (including, but notlimited to potassium). Divalent cations can also be used as buffercounterions; however, these are not preferred due to complex formationand/or mRNA degradation.

Exemplary buffering agents can also include, but are not limited to,citrate buffer solutions, acetate buffer solutions, phosphate buffersolutions, ammonium chloride, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride,calcium citrate, calcium glubionate, calcium gluceptate, calciumgluconate, D-gluconic acid, calcium glycerophosphate, calcium lactate,propanoic acid, calcium levulinate, pentanoic acid, dibasic calciumphosphate, phosphoric acid, tribasic calcium phosphate, calciumhydroxide phosphate, potassium acetate, potassium chloride, potassiumgluconate, potassium mixtures, dibasic potassium phosphate, monobasicpotassium phosphate, potassium phosphate mixtures, sodium acetate,sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, sodium citrate, sodium lactate,dibasic sodium phosphate, monobasic sodium phosphate, sodium phosphatemixtures, tromethamine, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, alginicacid, pyrogen-free water, isotonic saline, Ringer's solution, ethylalcohol, etc., and/or combinations thereof.

Exemplary lubricating agents include, but are not limited to, magnesiumstearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid, silica, talc, malt, glycerylbehanate, hydrogenated vegetable oils, polyethylene glycol, sodiumbenzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, leucine, magnesium laurylsulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, etc., and combinations thereof.

Exemplary oils include, but are not limited to, almond, apricot kernel,avocado, babassu, bergamot, black current seed, borage, cade, camomile,canola, caraway, carnauba, castor, cinnamon, cocoa butter, coconut, codliver, coffee, corn, cotton seed, emu, eucalyptus, evening primrose,fish, flaxseed, geraniol, gourd, grape seed, hazel nut, hyssop,isopropyl myristate, jojoba, kukui nut, lavandin, lavender, lemon,litsea cubeba, macademia nut, mallow, mango seed, meadowfoam seed, mink,nutmeg, olive, orange, orange roughy, palm, palm kernel, peach kernel,peanut, poppy seed, pumpkin seed, rapeseed, rice bran, rosemary,safflower, sandalwood, sasquana, savoury, sea buckthorn, sesame, sheabutter, silicone, soybean, sunflower, tea tree, thistle, tsubaki,vetiver, walnut, and wheat germ oils. Exemplary oils include, but arenot limited to, butyl stearate, caprylic triglyceride, caprictriglyceride, cyclomethicone, diethyl sebacate, dimethicone 360,isopropyl myristate, mineral oil, octyldodecanol, oleyl alcohol,silicone oil, and/or combinations thereof.

Excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes, coloring agents,coating agents, sweetening, flavoring, and/or perfuming agents can bepresent in the composition, according to the judgment of the formulator.

Exemplary additives include physiologically biocompatible buffers (e.g.,trimethylamine hydrochloride), addition of chelants (such as, forexample, DTPA or DTPA-bisamide) or calcium chelate complexes (as forexample calcium DTPA, CaNaDTPA-bisamide), or, optionally, additions ofcalcium or sodium salts (for example, calcium chloride, calciumascorbate, calcium gluconate or calcium lactate). In addition,antioxidants and suspending agents can be used.

Cryoprotectants for mRNA

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide formulations comprisecryoprotectants. As used herein, the term “cryoprotectant” refers to oneor more agent that when combined with a given substance, helps to reduceor eliminate damage to that substance that occurs upon freezing. In someembodiments, cryoprotectants are combined with polynucleotides in orderto stabilize them during freezing. Frozen storage of mRNA between −20°C. and −80° C. can be advantageous for long term (e.g. 36 months)stability of polynucleotide. In some embodiments, cryoprotectants areincluded in polynucleotide formulations to stabilize polynucleotidethrough freeze/thaw cycles and under frozen storage conditions.Cryoprotectants of the present disclosure can include, but are notlimited to sucrose, trehalose, lactose, glycerol, dextrose, raffinoseand/or mannitol. Trehalose is listed by the Food and Drug Administrationas being generally regarded as safe (GRAS) and is commonly used incommercial pharmaceutical formulations.

Bulking Agents

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide formulations comprise bulkingagents. As used herein, the term “bulking agent” refers to one or moreagents included in formulations to impart a desired consistency to theformulation and/or stabilization of formulation components. In someembodiments, bulking agents are included in lyophilized polynucleotideformulations to yield a “pharmaceutically elegant” cake, stabilizing thelyophilized polynucleotides during long term (e.g. 36 month) storage.Bulking agents of the present disclosure can include, but are notlimited to sucrose, trehalose, mannitol, glycine, lactose and/orraffinose. In some embodiments, combinations of cryoprotectants andbulking agents (for example, sucrose/glycine or trehalose/mannitol) canbe included to both stabilize polynucleotides during freezing andprovide a bulking agent for lyophilization.

Non-limiting examples of formulations and methods for formulating thepolynucleotides of the present disclosure are also provided inInternational Publication No WO2013090648 filed Dec. 14, 2012.

Naked Delivery

The polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide,the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-18 polypeptide, thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide, or acombination thereof can be delivered to a cell (e.g., to a tumor cell)naked. As used herein in, “naked” refers to delivering polynucleotidesfree from agents which promote transfection. For example, thepolynucleotides delivered to the cell, e.g., tumor cell, can contain nomodifications. The naked polynucleotides comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18, and/or OX40L polypeptide can be delivered tothe tumor cell using routes of administration known in the art, e.g.,intratumoral administration, and described herein.

Parenteral and Injectable Administration

Liquid dosage forms for parenteral administration, e.g. intratumoral,include, but are not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions,microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and/or elixirs. Inaddition to active ingredients, liquid dosage forms can comprise inertdiluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or othersolvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol,isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol,benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol,dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn,germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfurylalcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, andmixtures thereof. Besides inert diluents, oral compositions can includeadjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents,sweetening, flavoring, and/or perfuming agents. In certain embodimentsfor parenteral administration, compositions are mixed with solubilizingagents such as CREMOPHOR®, alcohols, oils, modified oils, glycols,polysorbates, cyclodextrins, polymers, and/or combinations thereof.

A pharmaceutical composition for parenteral administration, e.g.,intratumoral administration, can comprise at least one inactiveingredient. Any or none of the inactive ingredients used can have beenapproved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). A non-exhaustivelist of inactive ingredients for use in pharmaceutical compositions forparenteral administration includes hydrochloric acid, mannitol,nitrogen, sodium acetate, sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide.

Injectable preparations, for example, sterile injectable aqueous oroleaginous suspensions can be formulated according to the known artusing suitable dispersing agents, wetting agents, and/or suspendingagents. Sterile injectable preparations can be sterile injectablesolutions, suspensions, and/or emulsions in nontoxic parenterallyacceptable diluents and/or solvents, for example, as a solution in1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that can beemployed are water, Ringer's solution, U.S.P., and isotonic sodiumchloride solution. Sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as asolvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil canbe employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. Fatty acids suchas oleic acid can be used in the preparation of injectables. The sterileformulation can also comprise adjuvants such as local anesthetics,preservatives and buffering agents.

Injectable formulations, e.g., intratumoral, can be sterilized, forexample, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter, and/or byincorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solidcompositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water orother sterile injectable medium prior to use.

Injectable formulations, e.g., intratumoral, can be for direct injectioninto a region of a tissue, organ and/or subject, e.g., tumor.

In order to prolong the effect of an active ingredient, it is oftendesirable to slow the absorption of the active ingredient fromintratumoral injection. This can be accomplished by the use of a liquidsuspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor watersolubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon itsrate of dissolution which, in turn, can depend upon crystal size andcrystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterallyadministered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending thedrug in an oil vehicle. Injectable depot forms are made by formingmicroencapsule matrices of the drug in biodegradable polymers such aspolylactide-polyglycolide. Depending upon the ratio of drug to polymerand the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drugrelease can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymersinclude poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectableformulations are prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes ormicroemulsions which are compatible with body tissues.

Dosage Forms

A pharmaceutical composition described herein can be formulated into adosage form described herein, such as a topical, intranasal,intratracheal, or injectable (e.g., intravenous, intratumoral,intraocular, intravitreal, intramuscular, intracardiac, intraperitoneal,subcutaneous).

Liquid Dosage Forms

Liquid dosage forms for parenteral administration (e.g., intratumoral)include, but are not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions,microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and/or elixirs. Inaddition to active ingredients, liquid dosage forms can comprise inertdiluents commonly used in the art including, but not limited to, wateror other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethylalcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzylalcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol,dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn,germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfurylalcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, andmixtures thereof. In certain embodiments for parenteral administration,compositions can be mixed with solubilizing agents such as CREMOPHOR®,alcohols, oils, modified oils, glycols, polysorbates, cyclodextrins,polymers, and/or combinations thereof.

Injectable

Injectable preparations (e.g., intratumoral), for example, sterileinjectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions can be formulated accordingto the known art and can include suitable dispersing agents, wettingagents, and/or suspending agents. Sterile injectable preparations can besterile injectable solutions, suspensions, and/or emulsions in nontoxicparenterally acceptable diluents and/or solvents, for example, asolution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solventsthat can be employed include, but are not limited to, water, Ringer'ssolution, U.S.P., and isotonic sodium chloride solution. Sterile, fixedoils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. Forthis purpose any bland fixed oil can be employed including syntheticmono- or diglycerides. Fatty acids such as oleic acid can be used in thepreparation of injectables.

Injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtrationthrough a bacterial-retaining filter, and/or by incorporatingsterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which canbe dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectablemedium prior to use.

In order to prolong the effect of an active ingredient, it can bedesirable to slow the absorption of the active ingredient fromsubcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This can be accomplished by theuse of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material withpoor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the polynucleotidesthen depends upon its rate of dissolution which, in turn, can dependupon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayedabsorption of a parenterally administered polynucleotides can beaccomplished by dissolving or suspending the polynucleotides in an oilvehicle. Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsulematrices of the polynucleotides in biodegradable polymers such aspolylactide-polyglycolide. Depending upon the ratio of polynucleotidesto polymer and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rateof polynucleotides release can be controlled. Examples of otherbiodegradable polymers include, but are not limited to,poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulationscan be prepared by entrapping the polynucleotides in liposomes ormicroemulsions which are compatible with body tissues.

Methods of Intratumoral Delivery

The pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein are suitable foradministration to tumors. The term “tumor” is used herein in a broadsense and refers to any abnormal new growth of tissue that possesses nophysiological function and arises from uncontrolled usually rapidcellular proliferation. The term “tumor” as used herein relates to bothbenign tumors and to malignant tumors.

In certain embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of delivering apolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, apolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, apolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-18 polypeptide, apolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide, or acombination thereof, to a tumor comprising formulating thepolynucleotide in the pharmaceutical composition described herein, e.g.,in lipid nanoparticle form, and administering the pharmaceuticalcomposition to a tumor. The administration of the pharmaceuticalcomposition to the tumor can be performed using any method known in theart (e.g., bolus injection, perfusion, surgical implantation, etc.).

The delivery of the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gammapolypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-18polypeptide, or a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40Lpolypeptide, alone or in combination, to a tumor using a pharmaceuticalcompositions for intratumoral administration disclosed herein can:

(i) increase the retention of the polynucleotide in the tumor;(ii) increase the levels of expressed polypeptide in the tumor comparedto the levels of expressed polypeptide in peritumoral tissue;(iii) decrease leakage of the polynucleotide or expressed product tooff-target tissue (e.g., peritumoral tissue, or to distant locations,e.g., liver tissue); or,(iv) any combination thereof,wherein the increase or decrease observed for a certain property isrelative to a corresponding reference composition (e.g., composition inwhich compounds of formula (I) are not present or have been substitutedby another ionizable amino lipid, e.g., MC3).

In one embodiment, a decrease in leakage can be quantified as increasein the ratio of polypeptide expression in the tumor to polypeptideexpression in non-tumor tissues, such as peritumoral tissue or toanother tissue or organ, e.g., liver tissue.

Delivery of a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gammapolypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-18polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40Lpolypeptide, or a combination thereof to a tumor involves administeringa pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein, e.g., in nanoparticleform, including the polynucleotide encoding an IL-23, IL-36-gamma, IL-18and/or an OX40L polypeptide to a subject, where administration of thepharmaceutical composition involves contacting the tumor with thecomposition.

In the instance that the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-18 polypeptide, and the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan OX40L polypeptide, is an mRNA, upon contacting a cell in the tumorwith the pharmaceutical composition, a translatable mRNA may betranslated in the cell to produce a polypeptide of interest. However,mRNAs that are substantially not translatable may also be delivered totumors. Substantially non-translatable mRNAs may be useful as vaccinesand/or may sequester translational components of a cell to reduceexpression of other species in the cell.

The pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein can increase specificdelivery. As used herein, the term “specific delivery,” means deliveryof more (e.g., at least 1.5 fold more, at least 2-fold more, at least3-fold more, at least 4-fold more, at least 5-fold more, at least 6-foldmore, at least 7-fold more, at least 8-fold more, at least 9-fold more,at least 10-fold more) of a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-23 polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-18 polypeptide, or a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anOX40L polypeptide, by pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein (e.g.,in nanoparticle form) to a target tissue of interest (e.g., a tumor)compared to an off-target tissue (e.g., mammalian liver).

The level of delivery of a nanoparticle to a particular tissue may bemeasured, for example, by comparing

(i) the amount of protein expressed from a polynucleotide comprising anmRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an IL-18 polypeptide, or a polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an OX40L polypeptide, in a tissue to the weight of said tissue;

(ii) comparing the amount of the polynucleotide in a tissue to theweight of said tissue; or (iii) comparing the amount of proteinexpressed from a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gammapolypeptide, or a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-18polypeptide, or a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40Lpolypeptide, in a tissue to the amount of total protein in said tissue.

Specific delivery to a tumor or a particular class of cells in the tumorimplies that a higher proportion of pharmaceutical composition includinga polynucleotide encoding an IL-23, IL-36-gamma, and/or OX40Lpolypeptide, is delivered to the target destination (e.g., targettissue) relative to other off-target destinations upon administration ofa pharmaceutical composition to a subject.

Methods for Improved Intratumoral Delivery

The present disclosure also provides methods to achieve improvedintratumoral delivery of a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-18 polypeptide, and/or a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan OX40L polypeptide, when a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein(e.g., in nanoparticle form) is administered to a tumor. The improvementin delivery can be due, for example, to

(i) increased retention of a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan IL-23 polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-18 polypeptide, and/or a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan OX40L polypeptide, in the tumor;

(ii) increased levels of expressed polypeptide in the tumor compared tothe levels of expressed polypeptide in peritumoral tissue;

(iii) decreased leakage of the polynucleotide or expressed product tooff-target tissue (e.g., peritumoral tissue, or to distant locations,e.g., liver tissue); or,

(iv) any combination thereof,

wherein the increase or decrease observed for a certain property isrelative to a corresponding reference composition (e.g., composition inwhich compounds of formula (I) are not present or have been substitutedby another ionizable amino lipid, e.g., MC3).

In one embodiment, a decrease in leakage can be quantified as increasein the ratio of polypeptide expression in the tumor to polypeptideexpression in non-tumor tissues, such as peritumoral tissue or toanother tissue or organ, e.g., liver tissue.

Another improvement in delivery caused as a result of using thepharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein is a reduction in immuneresponse with respect to the immune response observed when other lipidcomponents are used to deliver the same a therapeutic agent orpolynucleotide encoding a therapeutic agent.

Accordingly, the present disclosure provides a method of increasingretention of a therapeutic agent (e.g., a polypeptide administered aspart of the pharmaceutical composition) in a tumor tissue in a subject,comprising administering intratumorally to the tumor tissue apharmaceutical composition disclosed herein, wherein the retention ofthe therapeutic agent in the tumor tissue is increased compared to theretention of the therapeutic agent in the tumor tissue afteradministering a corresponding reference composition.

Also provided is a method of increasing retention of a polynucleotide ina tumor tissue in a subject, comprising administering intratumorally tothe tumor tissue a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein, whereinthe retention of the polynucleotide in the tumor tissue is increasedcompared to the retention of the polynucleotide in the tumor tissueafter administering a corresponding reference composition.

Also provided is a method of increasing retention of an expressedpolypeptide in a tumor tissue in a subject, comprising administering tothe tumor tissue a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein, whereinthe pharmaceutical composition comprises a polynucleotide encoding theexpressed polypeptide, and wherein the retention of the expressedpolypeptide in the tumor tissue is increased compared to the retentionof the polypeptide in the tumor tissue after administering acorresponding reference composition.

The present disclosure also provides a method of decreasing expressionleakage of a polynucleotide administered intratumorally to a subject inneed thereof, comprising administering said polynucleotideintratumorally to the tumor tissue as a pharmaceutical compositiondisclosed herein, wherein the expression level of the polypeptide innon-tumor tissue is decreased compared to the expression level of thepolypeptide in non-tumor tissue after administering a correspondingreference composition.

Also provided is a method of decreasing expression leakage of atherapeutic agent (e.g., a polypeptide administered as part of thepharmaceutical composition) administered intratumorally to a subject inneed thereof, comprising administering said therapeutic agentintratumorally to the tumor tissue as a pharmaceutical compositiondisclosed herein, wherein the amount of therapeutic agent in non-tumortissue is decreased compared to the amount of therapeutic in non-tumortissue after administering a corresponding reference composition.

Also provided is a method of decreasing expression leakage of anexpressed polypeptide in a tumor in a subject, comprising administeringto the tumor tissue a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein,wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises a polynucleotideencoding the expressed polypeptide, and wherein the amount of expressedpolypeptide in non-tumor tissue is decreased compared to the amount ofexpressed polypeptide in non-tumor tissue after administering acorresponding reference composition.

In some embodiments, the non-tumoral tissue is peritumoral tissue. Inother embodiments, the non-tumoral tissue is liver tissue.

The present disclosure also provided a method to reduce or prevent theimmune response caused by the intratumoral administration of apharmaceutical composition, e.g., a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising lipids known in the art, by replacing one or all the lipidsin such composition with a compound of Formula (I). For example, theimmune response caused by the administration of a polynucleotidecomprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, a polynucleotidecomprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, a polynucleotidecomprising an mRNA encoding an IL-18 polypeptide, and/or apolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide in apharmaceutical composition comprising MC3 (or other lipids known in theart) can be prevented (avoided) or ameliorated by replacing MC3 with acompound of Formula (I), e.g., Compound 18.

In some embodiments, the immune response observed after a polynucleotidecomprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, a polynucleotidecomprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, a polynucleotidecomprising an mRNA encoding an IL-18 polypeptide, a polynucleotidecomprising an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide, or any combinationthereof, is administered in a pharmaceutical composition disclosedherein is not elevated compared to the immune response observed when thetherapeutic agent or a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-18 polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40Lpolypeptide, or any combination thereof, is administered in phosphatebuffered saline (PBS) or another physiological buffer solution (e.g.,Ringer's solution, Tyrode's solution, Hank's balanced salt solution,etc.).

In some embodiments, the immune response observed after a therapeuticagent or a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gammapolypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-18polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40Lpolypeptide, or any combination thereof, is administered in apharmaceutical composition disclosed herein is not elevated compared tothe immune response observed when PBS or another physiological buffersolution is administered alone.

In some embodiments, no immune response is observed when apharmaceutical composition disclosed herein is administeredintratumorally to a subject.

Accordingly, the present disclosure also provides a method of deliveringa therapeutic agent or a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-18 polypeptide, and/or a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan OX40L polypeptide to a subject in need thereof, comprisingadministering intratumorally to the subject a pharmaceutical compositiondisclosed herein, wherein the immune response caused by theadministration of the pharmaceutical composition is not elevatedcompared to the immune response caused by the intratumoraladministration of

(i) PBS alone, or another physiological buffer solution (e.g., Ringer'ssolution, Tyrode's solution, Hank's balanced salt solution, etc.);

(ii) the therapeutic agent or a polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an IL-23 polypeptide and a polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide a polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an IL-18 polypeptide, in PBS or another physiological buffersolution; or the therapeutic agent or a polynucleotide comprising anmRNA encoding an IL-23 polynucleotide, a polynucleotide comprising anmRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising anmRNA encoding an IL-18 polypeptide, and a polynucleotide comprising anmRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide in PBS or another physiologicalbuffer solution; or,

(iii) a corresponding reference composition, i.e., the samepharmaceutical composition in which the compound of Formula (I) issubstituted by another ionizable amino lipid, e.g., MC3.

XIII. Kits and Devices Kits

The disclosure provides a variety of kits for conveniently and/oreffectively carrying out methods or compositions of the presentdisclosure. Typically kits will comprise sufficient amounts and/ornumbers of components to allow a user to perform multiple treatments ofa subject(s) and/or to perform multiple experiments.

In one aspect, the present disclosure provides kits comprising thepolynucleotides of the disclosure. In some embodiments, the kitcomprises one or more polynucleotides.

The kits can be for protein production, comprising a polynucleotidecomprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, a polynucleotidecomprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, a polynucleotidecomprising an mRNA encoding an IL-18 polypeptide, and/or apolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide. The kitcan further comprise packaging and instructions and/or a delivery agentto form a formulation composition. The delivery agent can comprise asaline, a buffered solution, a lipidoid or any delivery agent disclosedherein.

In some aspects, the disclosure provides a kit comprising a containercomprising a polynucleotide (e.g., an mRNA) composition or a lipidnanoparticle comprising polynucleotides as (e.g., mRNAs) as disclosedherein, and an optional pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and apackage insert comprising instructions for administration of the lipidnanoparticle or pharmaceutical composition for treating or delayingprogression of cancer in an individual. In some aspects, the packageinsert further comprises instructions for administration of thepharmaceutical composition in combination with a composition comprisinga checkpoint inhibitor polypeptide and an optional pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier for treating or delaying progression of cancer in anindividual.

In other aspects, the disclosure provides a kit comprising a medicamentcomprising a lipid nanoparticle comprising polynucleotides (e.g., mRNAs)as disclosed herein, and an optional pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier, and a package insert comprising instructions for administrationof the medicament alone or in combination with a composition comprisinga checkpoint inhibitor polypeptide and an optional pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier for treating or delaying progression of cancer in anindividual. In some aspects, the kit further comprises a package insertcomprising instructions for administration of the first medicament andthe second medicament for treating or delaying progression of cancer inan individual.

In related aspects, the checkpoint inhibitor polypeptide inhibits PD1,PD-L1, CTLA4, or a combination thereof. In some aspects, the checkpointinhibitor polypeptide is an antibody, such as an anti-CTLA4 antibody orantigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds CTLA4, ananti-PD1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specificallybinds PD1, an anti-PD-L1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereofthat specifically binds PD-L1, and a combination thereof. In someaspects, the checkpoint inhibitor polypeptide is an anti-PD-L1 antibodyselected from atezolizumab, avelumab, or durvalumab. In some aspects,the checkpoint inhibitor polypeptide is an anti-CTLA-4 antibody selectedfrom tremelimumab or ipilimumab. In some aspects, the checkpointinhibitor polypeptide is an anti-PD1 antibody selected from nivolumab orpembrolizumab.

In some embodiments, the kit comprises a buffer solution including, forexample, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, phosphate and/or EDTA. Inanother embodiment, the buffer solution includes, but is not limited to,saline, saline with 2 mM calcium, 5% sucrose, 5% sucrose with 2 mMcalcium, 5% Mannitol, 5% Mannitol with 2 mM calcium, Ringer's lactate,sodium chloride, sodium chloride with 2 mM calcium and mannose (Seee.g., U.S. Pub. No. 20120258046). In a further embodiment, the buffersolutions is precipitated or it is lyophilized. The amount of eachcomponent can be varied to enable consistent, reproducible higherconcentration saline or simple buffer formulations. The components canalso be varied in order to increase the stability of modified RNA in thebuffer solution over a period of time and/or under a variety ofconditions. In one aspect, the present disclosure provides kits forprotein production, comprising: a polynucleotide comprising atranslatable region, provided in an amount effective to produce adesired amount of a protein encoded by the translatable region whenintroduced into a target cell; a second polynucleotide comprising aninhibitory nucleic acid, provided in an amount effective tosubstantially inhibit the innate immune response of the cell; andpackaging and instructions.

In one aspect, the present disclosure provides kits for proteinproduction, comprising a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-36-gamma polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding anIL-18 polypeptide, and/or the polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encodingan OX40L polypeptide, wherein the polynucleotides exhibits reduceddegradation by a cellular nuclease, and packaging and instructions.

In some embodiments, a single polynucleotide comprises (i) the mRNAencoding an IL-23 polypeptide and the mRNA encoding an IL-36-gammapolypeptide or a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-18polypeptide, (ii) the mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide and the mRNAencoding an OX40L polypeptide, or (iii) the mRNA encoding an IL-36-gammapolypeptide or a polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-18polypeptide, and the mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide. In someembodiments, a single polynucleotide comprises the mRNA encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, the mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, or thepolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-18 polypeptide, themRNA encoding a third protein (e.g., an OX40L polypeptide), or anycombination thereof.

Devices

The present disclosure provides for devices which can incorporate apolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, apolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, apolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-18 polypeptide, apolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding a IL-36-gamma polypeptide.For example, the device can incorporate a polynucleotide comprising anmRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an L-18 polypeptide, a polynucleotide comprising an mRNAencoding an OX40L polypeptide, or any combination thereof. These devicescontain in a stable formulation the reagents to synthesize apolynucleotide in a formulation available to be immediately delivered toa subject in need thereof, such as a human patient. In some embodiments,a single polynucleotide comprises the mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptideand the mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide or a polynucleotidecomprising an mRNA encoding an L-18 polypeptide. In some embodiments, asingle polynucleotide comprises the mRNA encoding an L-23 polypeptide,the mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, or the polynucleotidecomprising an mRNA encoding an IL-18 polypeptide, the mRNA encoding anOX40L polypeptide, or any combination thereof.

Devices for administration can be employed to deliver a polynucleotidecomprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide and a polynucleotidecomprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, a polynucleotidecomprising an mRNA encoding an IL-18 polypeptide, and a polynucleotidecomprising an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide according to single,multi- or split-dosing regimens taught herein. Such devices are taughtin, for example, International Publication No. WO 2013151666 A2.

Method and devices known in the art for multi-administration to cells,organs and tissues are contemplated for use in conjunction with themethods and compositions disclosed herein as embodiments of the presentdisclosure. These include, for example, those methods and devices havingmultiple needles, hybrid devices employing for example lumens orcatheters as well as devices utilizing heat, electric current orradiation driven mechanisms.

According to the present disclosure, these multi-administration devicescan be utilized to deliver the single, multi- or split dosescontemplated herein. Such devices are taught for example in,International Publication No. WO 2013151666 A2.

Other Embodiments of the Disclosure

E1. A method of reducing or decreasing a size of a tumor or inhibiting atumor growth in a subject in need thereof comprising administering tothe subject at least two polynucleotides in combination, wherein the atleast two polynucleotides are selected from a first polynucleotideencoding a first protein comprising an Interleukin-23 (IL-23)polypeptide, a second polynucleotide encoding a second proteincomprising an Interleukin-36-gamma (IL-36-gamma) polypeptide, and athird polynucleotide encoding a third protein comprising an OX40Lpolypeptide.E2. The method of embodiment 1, the at least two polynucleotidescomprise (i) the first polynucleotide and the second polynucleotide;(ii) the first polynucleotide and the third polynucleotide; (iii) thesecond polynucleotide and the third polynucleotide; or (iv) the firstpolynucleotide, the second polynucleotide, and the third polynucleotide.E3. The method of embodiment 1, the at least two polynucleotidescomprise the first polynucleotide, the second polynucleotide, and thethird polynucleotide.E4. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the administration reduces ordecreases a size of a tumor or inhibits a tumor growth at least 1.5fold, at least 2 fold, at least 2.5 fold, at least 3 fold, at least 3.5fold, at least 4 fold, at least 4.5 fold, or at least 5 fold better than(i) an administration of the first polynucleotide encoding the firstprotein; (ii) an administration of the second polynucleotide encodingthe second protein; or (iii) an administration of the thirdpolynucleotide encoding the third protein.E5. The method of embodiment 1 or 4, wherein the first polynucleotidecomprises an mRNA encoding the first protein.E6. The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the secondpolynucleotide comprises an mRNA encoding the second protein.E7. The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein the thirdpolynucleotide comprises an mRNA encoding the third protein.E8. The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the firstpolynucleotide, the second polynucleotide and/or the thirdpolynucleotide comprise at least one chemically modified nucleoside.E9. The method of embodiment 8, wherein the at least one chemicallymodified nucleoside is selected from the group consisting of any ofthose listed in Section XI and a combination thereof.E10. The method of embodiment 8 or 9, wherein the at least onechemically modified nucleoside is selected from the group consisting ofpseudouridine, N1-methylpseudouridine, 5-methylcytosine,5-methoxyuridine, and a combination thereof.E11. The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 10, wherein thenucleosides in the first polynucleotide, the second polynucleotideand/or the third polynucleotide are chemically modified by at least 10%,at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, atleast 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or100%.E12. The method of any one of embodiments 8 to 11, wherein thechemically modified nucleosides in the first polynucleotide, the secondpolynucleotide and/or the third polynucleotide are selected from thegroup consisting of uridine, adenine, cytosine, guanine, and anycombination thereof.E13. The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein the uridinenucleosides in the first polynucleotide, the second polynucleotideand/or the third polynucleotide are chemically modified by at least 10%,at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, atleast 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or100%.E14. The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 13, wherein the adenosinenucleosides in the first polynucleotide, the second polynucleotideand/or the third polynucleotide are chemically modified by at least 10%,at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, atleast 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or100%.E15. The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 14, wherein the cytidinenucleosides in the first polynucleotide, the second polynucleotideand/or the third polynucleotide are chemically modified by at least 10%,at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, atleast 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or100%.E16. The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 15, wherein the guanosinenucleosides in the first polynucleotide, the second polynucleotideand/or the third polynucleotide are chemically modified by at least 10%,at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, atleast 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or100%.E17. The method of any one of embodiments 5 to 16, wherein each of themRNA encoding the first protein, the mRNA encoding the second protein,and the mRNA encoding the third protein comprises an open reading frame.E18. The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 17, wherein the IL-23polypeptide comprises an IL-12p40 subunit comprising an amino acidsequence at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, atleast 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% identicalto a sequence listed in Table 1, wherein the amino acid sequence iscapable of binding to an IL-23p19 subunit and forming IL-23, which hasan IL-23 activity.E19. The method of embodiment 18, wherein the IL-12p40 subunit isencoded by a nucleic acid sequence at least 70%, at least 80%, at least85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to asequence listed in Table 1.E20. The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 19, wherein the IL-23polypeptide comprises an IL-23p19 subunit comprising an amino acidsequence at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, atleast 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% identicalto a sequence listed in Table 1, wherein the amino acid sequence iscapable of binding to an IL-12p40 subunit and forming IL-23, which hasan IL-23 activity.E21. The method of embodiment 20, wherein the IL-23p19 subunit isencoded by a nucleic acid sequence at least 70%, at least 80%, at least85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to asequence listed in Table 1.E22. The method of embodiment 20 or 21, wherein the IL-12p40 subunit andthe IL-23P19 subunit are on a single polypeptide chain or two differentchains.E23. The method of embodiment 20 or 21, wherein the IL-12p40 subunit andthe IL-23P19 subunit are fused by a linker.E24. The method of embodiment 23, wherein the linker comprises (GS)linker.E25. The method of embodiment 24, wherein the (GS) linker comprises(GnS)m, wherein n is 1-10 and mis 1-100.E26. The method of embodiment 24, wherein the (GS) linker comprises GGS,GGGS (SEQ ID NO: 194), GGGGS (SEQ ID NO:136), GGGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 137),GGGGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 138), or GGGGGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 139).E27. The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 26, wherein the IL-23polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 50%, at least 60%,at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, atleast 99%, or 100% identical to a sequence listed in Table 1, whereinthe amino acid sequence is capable of having at least one IL-23activity.E28. The method of embodiment 27, wherein the IL-23 polypeptide isencoded by a nucleic acid sequence at least 70%, at least 80%, at least85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to asequence listed in Table 1.E29. The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 28, wherein theIL-36-gamma polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 50%,at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, atleast 95%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to a sequence listed in Table1, wherein the amino acid sequence is capable of having an IL-36 gammaactivity.E30. The method of embodiment 29, wherein the IL-36-gamma polypeptide isencoded by a nucleic acid sequence at least 70%, at least 80%, at least85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to asequence listed in Table 1.E31. The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 30, wherein the OX40Lpolypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 50%, at least 60%,at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, atleast 99%, or 100% identical to a sequence listed in Table 1A, whereinthe amino acid sequence is capable of having OX40L activity.E32. The method of embodiment 31, wherein the OX40L polypeptide isencoded by a nucleic acid sequence at least 70%, at least 80%, at least85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to asequence listed in Table 1A.E33. The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 32, wherein the firstpolynucleotide, the second polynucleotide and/or the thirdpolynucleotide further comprise a nucleic acid sequence comprising amiRNA binding site.E34. The method of embodiment 33, wherein the miRNA binding site bindsto miR-122.E35. The method of embodiment 33 or 34, wherein the miRNA binding sitebinds to miR-122-3p or miR-122-5p.E36. The method of embodiment 34, wherein the miRNA binding sitecomprises a nucleotide sequence at least 80%, at least 85%, at least90%, at least 95%, or 100% identical to aacgccauua ucacacuaaa ua (SEQ IDNO: 23, wherein the miRNA binding site binds to miR-122.E37. The method of embodiment 34, wherein the miRNA binding sitecomprises a nucleotide sequence at least 80%, at least 85%, at least90%, at least 95%, or 100% identical to uggaguguga caaugguguu ug (SEQ IDNO: 25), wherein the miRNA binding site binds to miR-122.E38. The method of any one of embodiments 33 to, wherein the firstpolynucleotide, the second polynucleotide, and the third polynucleotidecomprise different miRNA binding sites or the same miRNA binding site.E39. The method of any one of embodiments 17 to 38, wherein the firstpolynucleotide, the second polynucleotide and/or the thirdpolynucleotide further comprise a 5′ untranslated region (UTR).E40. The method of embodiment 39, wherein the 5′ UTR comprises a nucleicacid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identicalto a sequence listed in Table 3.E41. The method of any one of embodiments 17 to 40, wherein the firstpolynucleotide and/or the second polynucleotide and/or the thirdpolynucleotide comprise a 3′ untranslated region (UTR).E42. The method of embodiment 41, wherein the 3′ UTR comprises a nucleicacid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identicalto a sequence listed in Table 4A or 4B.E43. The method of embodiment 40 or 41, wherein the miRNA binding siteis inserted within the 3′ UTR.E44. The method of embodiment 43, wherein the first polynucleotideand/or the second polynucleotide and/or the third polynucleotide furthercomprise a spacer sequence fused to the miRNA binding site.E45. The method of embodiment 44, wherein the spacer sequence comprisesat least about 10 nucleotides, at least about 20 nucleotides, at leastabout 30 nucleotides, at least about 40 nucleotides, at least about 50nucleotides, at least about 60 nucleotides, at least about 70nucleotides, at least about 80 nucleotides, at least about 90nucleotides, or at least about 100 nucleotides.E46. The method of any one of embodiments 17 to 45, wherein the firstpolynucleotide and/or the second polynucleotide and/or the thirdpolynucleotide further comprise a 5′ terminal cap.E47. The method of embodiment 46, wherein the 5′ terminal cap is a Cap0,Cap1, ARCA, inosine, N1-methyl-guanosine, 2′fluoro-guanosine,7-deaza-guanosine, 8-oxo-guanosine, 2-amino-guanosine, LNA-guanosine,2-azidoguanosine, Cap2, Cap4, 5′ methylG cap, or an analog thereof.E48. The method of any one of embodiments 17 to 47, wherein the firstpolynucleotide and/or the second polynucleotide and/or the thirdpolynucleotide comprise a 3′ polyA tail.E49. The method of any one of embodiments 33 to 48, wherein the firstpolynucleotide and/or the second polynucleotide and/or the thirdpolynucleotide comprise at least two, at least three, at least four, atleast five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least nine,or at least ten miRNA binding sites.E50. The methods of any one of embodiments 1 to 49, wherein the firstpolynucleotide and/or the second polynucleotide and/or the thirdpolynucleotide are codon optimized.E51. The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 50, wherein the firstpolynucleotide and/or the second polynucleotide and/or the thirdpolynucleotide is in vitro transcribed (IVT).E52. The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 51, wherein the firstpolynucleotide and/or the second polynucleotide and/or the thirdpolynucleotide is chimeric.E53. The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 51, wherein the firstpolynucleotide and/or the second polynucleotide and/or the thirdpolynucleotide is circular.E54. The method of any one of embodiments 18 to 53, wherein the IL-12p40subunit, the IL-23p19 subunit, the IL-36-gamma polypeptide, and/or theOX40L polypeptide are fused to a heterologous polypeptide.E55. The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 54, wherein the firstpolynucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 50%, at least60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least95%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to an IL-23-encoding sequence orhL-23_miR-122 construct of Table 1 (SEQ ID NO: 19 or SEQ ID NO: 71).E56. The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 55, wherein the secondpolynucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 50%, at least60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least95%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to an IL-36-encoding sequence orhTL-36_miR-122 construct of Table 1 (SEQ ID NO: 17 or SEQ ID NO: 94).E57. The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 56, wherein the thirdpolynucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 50%, at least60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least95%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to an OX40L-encoding sequence orOX40L_miR-122 construct of Table 1 (SEQ ID NO: 116).E58. The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 57, further comprisingadministering a fourth protein or a fourth polynucleotide encoding thefourth protein.E59. The method of embodiment 58, wherein the fourth polynucleotidecomprises an mRNA encoding the fourth protein.E60. The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 59, wherein the firstpolynucleotide, the second polynucleotide, the third polynucleotide,and/or the fourth polynucleotide is formulated with a delivery agent.E61. The method of embodiment 60, wherein the delivery agent comprises alipidoid, a liposome, a lipoplex, a lipid nanoparticle, a polymericcompound, a peptide, a protein, a cell, a nanoparticle mimic, ananotube, or a conjugate.E62. The method of embodiment 60, wherein the delivery agent is a lipidnanoparticle.E63. The method of embodiment 62, wherein the lipid nanoparticlecomprises the lipid selected from the group consisting of DLin-DMA,DLin-K-DMA, 98N12-5, C12-200, DLin-MC3-DMA, DLin-KC2-DMA, DODMA, PLGA,PEG, PEG-DMG, PEGylated lipids, amino alcohol lipids, KL22, andcombinations thereof.E64. The method of any one of embodiments 60 to 63 or 80, wherein thedelivery agent comprises a compound having formula (I)

or a salt or stereoisomer thereof, whereinR1 is selected from the group consisting of C5-20 alkyl, C5-20 alkenyl,—R*YR″, —YR″, and —R″M′R′;R2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of H,C1-14 alkyl, C2-14 alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and —R*OR″, or R2 and R3,together with the atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycle orcarbocycle;R4 is selected from the group consisting of a C3-6 carbocycle, —(CH2)nQ,—(CH2)nCHQR, —CHQR, —CQ(R)2, and unsubstituted C1-6 alkyl, where Q isselected from a carbocycle, heterocycle, —OR, —O(CH2)nN(R)2, —C(O)OR,—OC(O)R, —CX3, —CX2H, —CXH2, —CN, —N(R)2, —C(O)N(R)2, —N(R)C(O)R,—N(R)S(O)2R, —N(R)C(O)N(R)2, —N(R)C(S)N(R)2, and —C(R)N(R)2C(O)OR, andeach n is independently selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5;each R5 is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H;each R6 is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H;M and M′ are independently selected from —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)N(R′)—,—N(R′)C(O)—, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —C(S)S—, —SC(S)—, —CH(OH)—, —P(O)(OR′)O—,—S(O)2-, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group;R7 is selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl,and H;each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H;each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-18alkyl, C2-18 alkenyl, —R*YR″, —YR″, and H;each R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of C3-14alkyl and C3-14 alkenyl;

-   -   each R* is independently selected from the group consisting of        C1-12 alkyl and C2-12 alkenyl;        each Y is independently a C3-6 carbocycle;        each X is independently selected from the group consisting of F,        Cl, Br, and I; and        m is selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13; and        provided when R4 is —(CH2)nQ, —(CH2)nCHQR, —CHQR, or —CQ(R)2,        then (i) Q is not —N(R)2 when n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, or (ii) Q is        not 5, 6, or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl when n is 1 or 2.        E65. The method of embodiment 64, wherein the compound is of        Formula (IA):

or a salt or stereoisomer thereof, whereinl is selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5;m is selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9;M1 is a bond or M′;R4 is unsubstituted C1-3 alkyl, or —(CH2)nQ, in which n is 1, 2, 3, 4,or 5 and Q is OH, —NHC(S)N(R)2, or —NHC(O)N(R)2;M and M′ are independently selected from —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)N(R′)—,—P(O)(OR′)O—, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group; and

R2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of H,C1-14 alkyl, and C2-14 alkenyl.

E66. The method of any one of embodiments 64 to 66, wherein m is 5, 7,or 9.E67. The method of embodiment 64, wherein the compound is of Formula(II):

or a salt or stereoisomer thereof, whereinl is selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5;M1 is a bond or M′;R4 is unsubstituted C1-3 alkyl, or —(CH2)_(n)Q, in which n is 2, 3, or 4and Q is OH, —NHC(S)N(R)2, or —NHC(O)N(R)2;M and M′ are independently selected from —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)N(R′)—,—P(O)(OR′)O—, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group; and

-   -   R2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting        of H, C1-14 alkyl, and C2-14 alkenyl.        E68. The method of any one of embodiments 64 to 67, wherein the        compound is selected from Compound 1 to Compound 147, and salts        and stereoisomers thereof.        E69. The method of embodiment 64, wherein the compound is of the        Formula (IIa),

or a salt or stereoisomer thereof.E70. The method of embodiment 64, wherein the compound is of the Formula(IIb),

or a salt or stereoisomer thereof.E71. The method of embodiment 64 or 65, wherein the compound is of theFormula (IIc) or (IIe),

or a salt or stereoisomer thereof.E72. The method of embodiment 64, wherein R4 is selected from—(CH2)_(n)Q and —(CH2)_(n)CHQR, wherein Q, R and n are as defined abovein claim 64.E73. The method of embodiment 64, wherein the compound is of the Formula(IId),

or a salt or stereoisomer thereof,wherein R2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consistingof C5-14 alkyl and C5-14 alkenyl, n is selected from 2, 3, and 4, andR′, R″, R5, R6 and m are as defined in claim 64.E74. The method of embodiment 73, wherein R2 is C8 alkyl.E75. The method of embodiment 73 or 74, wherein R3 is C5 alkyl, C6alkyl, C7 alkyl, C8 alkyl, or C9 alkyl.E76. The method of any one of embodiments 73 to 75, wherein m is 5, 7,or 9.E77. The method of any one of embodiments 73 to 76, wherein each R5 isH.E78. The method of embodiment 77, wherein each R6 is H.E79. The method of any one of embodiments 60 to 63, wherein the deliveryagent comprises a compound having the formula (I)

or a salt or stereoisomer thereof, whereinR1 is selected from the group consisting of C530 alkyl, C520 alkenyl,R*YR″, YR″, and R″M′R′;R2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of H,C114 alkyl, C214 alkenyl, —R*YR″, YR″, and R*OR″, or R2 and R3, togetherwith the atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycle orcarbocycle;R4 is selected from the group consisting of a C36 carbocycle, (CH2)nQ,(CH2)nCHQR, CHQR, —CQ(R)2, and unsubstituted C16 alkyl, where Q isselected from a carbocycle, heterocycle, OR, —O(CH2)nN(R)2, C(O)OR,OC(O)R, CX3, CX2H, CXH2, CN, N(R)2, C(O)N(R)2, N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)S(O)2R,N(R)C(O)N(R)2, N(R)C(S)N(R)2, —N(R)R8, —O(CH2)nOR, —N(R)C(═NR9)N(R)2,—N(R)C(═CHR9)N(R)2, —OC(O)N(R)2, —N(R)C(O)OR, —N(OR)C(O)R, —N(OR)S(O)2R,—N(OR)C(O)OR, —N(OR)C(O)N(R)2, —N(OR)C(S)N(R)2, —N(OR)C(═NR9)N(R)2,—N(OR)C(═CHR9)N(R)2, —C(═NR9)N(R)2, —C(═NR9)R, —C(O)N(R)OR, andC(R)N(R)2C(O)OR, and each n is independently selected from 1, 2, 3, 4,and 5;each R5 is independently selected from the group consisting of C13alkyl, C23 alkenyl, and H;each R6 is independently selected from the group consisting of C13alkyl, C23 alkenyl, and H;M and M′ are independently selected from C(O)O, OC(O), C(O)N(R′),N(R′)C(O), C(O), C(S), —C(S)S, SC(S), CH(OH), P(O)(OR′)O, S(O)2, —S—S—,an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group;R7 is selected from the group consisting of C13 alkyl, C23 alkenyl, andH;R8 is selected from the group consisting of C3-6 carbocycle andheterocycle;R9 is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, NO2, C1-6 alkyl, —OR,—S(O)2R, —S(O)2N(R)2, C2-6 alkenyl, C3-6 carbocycle and heterocycle;each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C13 alkyl,C23 alkenyl, and H;each R′ is independently selected from the group consisting of C118alkyl, C218 alkenyl, R*YR″, YR″, and H;each R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of C314alkyl and C314 alkenyl;each R* is independently selected from the group consisting of C112alkyl and C212 alkenyl;each Y is independently a C36 carbocycle;each X is independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br,and I; and m is selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13; andprovided that when R4 is —(CH2)nQ, —(CH2)nCHQR, —CHQR, or —CQ(R)2, then(i) Q is not —N(R)2 when n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, or (ii) Q is not 5, 6, or7-membered heterocycloalkyl when n is 1 or 2.E80. The composition of embodiment 79, wherein the delivery agentcomprises the compound is of Formula (IA):

or a salt or stereoisomer thereof, whereinl is selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5;m is selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9;M1 is a bond or M′;R4 is unsubstituted C13 alkyl, or (CH2)nQ, in which Q is OH,NHC(S)N(R)2, or —NHC(O)N(R)2, —NHC(O)N(R)2, —N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)S(O)2R,—N(R)R8, —NHC(═NR9)N(R)2, —NHC(═CHR9)N(R)2, —OC(O)N(R)2, —N(R)C(O)OR,heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl;M and M′ are independently selected from C(O)O, OC(O), C(O)N(R′),P(O)(OR′)O, —S—S—, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group; andR2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of H,C114 alkyl, and C214 alkenyl.E81. The composition of claim 79 or 80, wherein m is 5, 7, or 9.E82. The composition of any one of embodiments 79 to 81, wherein thecompound is of Formula (II)

or a salt or stereoisomer thereof, wherein1 is selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5;M1 is a bond or M′;R4 is unsubstituted C13 alkyl, or (CH2)nQ, in which n is 2, 3, or 4, andQ is OH, NHC(S)N(R)2, or NHC(O)N(R)2, —N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)S(O)2R, —N(R)R8,—NHC(═NR9)N(R)2, —NHC(═CHR9)N(R)2, —OC(O)N(R)2, —N(R)C(O)OR, heteroarylor heterocycloalkyl;M and M′ are independently selected from C(O)O, OC(O), C(O)N(R′),P(O)(OR′)O, —S—S—, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group; andR2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of H,C114 alkyl, and C214 alkenyl.E83. The composition of any one of embodiments 80 to 82, wherein M1 isM′.E84. The composition of claim 83, wherein M and M′ are independently—C(O)O— or —OC(O)—.E85. The composition of any one of embodiments 80 to 84, wherein 1 is 1,3, or 5.E86. The composition of claim 79, wherein the compound is selected fromthe group consisting of Compound 1 to Compound 232, salts andstereoisomers thereof, and any combination thereof.E87. The method of any one of embodiments 60 to 86, wherein the deliveryagent further comprises a phospholipid.E88. The method of embodiment 87, wherein the phospholipid is selectedfrom the group consisting of1,2-dilinoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(DLPC),1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-phosphocholine (DMPC),1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC),1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC),1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC),1,2-diundecanoyl-sn-glycero-phosphocholine (DUPC),1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC),1,2-di-O-octadecenyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:0 Diether PC),1-oleoyl-2-cholesterylhemisuccinoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(OChemsPC), 1-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (C16 Lyso PC),1,2-dilinolenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine,1,2-diarachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine,1,2-didocosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine,1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE),1,2-diphytanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (ME 16:0 PE),1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine,1,2-dilinoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine,1,2-dilinolenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine,1,2-diarachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine,1,2-didocosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine,1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-rac-(1-glycerol) sodium salt (DOPG),sphingomyelin, and mixtures thereof.E89. The method of embodiment 87, wherein the phospholipid is selectedfrom the group consisting of1-myristoyl-2-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (14:0-16:0 PC,MPPC), 1-myristoyl-2-stearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (14:0-18:0 PC,MSPC), 1-palmitoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (16:0-02:0 PC),1-palmitoyl-2-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (16:0-14:0 PC,PMPC), 1-palmitoyl-2-stearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (16:0-18:0 PC,PSPC), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (16:0-18:1 PC,POPC), 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (16:0-18:2PC, PLPC), 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(16:0-20:4 PC),1-palmitoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (14:0-22:6PC), 1-stearoyl-2-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:0-14:0 PC,SMPC), 1-stearoyl-2-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:0-16:0 PC,SPPC), 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:0-18:1 PC,SOPC), 1-stearoyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:0-18:2PC), 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:0-20:4PC), 1-stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:0-22:6PC), 1-oleoyl-2-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:1-14:0 PC,OMPC), 1-oleoyl-2-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:1-16:0 PC,OPPC), 1-oleoyl-2-stearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:1-18:0 PC,OSPC), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (16:0-18:1PE, POPE), 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine(16:0-18:2 PE),1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (16:0-20:4PE), 1-palmitoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine(16:0-22:6 PE), 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine(18:0-18:1 PE), 1-stearoyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine(18:0-18:2 PE),1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (18:0-20:4PE), 1-stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine(18:0-22:6 PE),1-oleoyl-2-cholesterylhemisuccinoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(OChemsPC), and any combination thereof.E90. The method of any one of embodiments 60 to 89, wherein the deliveryagent further comprises a structural lipid.E91. The method of embodiment 90, wherein the structural lipid isselected from the group consisting of cholesterol, fecosterol,sitosterol, ergosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, brassicasterol,tomatidine, ursolic acid, alpha-tocopherol, and mixtures thereof.E92. The method of any one of embodiments 60 to 91, wherein the deliveryagent further comprises a PEG lipid.E93. The method of embodiment 92, wherein the PEG lipid is selected fromthe group consisting of a PEG-modified phosphatidylethanolamine, aPEG-modified phosphatidic acid, a PEG-modified ceramide, a PEG-modifieddialkylamine, a PEG-modified diacylglycerol, a PEG-modifieddialkylglycerol, and mixtures thereof.E94. The method of any one of embodiments 60 to 93, wherein the deliveryagent further comprises an ionizable lipid selected from the groupconsisting of

-   3-(didodecylamino)-N1,N1,4-tridodecyl-1-piperazineethanamine (KL10),-   N1-[2-(didodecylamino)ethyl]-N1,N4,N4-tridodecyl-1,4-piperazinediethanamine    (KL22),-   14,25-ditridecyl-15,18,21,24-tetraaza-octatriacontane (KL25),-   1,2-dilinoleyloxy-N,N-dimethylaminopropane (DLin-DMA),-   2,2-dilinoleyl-4-dimethyl aminomethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane (DLin-K-DMA),-   heptatriaconta-6,9,28,31-tetraen-19-yl 4-(dimethylamino)butanoate    (DLin-MC3-DMA),-   2,2-dilinoleyl-4-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-[1,3]-dioxolane    (DLin-KC2-DMA),-   1,2-dioleyloxy-N,N-dimethylaminopropane (DODMA),-   2-({8-[(3β)-cholest-5-en-3-yloxy]octyl}    oxy)-N,N-dimethyl-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yloxy]propan-1-amine    (Octyl-CLinDMA),-   (2R)-2-({8-[(3β)-cholest-5-en-3-yloxy]octyl}    oxy)-N,N-dimethyl-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yloxy]propan-1-amine    (Octyl-CLinDMA (2R)), and-   (2S)-2-({8-[(3β)-cholest-5-en-3-yloxy]octyl}oxy)-N,N-dimethyl-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yloxy]propan-1-amine    (Octyl-CLinDMA (2S)).    E95. The method of any one of embodiments 60 to 94, wherein the    delivery agent further comprises a quaternary amine compound.    E96. The method of embodiment 95, wherein the quaternary amine    compound is selected from the group consisting of-   1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP),-   N-[1-(2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride    (DOTMA),-   1-[2-(oleoyloxy)ethyl]-2-oleyl-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)imidazolinium    chloride (DOTIM),-   2,3-dioleyloxy-N-[2(sperminecarboxamido)ethyl]-N,N-dimethyl-1-propanaminium    trifluoroacetate (DOSPA),-   N,N-distearyl-N,N-dimethylammonium bromide (DDAB),-   N-(1,2-dimyristyloxyprop-3-yl)-N,N-dimethyl-N-hydroxyethyl ammonium    bromide (DMRIE),-   N-(1,2-dioleoyloxyprop-3-yl)-N,N-dimethyl-N-hydroxyethyl ammonium    bromide (DORIE),-   N,N-dioleyl-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride (DODAC),-   1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine (DLePC),-   1,2-distearoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DSTAP),-   1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DPTAP),-   1,2-dilinoleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DLTAP),-   1,2-dimyristoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DMTAP),-   1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine (DSePC),-   1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine (DPePC),-   1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine (DMePC),-   1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine (DOePC),-   1,2-di-(9Z-tetradecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine (14:1    EPC),-   1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine (16:0-18:1    EPC), and any combination thereof.    E97. A composition comprising the first polynucleotide according to    any one of embodiments 1 to 57 or the first polynucleotide according    to any one of embodiments 1 to 57 formulated in the delivery agent    according to any one of embodiments 60 to 96.    E98. A composition comprising the second polynucleotide according to    any one of embodiments 1 to 59 or the second polynucleotide    according to any one of embodiments 1 to 57 formulated in the    delivery agent according to any one of embodiments 60 to 96.    E99. A composition comprising the third polynucleotide according to    any one of embodiments 1 to 57 and the third polynucleotide    according to any one of embodiments 1 to 57 formulated in the    delivery agent according to any one of embodiments 60 to 96.    E100. A composition comprising (i) the first polynucleotide    according to any one of embodiments 1 to 59 and the second    polynucleotide according to any one of embodiments 1 to 57, (ii) the    first polynucleotide according to any one of embodiments 1 to 57 and    the third polynucleotide according to any one of embodiments 1 to    57, (iii) the second polynucleotide according to any one of    embodiments 1 to 57 and the third polynucleotide according to any    one of embodiments 1 to 57, or (iv) the first polynucleotide    according to any one of embodiments 1 to 57, the second    polynucleotide according to any one of embodiments 1 to 57, and the    third polynucleotide according to any one of embodiments 1 to 59.    E101. The composition of claim 93, comprising the first    polynucleotide according to any one of embodiments 1 to 57, the    second polynucleotide according to any one of embodiments 1 to 57,    and the third polynucleotide according to any one of embodiments 1    to 57.    E102. The composition of embodiment 101, which further comprises a    delivery agent.    E103. The composition of embodiment 102, wherein the delivery agent    comprises a lipidoid, a liposome, a lipoplex, a lipid nanoparticle,    a polymeric compound, a peptide, a protein, a cell, a nanoparticle    mimic, a nanotube, or a conjugate    E104. The composition of embodiment 102, wherein the delivery agent    comprises a delivery agent according to any one of embodiments 64 to    104.    E105. The composition of any one of embodiments 87 to 104, for use    in reducing or decreasing a size of a tumor or inhibiting a tumor    growth in a subject in need thereof.    E106. The composition of embodiment 97 in combination with the    composition of embodiment 98, for use in reducing or decreasing a    size of a tumor or inhibiting a tumor growth in a subject in need    thereof.    E107. The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 96 or the    composition of any one of embodiments 97 to 106, wherein the first    polynucleotide, the second polynucleotide and/or the third    polynucleotide is formulated for in vivo delivery.    E108. The method or the composition of embodiment 107, wherein the    first polynucleotide and/or the second polynucleotide, and/or the    third polynucleotide is formulated for intramuscular, subcutaneous,    intratumoral, or intradermal delivery.    E109. The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 96, 107 and 108 or    the composition of any one of embodiments 97 to 108, wherein the    first polynucleotide and/or the second polynucleotide is    administered subcutaneously, intravenously, intramuscularly,    intra-articularly, intra-synovially, intrasternally, intrathecally,    intrahepatically, intralesionally, intracranially,    intraventricularly, orally, by inhalation spray, topically,    rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted    reservoir.    E110. The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 96, 107 and 108 or    composition of any one of embodiments 97 to 109, wherein the    administration treats a cancer.    E111. The method of embodiment 110, wherein the cancer is selected    from the group consisting of adrenal cortical cancer, advanced    cancer, anal cancer, aplastic anemia, bileduct cancer, bladder    cancer, bone cancer, bone metastasis, brain tumors, brain cancer,    breast cancer, childhood cancer, cancer of unknown primary origin,    Castleman disease, cervical cancer, colon/rectal cancer, endometrial    cancer, esophagus cancer, Ewing family of tumors, eye cancer,    gallbladder cancer, gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors,    gastrointestinal stromal tumors, gestational trophoblastic disease,    Hodgkin disease, Kaposi sarcoma, renal cell carcinoma, laryngeal and    hypopharyngeal cancer, acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid    leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia,    chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, liver cancer, hepatocellular    carcinoma (HCC), non-small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer,    lung carcinoid tumor, lymphoma of the skin, malignant mesothelioma,    multiple myeloma, myelodysplastic syndrome, nasal cavity and    paranasal sinus cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, neuroblastoma,    non-Hodgkin lymphoma, oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer,    osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, penile cancer,    pituitary tumors, prostate cancer, retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma,    salivary gland cancer, sarcoma in adult soft tissue, basal and    squamous cell skin cancer, melanoma, small intestine cancer, stomach    cancer, testicular cancer, throat cancer, thymus cancer, thyroid    cancer, uterine sarcoma, vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, Waldenstrom    macroglobulinemia, Wilms tumor, secondary cancers caused by cancer    treatment, and any combination thereof.    E112. The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 96 and 107 to 111 or    the composition of any one of embodiment 97, wherein the first    polynucleotide, the second polynucleotide, and/or the third    polynucleotide is delivered by a device comprising a pump, patch,    drug reservoir, short needle device, single needle device, multiple    needle device, micro-needle device, jet injection device, ballistic    powder/particle delivery device, catheter, lumen, cryoprobe,    cannula, microcanular, or devices utilizing heat, RF energy,    electric current, or any combination thereof.    E113. The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 96 and 107 to 112 or    the composition of any one of embodiments 97 to 112, wherein the    effective amount is between about 0.10 mg/kg to about 1,000 mg/kg.    E114. The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 96 and 107 to 113 or    the composition of any one of embodiments 97 to 113, wherein the    subject is a human.    E115. A kit comprising the composition of any one of embodiments 107    to 113 and instructions to use according to the method of any one of    embodiments 1 to 97 and 107 to 115.    E116. The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 96 or 107 to 113,    the composition of embodiments 97 to 115, or the kit of embodiment    123, wherein the administration of the polynucleotides to the    subject results in:    -   increase in granulocyte level in one or more samples obtained        from the subject after administration of doublet or triplet        relative to a threshold level or relative to the level after        administration of a single polynucleotide encoding an IL-23, an        IL-36-gamma, or an OX40L polypeptide;        increase in cross-presenting dendritic cell level in one or more        samples obtained from the subject after administration of        doublet or triplet relative to a threshold level or relative to        the level after administration of a single polynucleotide        encoding an IL-23, an IL-36-gamma, or an OX40L polypeptide;        increase in effector to suppressor T cell ratio in one or more        samples obtained from the subject after administration of        doublet or triplet relative to a threshold level or relative to        the ratio after administration of a single polynucleotide        encoding an OX40L polypeptide;        increase in effector memory T cell level in one or more samples        obtained from the subject after administration of doublet or        triplet relative to a threshold level or relative to the level        after administration of a single polynucleotide encoding an        OX40L polypeptide;        increase in PDL1 expression level in one or more samples        obtained from the subject after administration of doublet or        triplet relative to a threshold level or relative to the level        after administration of a single polynucleotide encoding an        IL-23, an IL-36-gamma, or an OX40L polypeptide; or        a combination thereof.        E117. A method of reducing or decreasing a size of a tumor or        inhibiting a tumor growth in a subject in need thereof        comprising administering to the subject a composition        comprising: two polynucleotides in combination (doublet),        wherein the first polynucleotide encodes a first protein        comprising an interleukin-23 polypeptide (IL-23), and the second        polynucleotide encodes a second protein comprising an        interleukin-36-gamma polypeptide (IL-36-gamma); or,        three polynucleotides in combination (triplet), where the first        polynucleotide encodes a first protein comprising an IL-23        polypeptide, the second polynucleotide encodes a second protein        comprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, and the third        polynucleotide encodes a third protein comprising an OX40L        polypeptide (OX40L),        wherein the administration of the doublet or triplet to the        subject results in:        increase in granulocyte level in one or more samples obtained        from the subject after administration of doublet or triplet        relative to a threshold level or relative to the level after        administration of a single polynucleotide encoding an IL-23, an        IL-36-gamma, or an OX40L polypeptide;        increase in cross-presenting dendritic cell level in one or more        samples obtained from the subject after administration of        doublet or triplet relative to a threshold level or relative to        the level after administration of a single polynucleotide        encoding an IL-23, an IL-36-gamma, or an OX40L polypeptide;        increase in effector to suppressor T cell ratio in one or more        samples obtained from the subject after administration of        doublet or triplet relative to a threshold level or relative to        the ratio after administration of a single polynucleotide        encoding an OX40L polypeptide;        increase in effector memory T cell level in one or more samples        obtained from the subject after administration of doublet or        triplet relative to a threshold level or relative to the level        after administration of a single polynucleotide encoding an        OX40L polypeptide;        increase in PDL1 expression level in one or more samples        obtained from the subject after administration of doublet or        triplet relative to a threshold level or relative to the level        after administration of a single polynucleotide encoding an        IL-23, an IL-36-gamma, or an OX40L polypeptide; or        a combination thereof.        E118. The method of embodiment 117, wherein the increase in        granulocyte level is quantitated as (i) granulocytes as percent        of CD45+ cells, or        (ii) granulocytes per mg of tumor.        E119. The method of embodiment 117, wherein the cross-presenting        dendritic cells are CD103+ cells.        E120. The method of embodiment 117, wherein the increase in        cross-presenting dendritic cell level is quantitated as        (i) cross-presenting dendritic cells per mg of tumor,        (ii) cross-presenting CD103+ dendritic cells in tumor draining        lymph node (TdLN), or        (iii) cross-presenting CD 103+ dendritic cells as percentage of        CD45+ cells.        E121. The method of embodiment 117, wherein the effector to        suppressor T cell ratio is quantitated as CD8:Treg ratio.        E122. The method of embodiment 117, wherein the effector memory        T cells are CD4+ and/or CD8+ cells.        E123. The method of embodiment 117, wherein PDL1 expression        level is quantitated as        (i) number of positive CD1 b+ cells, or        (ii) PDL1 expression in CD11b+ cells.        E124. A method to increase granulocyte levels in a subject in        need thereof comprising administering to the subject a        composition comprising:        two polynucleotides in combination (doublet), wherein first        polynucleotide encodes a first protein comprising an IL-23        polypeptide, and the second polynucleotide encodes a second        protein comprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide; or,        three polynucleotides in combination (triplet), where first        polynucleotide encodes a first protein comprising an IL-23        polypeptide, the second polynucleotide encodes a second protein        comprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, and the third        polynucleotide encodes a third protein comprising an OX40L        polypeptide,        wherein granulocyte levels are measured in one or more samples        obtained from the subject.        E125. The method of embodiment 124, wherein the increase in        granulocyte level is measured as        (i) granulocytes as percent of CD45+ cells, and/or        (ii) granulocytes per mg of tumor, relative to a threshold level        or relative to the level after administration of a single        polynucleotide encoding IL-23 or a single polynucleotide        encoding IL-36-gamma.        E126. A method to increase cross-presenting dendritic cell        levels in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to        the subject a composition comprising:        two polynucleotides in combination (doublet), wherein first        polynucleotide encodes a first protein comprising an IL-23        polypeptide, and the second polynucleotide encodes a second        protein comprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide; or,        three polynucleotides in combination (triplet), where first        polynucleotide encodes a first protein comprising an IL-23        polypeptide, the second polynucleotide encodes a second protein        comprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, and the third        polynucleotide encodes a third protein comprising an OX40L        polypeptide,        wherein cross-presenting dendritic cell levels are measured in        one or more samples obtained from the subject.        E127. The method of embodiment 126, wherein the cross-presenting        dendritic cells are CD103+ cells.        E128. The method of embodiment 127, wherein the increase in        cross-presenting CD103+ dendritic cell level is measured as        (i) cross-presenting CD103+ dendritic cells per mg of tumor,        (ii) cross-presenting CD103+ dendritic cells in TdLN,        (iii) cross-presenting CD 103+ dendritic cells as percentage of        CD45+ cells, or        (iv) a combination thereof,        relative to a threshold level or relative to the level after        administration of a single polynucleotide encoding IL-23, a        single polynucleotide encoding IL-36-gamma, or a single        polynucleotide encoding OX40L.        E129. A method to increase the effector to suppressor T cell        ratio in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to        the subject a composition comprising:        two polynucleotides in combination (doublet), wherein first        polynucleotide encodes a first protein comprising an IL-23        polypeptide, and the second polynucleotide encodes a second        protein comprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide; or,        three polynucleotides in combination (triplet), where first        polynucleotide encodes a first protein comprising an IL-23        polypeptide, the second polynucleotide encodes a second protein        comprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, and the third        polynucleotide encodes a third protein comprising an OX40L        polypeptide,        wherein the effector to suppressor T cell ratio is measured in        one or more samples obtained from the subject.        E130. The method of embodiment 129, wherein the effector to        suppressor T cell ratio is measured as CD8:Treg ratio.        E131. A method to increase effector memory T cells levels in a        subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject        a composition comprising:        two polynucleotides in combination (doublet), wherein first        polynucleotide encodes a first protein comprising an IL-23        polypeptide, and the second polynucleotide encodes a second        protein comprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide; or,        three polynucleotides in combination (triplet), where first        polynucleotide encodes a first protein comprising an IL-23        polypeptide, the second polynucleotide encodes a second protein        comprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, and the third        polynucleotide encodes a third protein comprising an OX40L        polypeptide, wherein the effector memory T cells levels are        measured in one or more samples obtained from the subject.        E132. The method of embodiment 131, wherein the effector memory        T cells are CD4+ and/or CD8+ cells.        E133. The method of embodiment 132, wherein the increase in        effector memory T cells levels is measured as effector memory T        cells within the tumor relative to a threshold level or relative        to the level after administration of a single polynucleotide        encoding OX40L.        E134. A method to increase PDL1 positive cells levels in a        subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject        a composition comprising:        two polynucleotides in combination (doublet), wherein first        polynucleotide encodes a first protein comprising an IL-23        polypeptide, and the second polynucleotide encodes a second        protein comprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide; or,        three polynucleotides in combination (triplet), where first        polynucleotide encodes a first protein comprising an IL-23        polypeptide, the second polynucleotide encodes a second protein        comprising an IL-36-gamma polypeptide, and the third        polynucleotide encodes a third protein comprising an OX40L        polypeptide,        wherein the PDL1 positive cells levels are measured in one or        more samples obtained from the subject.        E135. The method of embodiment 134, wherein the PDL1 positive        cells are CD11b+ cells.        E136. The method of any one of embodiments 117-135, wherein the        sample obtained from the subject is selected from the group        consisting of tumoral tissue, tumor infiltrate, blood, plasma,        and a combination thereof.        E137. The method of any one of embodiments 117-136, wherein the        one or more control samples is a sample or samples obtained from        a healthy subject or a subject with a tumor.        E138. The method of any one of embodiments 117-137, wherein the        threshold level is a predetermined value or a value obtained        from one or more samples.

EQUIVALENTS AND SCOPE

Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain usingno more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specificembodiments in accordance with the disclosure described herein. Thescope of the present disclosure is not intended to be limited to theabove Description, but rather is as set forth in the appended claims.

In the claims, articles such as “a,” “an,” and “the” may mean one ormore than one unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident fromthe context. Claims or descriptions that include “or” between one ormore members of a group are considered satisfied if one, more than one,or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwiserelevant to a given product or process unless indicated to the contraryor otherwise evident from the context. The disclosure includesembodiments in which exactly one member of the group is present in,employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process. Thedisclosure includes embodiments in which more than one, or all of thegroup members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to agiven product or process.

It is also noted that the term “comprising” is intended to be open andpermits but does not require the inclusion of additional elements orsteps. When the term “comprising” is used herein, the term “consistingof” is thus also encompassed and disclosed.

Where ranges are given, endpoints are included. Furthermore, it is to beunderstood that unless otherwise indicated or otherwise evident from thecontext and understanding of one of ordinary skill in the art, valuesthat are expressed as ranges can assume any specific value or subrangewithin the stated ranges in different embodiments of the disclosure, tothe tenth of the unit of the lower limit of the range, unless thecontext clearly dictates otherwise.

In addition, it is to be understood that any particular embodiment ofthe present disclosure that falls within the prior art can be explicitlyexcluded from any one or more of the claims. Since such embodiments aredeemed to be known to one of ordinary skill in the art, they can beexcluded even if the exclusion is not set forth explicitly herein. Anyparticular embodiment of the compositions of the disclosure (e.g., anynucleic acid or protein encoded thereby; any method of production; anymethod of use; etc.) can be excluded from any one or more claims, forany reason, whether or not related to the existence of prior art.

All cited sources, for example, references, publications, databases,database entries, and art cited herein, are incorporated into thisapplication by reference, even if not expressly stated in the citation.In case of conflicting statements of a cited source and the instantapplication, the statement in the instant application shall control.

Section and table headings are not intended to be limiting.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Synthesis of Compounds According to Formula I A.General Considerations

All solvents and reagents used were obtained commercially and used assuch unless noted otherwise. ¹H NMR spectra were recorded in CDCl₃, at300 K using a Bruker Ultrashield 300 MHz instrument. Chemical shifts arereported as parts per million (ppm) relative to TMS (0.00) for ¹H.Silica gel chromatographies were performed on ISCO CombiFlash Rf+ LumenInstruments using ISCO RediSep Rf Gold Flash Cartridges (particle size:20-40 microns). Reverse phase chromatographies were performed on ISCOCombiFlash Rf+ Lumen Instruments using RediSep Rf Gold C18 HighPerformance columns. All final compounds were determined to be greaterthan 85% pure via analysis by reverse phase UPLC-MS (retention times,RT, in minutes) using Waters Acquity UPLC instrument with DAD and ELSDand a ZORBAX Rapid Resolution High Definition (RRHD) SB-C18 LC column,2.1 mm, 50 mm, 1.8 m, and a gradient of 65 to 100% acetonitrile in waterwith 0.1% TFA over 5 minutes at 1.2 mL/min. Injection volume was 5 tLand the column temperature was 80° C. Detection was based onelectrospray ionization (ESI) in positive mode using Waters SQD massspectrometer (Milford, Mass., USA) and evaporative light scatteringdetector.

The representative procedures described below are useful in thesynthesis of Compounds 1-232.

The following abbreviations are employed herein:

THF: Tetrahydrofuran DMAP: 4-Dimethylaminopyridine LDA: LithiumDiisopropylamide rt: Room Temperature DME: 1,2-Dimethoxyethane

n-BuLi: n-Butyllithium

B. Compound 2: Heptadecan-9-yl 8-((2-hydroxyethyl)(tetradecyl)amino)octanoate Representative Procedure 1:

Heptadecan-9-yl 8-bromooctanoate (Method A)

To a solution of 8-bromooctanoic acid (1.04 g, 4.6 mmol) andheptadecan-9-ol (1.5 g, 5.8 mmol) in dichloromethane (20 mL) was addedN-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (1.1 g, 5.8mmol), N,N-diisopropylethylamine (3.3 mL, 18.7 mmol) and DMAP (114 mg,0.9 mmol). The reaction was allowed to stir at rt for 18 h. The reactionwas diluted with dichloromethane and washed with saturated sodiumbicarbonate. The organic layer was separated and washed with brine, anddried over MgSO₄. The organic layer was filtered and evaporated invacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-10%ethyl acetate in hexanes) to obtain heptadecan-9-yl 8-bromooctanoate(875 mg, 1.9 mmol, 41%).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: ppm 4.89 (m, 1H); 3.42 (m, 2H); 2.31 (m, 2H);1.89 (m, 2H); 1.73-1.18 (br. m, 36H); 0.88 (m, 6H).

Heptadecan-9-yl 8-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)octanoate (Method B)

A solution of heptadecan-9-yl 8-bromooctanoate (3.8 g, 8.2 mmol) and2-aminoethan-1-ol (15 mL, 248 mmol) in ethanol (3 mL) was allowed tostir at 62° C. for 18 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuoand the residue was taken-up in ethyl acetate and water. The organiclayer was separated and washed with water, brine and dried over Na₂SO₄.The mixture was filtered and evaporated in vacuo. The residue waspurified by silica gel chromatography (0-100% (mixture of 1% NH₄OH, 20%MeOH in dichloromethane) in dichloromethane) to obtain heptadecan-9-yl8-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)octanoate (3.1 g, 7 mmol, 85%). UPLC/ELSD:RT=2.67 min. MS (ES): m/z (MH⁺) 442.68 for C₂₇H₅₅NO₃

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: ppm 4.89 (p, 1H); 3.67 (t, 2H); 2.81 (t, 2H);2.65 (t, 2H); 2.30 (t, 2H); 2.05 (br. m, 2H); 1.72-1.41 (br. m, 8H);1.40-1.20 (br. m, 30H); 0.88 (m, 6H).

Heptadecan-9-yl 8-((2-hydroxyethyl)(tetradecyl)amino)octanoate (MethodC)

Chemical Formula: C₄₁H₈₃NO₃

Molecular Weight: 638.12

A solution of heptadecan-9-yl 8-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)octanoate (125mg, 0.28 mmol), 1-bromotetradecane (94 mg, 0.34 mmol) andN,N-diisopropylethylamine (44 mg, 0.34 mmol) in ethanol was allowed tostir at 65° C. for 18 h. The reaction was cooled to room temperature andsolvents were evaporated in vacuo. The residue was taken-up in ethylacetate and saturated sodium bicarbonate. The organic layer wasseparated, dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated in vacuo. The residue waspurified by silica gel chromatography (0-100% (mixture of 1% NH₄OH, 20%MeOH in dichloromethane) in dichloromethane) to obtain heptadecan-9-yl8-((2-hydroxyethyl)(tetradecyl)amino)octanoate (89 mg, 0.14 mmol, 50%).UPLC/ELSD: RT=3.61 min. MS (ES): m/z (MH⁺) 638.91 for C₄₁H₈₃NO₃. ¹H NMR(300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: ppm 4.86 (p, 1H); 3.72-3.47 (br. m, 2H); 2.78-2.40(br. m, 5H); 2.28 (t, 2H); 1.70-1.40 (m, 10H); 1.38-1.17 (br. m, 54H);0.88 (m, 9H).

Synthesis of Intermediates Intermediate A: 2-Octyldecanoic acid

A solution of diisopropylamine (2.92 mL, 20.8 mmol) in THF (10 mL) wascooled to −78° C. and a solution of n-BuLi (7.5 mL, 18.9 mmol, 2.5 M inhexanes) was added. The reaction was allowed to warm to 0° C. To asolution of decanoic acid (2.96 g, 17.2 mmol) and NaH (754 mg, 18.9mmol, 60% w/w) in THF (20 mL) at 0° C. was added the solution of LDA andthe mixture was allowed to stir at rt for 30 min. After this time1-iodooctane (5 g, 20.8 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture washeated at 45° C. for 6 h. The reaction was quenched with 1N HCl (10 mL).The organic layer was dried over MgSO₄, filtered and evaporated invacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-20%ethyl acetate in hexanes) to yield 2-octyldecanoic acid (1.9 g, 6.6mmol, 38%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: ppm 2.38 (br. m, 1H); 1.74-1.03(br. m, 28H); 0.91 (m, 6H).

Intermediate B: 7-Bromoheptyl 2-octyldecanoate

7-bromoheptyl 2-octyldecanoate was synthesized using Method A from2-octyldecanoic acid and 7-bromoheptan-1-ol. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ:ppm 4.09 (br. m, 2H); 3.43 (br. m, 2H); 2.48-2.25 (br. m, 1H); 1.89 (br.m, 2H); 1.74-1.16 (br. m, 36H); 0.90 (m, 6H).

Intermediate C: (2-Hexylcyclopropyl)methanol

A solution of diethyl zinc (20 mL, 20 mmol, 1 M in hexanes), indichloromethane (20 mL) was allowed to cool to −40° C. for 5 min. Then asolution of diiodomethane (3.22 mL, 40 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 mL)was added dropwise. After the reaction was allowed to stir for 1 h at−40° C., a solution of trichloro-acetic acid (327 mg, 2 mmol) and DME (1mL, 9.6 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 mL) was added. The reaction wasallowed to warm to −15° C. and stir at this temperature for 1 h. Asolution of (Z)-non-2-en-1-ol (1.42 g, 10 mmol) in dichloromethane (10mL) was then added to the −15° C. solution. The reaction was then slowlyallowed to warm to rt and stir for 18 h. After this time saturated NH₄Cl(200 mL) was added and the reaction was extracted with dichloromethane(3×), washed with brine, and dried over Na₂SO₄. The organic layer wasfiltered, evaporated in vacuo and the residue was purified by silica gelchromatography (0-50% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to yield(2-hexylcyclopropyl)methanol (1.43 g, 9.2 mmol, 92%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CDCl₃) δ: ppm 3.64 (m, 2H); 1.57-1.02 (m, 12H); 0.99-0.80 (m, 4H); 0.72(m, 1H), 0.00 (m, 1H).

C. Compound 18: Heptadecan-9-yl8-((2-hydroxyethyl)(8-(nonyloxy)-8-oxooctyl)amino) octanoate

Chemical Formula: C₄₄H₈₇NO₅

Molecular Weight: 710.18

Compound 18 was synthesized according to the general procedure andRepresentative Procedure 1 described above.

UPLC/ELSD: RT=3.59 min. MS (ES): m/z (MH⁺) 710.89 for C₄₄H₈₇NO₅. ¹H NMR(300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: ppm 4.86 (m, 1H); 4.05 (t, 2H); 3.53 (br. m, 2H);2.83-2.36 (br. m, 5H); 2.29 (m, 4H); 0.96-1.71 (m, 64H); 0.88 (m, 9H).

D. Compound 136: Nonyl8-((2-hydroxyethyl)((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yl)amino)octanoateRepresentative Procedure 2 Nonyl 8-Bromooctanoate (Method A)

To a solution of 8-bromooctanoic acid (5 g, 22 mmol) and nonan-1-ol(6.46 g, 45 mmol) in dichloromethane (100 mL) were addedN-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (4.3 g, 22mmol) and DMAP (547 mg, 4.5 mmol). The reaction was allowed to stir atrt for 18 h. The reaction was diluted with dichloromethane and washedwith saturated sodium bicarbonate. The organic layer was separated andwashed with brine, dried over MgSO₄. The organic layer was filtered andevaporated under vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gelchromatography (0-10% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to obtain nonyl8-bromooctanoate (6.1 g, 17 mmol, 77%).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: ppm 4.06 (t, 2H); 3.40 (t, 2H); 2.29 (t, 2H);1.85 (m, 2H); 1.72-0.97 (m, 22H); 0.88 (m, 3H).

Nonyl 8-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)octanoate

A solution of nonyl 8-bromooctanoate (1.2 g, 3.4 mmol) and2-aminoethan-1-ol (5 mL, 83 mmol) in ethanol (2 mL) was allowed to stirat 62° C. for 18 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuum andthe residue was extracted with ethyl acetate and water. The organiclayer was separated and washed with water, brine and dried over Na₂SO₄.The organic layer was filtered and evaporated in vacuo. The residue waspurified by silica gel chromatography (0-100% (mixture of 1% NH₄OH, 20%MeOH in dichloromethane) in dichloromethane) to obtain nonyl8-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)octanoate (295 mg, 0.9 mmol, 26%).

UPLC/ELSD: RT=1.29 min. MS (ES): m/z (MH⁺) 330.42 for C₁₉H3₉NO3

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: ppm 4.07 (t, 2H); 3.65 (t, 2H); 2.78 (t, 2H);2.63 (t, 2H); 2.32-2.19 (m, 4H); 1.73-1.20 (m, 24H); 0.89 (m, 3H)

Nonyl8-((2-hydroxyethyl)((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yl)amino)octanoate

Chemical Formula: C₃₇H₇₁NO₃

Molecular Weight: 577.98

A solution of nonyl 8-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)octanoate (150 mg, 0.46mmol), (6Z,9Z)-18-bromooctadeca-6,9-diene (165 mg, 0.5 mmol) andN,N-diisopropylethylamine (65 mg, 0.5 mmol) in ethanol (2 mL) wasallowed to stir at reflux for 48 h. The reaction was allowed to cool tort and solvents were evaporated under vacuum. The residue was purifiedby silica gel chromatography (0-10% MeOH in dichloromethane) to obtainnonyl8-((2-hydroxyethyl)((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yl)amino)octanoate (81mg, 0.14 mmol, 30%) as a HBr salt.

UPLC/ELSD: RT=3.24 min. MS (ES): m/z (MH⁺) 578.64 for C₃₇H₇₁NO₃

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: ppm 10.71 (br., 1H); 5.36 (br. m, 4H); 4.04(m, 4H); 3.22-2.96 (br. m, 5H); 2.77 (m, 2H); 2.29 (m, 2H); 2.04 (br. m,4H); 1.86 (br. m, 4H); 1.66-1.17 (br. m, 40H); 0.89 (m, 6H)

E. Compound 138: Dinonyl 8,8′-((2-hydroxyethyl)azanediyl)dioctanoateRepresentative Procedure 3 Dinonyl8,8′-((2-hydroxyethyl)azanediyl)dioctanoate

Chemical Formula: C₃₆H₇₁NO₅

Molecular Weight: 597.97

A solution of nonyl 8-bromooctanoate (200 mg, 0.6 mmol) and2-aminoethan-1-ol (16 mg, 0.3 mmol) and N, N-diisopropylethylamine (74mg, 0.6 mmol) in THF/CH₃CN (1:1) (3 mL) was allowed to stir at 63° C.for 72 h. The reaction was cooled to rt and solvents were evaporatedunder vacuum. The residue was extracted with ethyl acetate and saturatedsodium bicarbonate. The organic layer was separated, dried over Na₂SO₄and evaporated under vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gelchromatography (0-10% MeOH in dichloromethane) to obtain dinonyl8,8′-((2-hydroxyethyl)azanediyl)dioctanoate (80 mg, 0.13 mmol, 43%).

UPLC/ELSD: RT=3.09 min. MS (ES): m/z (MH⁺) 598.85 for C₃₆H₇₁NO₅

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: ppm 4.05 (m, 4H); 3.57 (br. m, 2H); 2.71-2.38(br. m, 6H); 2.29 (m, 4H), 1.71-1.01 (br. m, 49H), 0.88 (m, 6H).

All other lipid compounds disclosed herein can be obtained by a methodanalogous to Representative Procedures 1-3 as described above and/or amethod known in the art.

Example 2 Production of Nanoparticle Compositions A. Production ofNanoparticle Compositions

Nanoparticles can be made with mixing processes such as microfluidicsand T-junction mixing of two fluid streams, one of which contains thepolynucleotide and the other has the lipid components.

Lipid compositions are prepared by combining an ionizable amino lipiddisclosed herein, e.g., a lipid according to Formula (I), a phospholipid(such as DOPE or DSPC, obtainable from Avanti Polar Lipids, Alabaster,Ala.), a PEG lipid (such as 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycerolmethoxypolyethylene glycol, also known as PEG-DMG, obtainable fromAvanti Polar Lipids, Alabaster, Ala.), and a structural lipid (such ascholesterol, obtainable from Sigma-Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany, or acorticosteroid (such as prednisolone, dexamethasone, prednisone, andhydrocortisone), or a combination thereof) at concentrations of about 50mM in ethanol. Solutions should be refrigerated for storage at, forexample, −20° C. Lipids are combined to yield desired molar ratios anddiluted with water and ethanol to a final lipid concentration of betweenabout 5.5 mM and about 25 mM.

Nanoparticle compositions including a polynucleotide and a lipidcomposition are prepared by combining the lipid solution with a solutionincluding the a polynucleotide at lipid composition to polynucleotidewt:wt ratios between about 5:1 and about 50:1. The lipid solution israpidly injected using a NanoAssemblr microfluidic based system at flowrates between about 10 ml/min and about 18 ml/min into thepolynucleotide solution to produce a suspension with a water to ethanolratio between about 1:1 and about 4:1.

For nanoparticle compositions including an RNA, solutions of the RNA atconcentrations of 0.1 mg/ml in deionized water are diluted in 50 mMsodium citrate buffer at a pH between 3 and 4 to form a stock solution.

Nanoparticle compositions can be processed by dialysis to remove ethanoland achieve buffer exchange. Formulations are dialyzed twice againstphosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4, at volumes 200 times that ofthe primary product using Slide-A-Lyzer cassettes (Thermo FisherScientific Inc., Rockford, Ill.) with a molecular weight cutoff of 10kD. The first dialysis is carried out at room temperature for 3 hours.The formulations are then dialyzed overnight at 4° C. The resultingnanoparticle suspension is filtered through 0.2 m sterile filters(Sarstedt, Nimbrecht, Germany) into glass vials and sealed with crimpclosures. Nanoparticle composition solutions of 0.01 mg/ml to 0.10 mg/mlare generally obtained.

The method described above induces nano-precipitation and particleformation. Alternative processes including, but not limited to,T-junction and direct injection, may be used to achieve the samenano-precipitation.

B. Characterization of Nanoparticle Compositions

A Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Instruments Ltd, Malvern, Worcestershire,UK) can be used to determine the particle size, the polydispersity index(PDI) and the zeta potential of the nanoparticle compositions in 1 xPBSin determining particle size and 15 mM PBS in determining zetapotential.

Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy can be used to determine theconcentration of a polynucleotide (e.g., RNA) in nanoparticlecompositions. 100 μL of the diluted formulation in 1×PBS is added to 900μL of a 4:1 (v/v) mixture of methanol and chloroform. After mixing, theabsorbance spectrum of the solution is recorded, for example, between230 nm and 330 nm on a DU 800 spectrophotometer (Beckman Coulter,Beckman Coulter, Inc., Brea, Calif.). The concentration ofpolynucleotide in the nanoparticle composition can be calculated basedon the extinction coefficient of the polynucleotide used in thecomposition and on the difference between the absorbance at a wavelengthof, for example, 260 nm and the baseline value at a wavelength of, forexample, 330 nm.

For nanoparticle compositions including an RNA, a QUANT-IT™ RIBOGREEN®RNA assay (Invitrogen Corporation Carlsbad, Calif.) can be used toevaluate the encapsulation of an RNA by the nanoparticle composition.The samples are diluted to a concentration of approximately g/mL in a TEbuffer solution (10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5). 50 μL of thediluted samples are transferred to a polystyrene 96 well plate andeither 50 μL of TE buffer or 50 μL of a 2% Triton X-100 solution isadded to the wells. The plate is incubated at a temperature of 37° C.for 15 minutes. The RIBOGREEN® reagent is diluted 1:100 in TE buffer,and 100 μL of this solution is added to each well. The fluorescenceintensity can be measured using a fluorescence plate reader (WallacVictor 1420 Multilablel Counter; Perkin Elmer, Waltham, Mass.) at anexcitation wavelength of, for example, about 480 nm and an emissionwavelength of, for example, about 520 nm. The fluorescence values of thereagent blank are subtracted from that of each of the samples and thepercentage of free RNA is determined by dividing the fluorescenceintensity of the intact sample (without addition of Triton X-100) by thefluorescence value of the disrupted sample (caused by the addition ofTriton X-100).

Exemplary formulations of the nanoparticle compositions are presented inTable 9 below.

TABLE 9 Exemplary formulations of nanopoarticle compositions Composition(mol %) Components 40:20:38.5:1.5 Compound:Phospholipid:Chol:PEG—DMG45:15:38.5:1.5 Compound:Phospholipid:Chol:PEG—DMG 50:10:38.5:1.5Compound:Phospholipid:Chol:PEG—DMG 55:5:38.5:1.5Compound:Phospholipid:Chol:PEG—DMG 60:5:33.5:1.5Compound:Phospholipid:Chol:PEG—DMG 45:20:33.5:1.5Compound:Phospholipid:Chol:PEG—DMG 50:20:28.5:1.5Compound:Phospholipid:Chol:PEG—DMG 55:20:23.5:1.5Compound:Phospholipid:Chol:PEG—DMG 60:20:18.5:1.5Compound:Phospholipid:Chol:PEG—DMG 40:15:43.5:1.5Compound:Phospholipid:Chol:PEG—DMG 50:15:33.5:1.5Compound:Phospholipid:Chol:PEG—DMG 55:15:28.5:1.5Compound:Phospholipid:Chol:PEG—DMG 60:15:23.5:1.5Compound:Phospholipid:Chol:PEG—DMG 40:10:48.5:1.5Compound:Phospholipid:Chol:PEG—DMG 45:10:43.5:1.5Compound:Phospholipid:Chol:PEG—DMG 55:10:33.5:1.5Compound:Phospholipid:Chol:PEG—DMG 60:10:28.5:1.5Compound:Phospholipid:Chol:PEG—DMG 40:5:53.5:1.5Compound:Phospholipid:Chol:PEG—DMG 45:5:48.5:1.5Compound:Phospholipid:Chol:PEG—DMG 50:5:43.5:1.5Compound:Phospholipid:Chol:PEG—DMG 40:20:40:0Compound:Phospholipid:Chol:PEG—DMG 45:20:35:0Compound:Phospholipid:Chol:PEG—DMG 50:20:30:0Compound:Phospholipid:Chol:PEG—DMG 55:20:25:0Compound:Phospholipid:Chol:PEG—DMG 60:20:20:0Compound:Phospholipid:Chol:PEG—DMG 40:15:45:0Compound:Phospholipid:Chol:PEG—DMG 45:15:40:0Compound:Phospholipid:Chol:PEG—DMG 50:15:35:0Compound:Phospholipid:Chol:PEG—DMG 55:15:30:0Compound:Phospholipid:Chol:PEG—DMG 60:15:25:0Compound:Phospholipid:Chol:PEG—DMG 40:10:50:0Compound:Phospholipid:Chol:PEG—DMG 45:10:45:0Compound:Phospholipid:Chol:PEG—DMG 50:10:40:0Compound:Phospholipid:Chol:PEG—DMG 55:10:35:0Compound:Phospholipid:Chol:PEG—DMG 60:10:30:0Compound:Phospholipid:Chol:PEG—DMG

Example 3 IL-23 mRNA Monotherapy Efficacy in A20 (lymphoma) and MC38-C(Colon Cancer) Models

Monotherapy efficacy using L-23 mRNA monotherapy was assessed in a A20lymphoma model and in a MC38-C colon cancer model. MC-38 colonadenocarcinoma tumors were established subcutaneously in C57BL/6 mice.See Rosenberg et al., Science 233(4770):1318-21 (1986). A20 mouse B-celllymphoma cells (A20, ATCC No. TIB-208; ATCC, Manassas, Va.) werecultured according to the vendor's instructions. A20 cells wereinoculated subcutaneously in BALB/c mice to generate subcutaneoustumors. Tumor were monitored for size and palpability. See Kim et al.,Journal of Immunology 122(2):549-554 (1979); Donnou et al., Advances inHematology 2012:701704 (2012)

Polynucleotides corresponding to mRNAs encoding L-23 (mRNA without amiR-122 binding site) and NST-FIX control mRNA were prepared asdescribed in the present specification. The mRNAs were formulated inCompound 18 LNPs.

Once the MC-38 or A20 tumors reached a mean size of approximately 100mm3, animals were treated with single intratumoral doses of mRNAs (2.5μg/dose).

Control animals were treated with an equivalent dose of negative controlmRNA. “NST” controls are non-translatable versions of an mRNA encoding acontrol protein, wherein the mRNA comprises multiple stop codons.

Tumor volume was measured at the indicated time points using manualcalipers. Tumor volume was recorded in cubic millimeters.

IL-23 mRNA monotherapy efficacy in the A20 lymphoma model is shown inFIGS. 1A and 1B. FIG. 1A shows treatment with NST-FIX mRNA control (2.5μg mRNA). A complete response (“CR”) was observed in 1 of 12 subjects(8.3%). FIG. 1B shows treatment with mRNA encoding mIL-23 without miRNAbinding site “miRless” (2.5 μg mRNA). Treatment with the IL-23 mRNAelicited complete responses in 5 of 12 subjects (41.6%). IL-23 mRNAmonotherapy efficacy in the MC38-C colon cancer model is shown in FIGS.2A and 2B. FIG. 2A shows treatment with NST-OXL40 mRNA control (2.5 μgmRNA). FIG. 2B shows treatment with mRNA encoding mIL-23 without miRNAbinding site “miRless” (2.5 μg mRNA). Administration of the IL-23 mRNAelicited complete responses in 4 of 10 subjects (40%). Partial responsewas observed in 2 of 10 subjects (20%).

Example 4 Addition of mRNA Encoding IL-36 Gamma or IL-18 to mRNAEncoding IL-23 Increases Efficacy in the MC38-C Model

The effect of the addition of mRNAs encoding interleukin 36-gamma orinterleukin 18 to IL-23 mRNA treatment was also assessed in the MC38-Ccolon cancer model. As in example 3, MC-38 colon adenocarcinoma tumorswere established subcutaneously in C57BL/6 mice to generate subcutaneoustumors.

Polynucleotides corresponding to mRNAs encoding IL-23, IL-36-gamma andIL-18 mRNA were prepared as described in the present specification. ThemRNAs were formulated in Compound 18 LNPs. Once the MC38 tumors reacheda mean size of approximately 100 mm3, animals were treated with singleintratumoral doses of mRNAs. Control animals were treated with anequivalent dose of negative control mRNA.

Tumor volume was measured at the indicated time points using manualcalipers. Tumor volume was recorded in cubic millimeters. The in vivoefficacy study was carried out through Day 50 post-dosing.

The data showed that the addition of IL-36-gamma or IL-18 to a treatmentcomprising IL-23-encoding mRNA increased the efficacy of the treatmentin the MC38-C colon cancer model. FIG. 3A shows treatment with mRNAencoding L-23 and NST-FIX mRNA control (2.5 μg each mRNA). Completeresponse was observed in 3 of 10 subjects (30%). Partial response wasobserved in 6 of 10 subjects (60%). Extended data up to day 90 is shownin FIG. 3E.

FIG. 3B shows treatment with mRNAs encoding L-23 and IL-36-gamma (2.5 μgeach mRNA). Complete response was observed in 9 of 10 subjects (90%).Partial response was observed in 1 of 10 subjects (10%). Extended dataup to day 90 is shown in FIG. 3F.

FIG. 3C shows treatment with an mRNA encoding IL-23 and a second mRNAencoding IL-18 (2.5 μg each mRNA). Complete response was observed in 6of 10 subjects (60%). Partial response was observed in 3 of 10 subjects(30%).

FIG. 3D shows treatment with NST-FIX mRNA control alone (5 μg mRNA).Extended data up to day 70 is shown in FIG. 3G.

The data indicates that the combination of IL-23-encoding mRNA with asecond mRNA encoding IL-36-gamma was more effective than IL-23 mRNAmonotherapy. Furthermore, the IL-23 and IL-36-gamma combination therapywas more effective than IL-36-gamma monotherapy plus negative controlmRNA (not shown). The data also indicates that the combination of anmRNA encoding IL-23 mRNA with a second mRNA encoding IL-18 was moreeffective than monotherapy with an mRNA encoding IL-23. Furthermore, thecombination of an mRNA encoding IL-23 with mRNA encoding IL-18 was moreeffective than an mRNA encoding IL-18 monotherapy plus negative controlmRNA (not shown).

Example 5 Effect of Addition of miR-122 Binding Site to IL-36-Gamma andIL-18 Combination Therapy

The efficacy of combining mRNA encoding IL-36-gamma with L-23 mRNAtherapy, as well as the effect of adding a miR-122 to an mRNA encodingIL-36-gamma used in a combination therapy with an mRNA encoding IL-23was evaluated.

Efficacy using IL-23 mRNA combination therapies was assessed in the A20lymphoma model as described above. A20 mouse B-cell lymphoma cells werecultured according to the vendor's instructions, inoculatedsubcutaneously in BALB/c mice to generate subcutaneous tumors, and oncethe A20 tumors reached a mean size of approximately 100 mm3, animalswere treated with single intratumoral doses of mRNAs.

Polynucleotides corresponding to mRNAs encoding NST-FIX control, mRNAencoding IL-23 or IL-18 without miR-122 “miRless”, and mRNA encodingIL-36-gamma or IL-18 with miR-122 were prepared as described in thepresent specification. The mRNAs were formulated in Compound 18 LNPs.Tumor volume was measured at the indicated time points using manualcalipers. Tumor volume was recorded in cubic millimeters. The in vivoefficacy study was carried out through Day 80 post-dosing.

FIGS. 4A-4C show that addition of mRNA encoding IL-36-gamma to mRNAencoding IL-23 increases efficacy in the A20 lymphoma model. FIG. 4Ashows treatment with a combination therapy comprising mRNA encodingIL-23 without miR-122 “miRless” and NST-FIX mRNA (2.5 μg each mRNA).Complete response was observed in 8 of 12 subjects (66.6%). Partialresponse was observed in 1 of 12 subjects (8.3%). FIG. 4B showstreatment with mRNA encoding IL-23 without miR-122 “miRless” and mRNAencoding IL-36-gamma with miR-122 (2.5 μg each mRNA). Complete responsewas observed in 10 of 12 subjects (83.3%). FIG. 4C shows treatment withan mRNA encoding L-23 without miR122 binding site “miRless” and an mRNAencoding IL-18 without miR122 binding site “miRless” (2.5 μg each mRNA).Complete response was observed in 6 of 12 subjects (50%). FIG. 4D showstreatment with NST-FIX mRNA control (5 μg mRNA). mRNA encoding IL-23plus mRNA encoding IL-36-gamma or IL-18 combinations were superior tomono constituents plus negative control mRNA (IL-1 monotherapies notshown). The efficacy of the combination of mRNA encoding IL-23 plus mRNAencoding IL-36-gamma comprising an mR122 binding site in the 5′ UTRregion of the mRNA was particularly high in comparison to a combinationcomprising miRless mRNA (i.e., mRNAs without a miR-122 binding site inthe 5′-UTR region).

Example 6 Efficacy of mRNA Encoding IL-36-Gamma Plus mRNA Encoding IL-23in the A20 Lymphoma Model

The efficacy of mRNA encoding IL-36-gamma plus mRNA encoding IL-23 overmRNA encoding IL-23 alone with fixed 5 mg dose of mRNAs was assessed inthe A20 lymphoma model. Experiments were conducted as detailed above.

FIG. 5A shows treatment with mRNA encoding IL-23 (5 μg mRNA). Completeresponse was observed in 1 of 10 subjects (10%). Partial response wasobserved in 4 of 10 subjects (40%). FIG. 5B shows treatment with mRNAencoding IL-36-gamma (5 μg mRNA). Complete response was observed in 2 of10 subjects (20%). Partial response was observed in 1 of 10 subjects(10/%). FIG. 5C shows treatment with mRNA encoding IL-23 and mRNAencoding IL-36-gamma (2.5 μg each mRNA). FIG. 5D shows treatment withNST-FIX mRNA control (5 μg mRNA). The data indicates that theIL-23/L-36-gamma mRNA combination was superior to the administration ofmonoconstituent therapy at fixed 5 μg mRNA dose.

Example 7 Efficacy of mRNA Encoding IL-23 Plus mRNA Encoding IL-36-Gammaor IL-18 in the MC38-M Colon Cancer Model

The efficacy of combination therapy comprising mRNA encoding IL-23 plusmRNA encoding IL-36-gamma or IL-18 was assessed in the MC38 colon cancermodel as described above. The experiments in previous examples wereconducted using an MC38-C model (strongly immunogenic). In contrast, theexperiments in the current example were conducted using an MC38-M model(poorly immunogenic). The differences in immune infiltrates andhistological differences between both models are shown in FIGS. 6A and6B.

FIGS. 7A and 7B shows lack of compelling IL-23 mRNA monotherapy efficacyin the MC38-M colon cancer model. FIG. 7A shows treatment with NST-OX40LmRNA control (2.5 μg mRNA) in Compound 18-based LNPs. No response wasobserved. FIG. 7B shows treatment with mRNA encoding IL-23 withoutmiR-122 “miRless” (2.5 μg mRNA) in Compound 18-based LNPs. Only onepartial response was observed (1 of 10, 10%). MC38-M is a relativelyinsensitive model in which OX40L, anti-PD-1 antibody, and IL-23monotherapies are ineffective.

FIG. 7C shows that the combination of mRNA encoding IL-23 with mRNAencoding IL-36-gamma is efficacious in poorly immunogenic MC38-M coloncancer. The figure shows treatment with mRNA encoding IL-23 and mRNAencoding IL-36-gamma (2.5 μg each mRNA). The treatment with mRNAencoding IL-23 and mRNA encoding IL-36-gamma elicited complete responsesin 2 of 10 subjects (20%) and partial responses were observed in 5 of 10subjects (50%).

FIG. 7E shows that the combination of an mRNA encoding IL-23 with anmRNA encoding IL-18 is efficacious in poorly immunogenic MC38-M coloncancer. The figure shows treatment with an mRNA encoding IL-23 and anmRNA encoding IL-18 (2.5 μg each mRNA). FIG. 7D shows treatment withNST-FIX mRNA control (5 μg mRNA).

Example 8 Efficacy of Triple Combination of mRNAs Encoding IL-23,IL-36-Gamma, and OX40L in the MC38-M Colon Cancer Model

The efficacy of triple combination therapy comprising mRNA encodingIL-23, mRNA encoding IL-36-gamma, and mRNA encoding OX40L was assessedin the MC38 colon cancer model as described above. The experiments inthe current example were conducted using an MC38-M model (poorlyimmunogenic), see FIG. 9C.

FIG. 8 shows that OX40L was efficacious in the A20 tumor model. Incontrast, there was lack of compelling efficacy when OX40L was used inthe MC38-M colon cancer model (FIG. 9A). The observed effect was similarto that observed when the same model was treated in an anti-PD-1antibody (FIG. 9B).

In contrast, efficacy in MC38-M colon cancer model was observed whenmRNA encoding IL-23 comprising an miR-122 binding site (5 μg mRNA inCompound 18-based LNPs) (FIG. 10A). No complete response was observed,but 8 escapers were observed. Experimental data extended to day 70 isshown in FIG. 10D.

When mRNA encoding IL-23 comprising an miR-122 binding site (2.5 μgmRNA) was combined with mRNA encoding IL-36-gamma comprising an miR-122binding site (2.5 μg mRNA) (FIG. 10B), three complete responders wereobserved (25%), and the number of escapers was reduced from eight tosix. Experimental data extended to day 70 is shown in FIG. 10E.

When mRNA encoding IL-23 comprising an miR-122 binding site (1.7 μgmRNA) was combined with an mRNA encoding IL-36-gamma comprising anmiR-122 binding site (1.7 μg mRNA) and with an mRNA encoding OX40Lcomprising an miR-122 binding site (1.7 μg mRNA) (FIG. 10C), threecomplete responders were observed (25%), and the number of escaper wasfurther reduced from six to four. Experimental data extended to day 70is shown in FIG. 10F.

A further experiment assessed single dosing of the doublet and single ormultiple dosing of the triplet in the MC38 model using MC38 luciferasecells. mRNA encoding IL-23 comprising an miR-122 binding site wascombined with mRNA encoding IL-36-gamma comprising an miR-122 bindingsite and administered at a single dose (8 μg). mRNA encoding IL-23comprising an miR-122 binding site, mRNA encoding IL-36-gamma comprisingan miR-122 binding site, and mRNA encoding OX40L comprising an miR-122binding site, was administered at a single dose or multiple doses of 12μg. Relative to control, bioluminescence was reduced with the singledose of the double combination, and both single and multiple doses withthe triple combination, with a more significant reduction seen in thetriple combination (FIG. 10G). However, survival over 45 days wasreduced in mice treated with multiple doses of the triple combination,corresponding to treatment-related deaths (FIG. 10H).

Example 9 Bioactivity of IL-23 Produced from mRNA

The activity of IL-23 protein produced from mRNA introduced into a cellwas assessed in a bioassay and compared to the activity of recombinantIL-23 protein. Polynucleotides corresponding to mRNAs encoding murineIL-23 or human IL-23 were prepared as described in the presentspecification. HeLa cells were transfected with mRNA encoding murineIL-23 (mRNA mIL-23), mRNA encoding human IL-23 (mRNA hIL-23), or mocktransfected, and the supernatant was harvested from the transfectedcells. The amount of IL-23 protein in the collected supernatants wasmeasured by ELISA, then varying levels (mock (0 ng/ml), 0.1 ng/ml, 1ng/ml, 3.3 ng/ml, 10 ng/ml, or 100 ng/ml) of the mRNA-produced proteins,or recombinant murine IL-23 (rec mIL-23), or recombinant human IL-23(mRNA hIL-23) was added to cultured mouse primary splenocytes. Thesplenocytes were cultured with the IL-23-containing supernatants, orrecombinant proteins for 3 days, and the amount of IL-17 produced by thesplenocytes was then measured. IL-17 production serves as an indicatorof IL-23 bioactivity.

FIG. 11 shows that IL-23 produced from mRNA has equivalent bioactivity,i.e., induction of IL-17 expression from primary mouse splenocytes, torecombinant IL-23 proteins (e.g. protein form mRNA hIL-23 compared torec hIL-23). Additionally, in vivo expression from human IL-23 mRNA wasdetermined to be greater than expression from the mouse orthologue (datanot shown).

Example 10 Bioactivity of IL-36-Gamma Produced from mRNA

The activity of IL-36-gamma protein produced from mRNA introduced into acell was assessed in a bioassay and compared to the activity ofrecombinant IL-36-gamma protein. Polynucleotides corresponding to mRNAsencoding murine IL-36-gamma or human IL-36-gamma were prepared asdescribed in the present specification.

For murine IL-36-gamma experiments, HeLa cells were transfected withmRNA encoding murine IL-36-gamma protein (mIL-36γ mRNA_v1) ormock-transfected, and the supernatants from the transfected cells werecollected. Bone-marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were exposed tothe collected supernatants containing secreted mature murine IL-36-gammaor recombinant murine IL-36-gamma (rmIL-36γ) at varying concentrations,and IL6 production by the exposed BMDCs was assessed. IL6 productionserves as an indicator of murine IL-36-gamma activity. FIG. 12A showsthat mRNA encoding murine IL-36-gamma protein has equivalent bioactivityto recombinant human IL-36-gamma protein (rmIL-36γ compared to mIL-36γ).

For human IL-36-gamma experiments, the bioactivity of IL-36-gamma wasassessed using epidermoid carcinoma (e.g., A431) cells. B16F10 cellswere transfected with mRNA encoding human IL-36-gamma with differentsignal peptides (hTL-36γ mRNA_v1; hIL-36γ mRNA_v2; or hIL-36γ mRNA_v3)and the supernatants from the transfected cells were collected. Theconcentrations of hIL-36g in the supernatants were determined by ELISA.A431 cells were exposed to hIL-36g-containing supernatants orrecombinant human IL-36-gamma protein (rhIL-36γ) at varying levels andIL8 production in the supernatants of treated A431 cells was measured.IL8 production serves as an indictator of human IL-36-gamma activity.FIG. 12B shows that mRNAs-derived human IL-36-gamma protein haveequivalent bioactivity to recombinant human IL-36-gamma protein (hIL-36γmRNA_v1; hIL-36γ mRNA_v2; or hIL-36γ mRNA_v3 compared to rhIL-36γ).

Example 11 In Vitro Biological Activity of OX40L

T-cell activation involves two concurrent cell signaling events: aprimary signal from the T-cell receptor complex (e.g., CD3 stimulation)and a second signal from a costimulatory ligand-receptor interaction(e.g., OX40L/OX40R interaction). Kober et al., European Journal ofImmunology 38:2678-2688 (2008). In this example, the costimulatorybiological activity of OX40L expressed on the surface of cells treatedwith mOX40L miR-122 or hOX40L miR-122 was assessed.

A. Preparation of OX40L-Expressing Cells

Mouse melanoma cells (B16F10, ATCC No. CRL-6475; ATCC, Manassas, Va.)were seeded in 6-well plates at a density of 300,000 cells per well.Human cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa) were seeded in 6-well plates asdescribed above. A polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40Lpolypeptide and further comprising a miR-122 binding site (mouse OX40L,mOX40L_miR-122, SEQ ID NO: 66; human OX40L, hOX40L_miR-122, SEQ ID NO:65) was formulated in L2K as described above in Example 2. 24 hoursafter seeding the cells, formulations containing 3 μg of mOX40L_miR-122or hOX40L_miR-122 mRNA were added to each well. Control cells wereeither mock-treated or treated with negative control mRNA(non-translatable version of the same mRNA except with no initiatingcodons). The cells were incubated for 24 hours at 37° C.

B. Preparation of Naïve CD4+ T-Cells

Spleens from Balb/c mice were removed and processed using standardtechniques in the art to generate single cell suspensions ofspleenocytes. Total CD4⁺ T-cells were isolated from the splenocytesuspensions using a mouse CD4 T cell isolation kit (Miltenyi, San Diego,Calif.). Naïve human CD4⁺ T-cells were isolated from human peripheralblood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by depleting non-CD4 cells using acommercially available magnetic bead T cell isolation kit

C. T-Cell Activation Assay

200,000 T-cells were added to each well of transfected B16F10 cells orHeLa cells in the presence of agonistic anti-mouse CD3 antibody (R&DSystems, Minneapolis, Minn.) or Dynabeads human T-activator; and thecells were co-cultured for 72 hours (mouse) or 120 hours (human). Aschematic of the assays is shown in FIG. 13A.

After co-culture with T-cells, mouse IL-2 production was measured usinga mouse IL-2 ELISA. (mouse IL-2 DuoSet ELISA, R&D Systems, Minneapolis,Minn.). The amount of IL-2 produced by the CD4⁺ T-cells serves as anindicator of T-cell activation. Results are shown in FIG. 13B. HumanIL-2 production was measured using a human IL-2 ELISA (human IL-2 DuoSetELISA, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, Minn.). Results are shown in FIGS. 13A,13B, and 13C.

D. Results

FIG. 13B shows that OX40L expression on the surface of B16F10 cellstreated with mOX40L_miR-122 elicits a T-cell IL-2 response in vitro. ThemOX40L_miR-122 mRNA induced about 12 ng/ml of IL-2. B16F10 cells treatedwith non-translated negative control mRNA showed baseline levels ofT-cell activation comparable to mock-treated cells (i.e., about 6 ng/mlof IL-2). Therefore, the mOX40L_miR-122 mRNA induced about two foldhigher IL-2 expression compared to a control (mock treated ornon-translated mRNA).

FIGS. 13C and 13D show that, in the presence of Dynabeads humanT-activator as the primary T-cell activators, co-culture with the OX40LmRNA transfected HeLa cells greatly enhanced IL-2 production. WithoutOX40L expression, little to no IL-2 production was detected. FIG. 13Eshows a similar level of increased human IL-2 production when the sameexperiment was performed with pre-stimulated (i.e., non-naïve) CD4⁺T-cells.

These results show that the OX40L polypeptide is biologically active asa costimulatory molecule.

Example 12 Modulation of Immune Cell Populations within Tumors Treatedwith OX40L mRNA

Given the demonstrated activity of OX40L on innate immune natural killer(NK) cells and adaptive CD4+/CD8+ T cells, the objective of thefollowing studies was to evaluate the pharmacodynamic effects of OX40Lintratumoral treatment on tumor-associated immune cell populations.Mouse A20 and MC38 tumor models were established as described above.

A. Cell Differentiation by Flow Cytometry

A20 tumors were treated with a single 12.5 μg dose of mOX40L_miR-122 orcontrol mRNA (RNA/LNP) formulated in lipid nanoparticles. Tumor sampleswere initially analyzed 24 hours following treatment. NK cells weredifferentiated using an antibody against the mature NK cell surfacemarker, DX5. Results are shown in FIG. 14A. Other tumor samples wereanalyzed 14 days after treatment with mOX40L_miR-122. CD4⁺ and CD8⁺T-cells were identified using anti-mouse CD4 and anti-mouse CD8antibodies, respectively. Results are shown in FIG. 14B-14C.

A similar experiment was performed in the MC38 tumor model. Mice withMC38 tumors were administered a single intratumoral injection ofmOX40L_miR-122 or NST-OX40L. In some animals a second dose of mRNA wasadministered 6 days after the first dose. Immune cell infiltrate wasassessed for CD8⁺ cells 24 hours and 72 hours after each dose of mRNA.Results are shown in FIG. 14D.

B. Results

FIG. 14A shows that 24 hours after administration of mOX40L_miR-122 toA20 tumors, NK cells infiltration significantly increased in OX40L-dosedanimals compared to controls. FIG. 14B-14C show that 14 days afteradministration of mOX40L_miR-122 to A20 tumors, both CD4⁺ (FIG. 14B) andCD8⁺ (FIG. 14C) T-cell infiltration into the tumor microenvironmentsignificantly increased compared to control tumor samples.

FIG. 14D shows a significant increase in infiltrating CD8⁺ T-cells 72hours after a second dose of mOX40L_miR-122 in MC38 tumors compared tocontrol treated tumors.

These data from two tumor models demonstrate that administration of apolynuleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide promotesincreased numbers of both innate and adaptive immune cells within thetumor microenvironment.

Example 13 In Vivo Activity of an OX40L-Encoding PolynucleotideFollowing Intratumoral Administration

A. Preparation of OX40L Modified mRNA

A polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide(murine OX40L) and further comprising a miRNA binding site (miR-122) wasprepared as described above (mOX40L_miR-122; SEQ ID NO: 66). A negativecontrol mRNA was also prepared (non-translatable version of the samemRNA containing multiple stop codons: NST_OX40L_122).

B. Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Tumor Model

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) tumors were established subcutaneously inDBA/2 mice. Mouse AML cells P388D1, ATCC No. CCL-46; ATCC, Manassas,Va.) were cultured according to the vendor's instructions. Cells wereinoculated subcutaneously in mice to generate subcutaneous tumors.Tumors were monitored for size and palpability.

Once the tumors were established, animals were separated into twogroups, i.e., a mOX40L_miR-122 group and a control group. Intratumoraldosing for each group was every 7 days (Q7D), beginning 7 days aftertumor implantation. Group I was treated with intratumoral doses ofmOX40L_miR-122 at a dose of 12.5 ug (fixed dose) mRNA per kg bodyweight. Group II was treated with intratumoral doses of controlNST_OX40L_122 mRNA at the same dosing regimen.

C. Results

Results are shown in FIGS. 15A and 15B. FIG. 15A shows individual tumorgrowth in animals treated with intratumoral doses of control NST OX40L122 mRNA. FIG. 15B shows individual tumor growth in animals treated withintratumoral doses of mOX40L_miR-122 mRNA. These result show thatintratumoral administration of a polynucleotide encoding an OX40Lpolypeptide comprising a miRNA binding site reduces or inhibits tumorgrowth compared to control mRNA or PBS treatment.

Example 14 In Vivo Efficacy of Combination of an mRNA Encoding an OX40LPolypeptide, and an Anti-PD-1 Antibody

A. Preparation of OX40L Modified mRNA and Anti-PD-1

A polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide(murine OX40L) and further comprising a miRNA binding site (miR-122) wasprepared as described above (mOX40L_miR-122; SEQ ID NO: 66). A negativecontrol mRNA was also prepared (NST_OX40L_122).

Anti-PD-1 (BioXcell BE0146, anti-mPD-1, clone RMP1-14, Lot No.5792-599016J1) dosing solutions were prepared by diluting an aliquot ofthe stock (6.37 mg/mL) to 0.5 mg/mL in sterile PBS. The 0.5 mg/mL dosingsolution provided the 5 mg/kg dosage in a dosing volume of 10 mL/kg. Theanti-PD-1 dosing solution was prepared fresh daily and stored protectedfrom light at 4° C.

Rat IgG2a (BioXcell BE0089, Rat IgG2a, clone 2A3, Lot No. 601416M1)dosing solutions were prepared by diluting an aliquot of the stock (7.38mg/mL) to 0.5 mg/mL in sterile PBS. The 0.5 mg/mL dosing solutionprovided the 5 mg/kg dosage in a dosing volume of 10 mL/kg. Theanti-PD-1 dosing solution was prepared fresh daily and stored protectedfrom light at 4° C.

B. MC38 Colon Adenocarcinoma Model

MC-38 colon adenocarcinoma tumors were established subcutaneously inC57BL/6 mice as described above.

Once the tumors were established, animals were divided into groups andreceived intratumoral doses of one of the following combinationtherapies shown in the table below:

TABLE 10 Combination Dosing and Interval Group Treatment Dose Interval iNST_OX40L_122 2.5 μg mRNA per dose Q7D Rat IgG2a antibody 5 mg per kgBIWx2 ii mOX40L_miR-122 2.5 μg mRNA per dose Q7D Rat IgG2a antibody 5 mgper kg BIWx2 iii NST_OX40L_122 2.5 μg mRNA per dose Q7D Anti-PD-1antibody 5 mg per kg BIWx2 iv mOX40L_miR-122 2.5 μg mRNA per dose Q7DAnti-PD-1 antibody 5 mg per kg BIWx2 v PBS NA Q7D Anti-PD-1 antibody 5mg per kg BIWx2 vi PBS NA Q7D Rat IgG2a antibody 5 mg per kg BIWx2

Mice received intratumoral doses of mRNA every 7 days (Q7D). Micereceived intratumoral doses of antibody every two weeks (BIW×2).

C. Results

Results are shown in FIG. 16A-16E and FIG. 17. FIG. 16A shows individualtumor growth in animals treated with intratumoral doses of controlNST_OX40L_122 mRNA combined with intratumoral doses of control antibody.There were 0/15 complete responders (CR) in the control group. FIG. 16Bshows individual tumor growth in animals treated with intratumoral dosesof mOX40L_miR-122 mRNA combined with intratumoral doses of controlantibody. By Day 90 post-implantation, the CR was 0/15 for this group.FIG. 16C shows individual tumor growth in animals treated withintratumoral control mRNA combined with intratumoral doses of anti-PD-1antibody. By Day 90 post-implantation, the CR was 2/15 for this group.FIG. 16D shows individual tumor growth in animals treated withintratumoral doses of mOX40L miR-122 mRNA combined with intratumoraldoses of anti-PD-1 antibody. By Day 90 post-implantation, the CR was6/15 for the dual combination group. FIG. 16E shows individual tumorgrowth in animals treated with intratumoral doses of PBS combined withintratumoral doses of anti-PD-1 antibody. By Day 90 post-implantation,the CR was 0/15 for this group. FIG. 16F shows individual tumor growthin animals treated with intratumoral doses of PBS combined withintratumoral doses of control antibody. By Day 90 post-implantation, theCR for this treatment group was 0/14.

These results show that combination therapy comprising a polynucleotidecomprising an mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide and animmunotherapeutic agent, such as an anti-PD-1 antibody, is effective invivo for inhibiting or reducing tumor growth in the MC38 mouse tumormodel. The combination of mOX40L_miR-122 with anti-PD-1 showedsynergistic in vivo anti-tumor efficacy. These results also show thatlower doses of mRNA can be used in combination therapy.

FIG. 17 shows the survival curves for animals in the same treatmentgroups. These results show that combining intratumoral dosing of amodified OX40L mRNA with intratumoral dosing of an anti-PD-1 antibodyeffectively increases survival in a mouse tumor model compared tocontrol treatment groups.

Example 15 In Vivo Memory Immune Response Following Treatment withCombination Therapy

Mice were treated with mOX40L_miR-122 combined with anti-PD-1 antibodyas described above in Example 14. At Day 90 post-tumor inoculation, fourcomplete responder animals (CR) from the mOX40L_miR-122+anti-PD-1combination therapy group were re-challenged with 5×10⁵ MC38 tumorcells. As a control, 10 naïve animals were also inoculated with 5×10⁵MC38 cells. The results of the analysis are shown in FIGS. 18A and 18B.

FIG. 18A shows individual tumor growth in naïve animals challenged withMC38 cells. Naïve mice began developing detectable tumors approximately5 days after implantation, and tumors continued to grow during thestudy. FIG. 18B shows individual tumor growth in the complete responderanimals previously given intratumoral doses of combination therapy ofmOX40L_miR-122 and anti-PD-1 antibody. The complete responder animalsshowed no tumor growth (0/4 animals) for 23 days after re-challenge withtumor cells. In contrast, naïve animals showed a high percentage oftumor growth. These results show that intratumoral dosing of an mRNAencoding an OX40L polypeptide combined with an anti-PD-1 antibodyinduces a memory immune response with anti-tumor effects.

Example 16 Marked Efficacy in Both Primary Treated and Untreated DistalTumors with Triplet mRNA Therapy

Experiments were conducted using the MC38-S mice tumor model. A tumorwas implanted in each flank of each animal. See FIG. 19A. A primarytumor on one flank was treated with control mRNA (non-translating mRNAencoding for OX40L), a combination of mRNAs encoding IL-23 andIL36-gamma, or a triple combination of mRNAs encoding IL-23,IL-36-gamma, and OX40L. Then, the effect of the treatment of the firsttumor was measured on the second (untreated) tumor. FIG. 19A. The totaldose of mRNA per treatment was 5 μg of mRNA. mRNAs were administered assingle intratumoral doses.

FIGS. 19B and 19C show large tumor volumes in both the treated tumorsand distal tumors in mice treated with control mRNA. When doublet mRNAtherapy was administered to the proximal tumor (FIG. 19D), 9 completeresponses (50%) were observed in this distal tumor (FIG. 19E). When thetriplet mRNA therapy was administered to the proximal tumor (FIG. 19F),15 complete responses (83.3%) were observed in the distal tumor (FIG.19G).

This data indicates that treatment of a tumor with an mRNA therapeuticcomposition can effectively treat tumor at other locations.

Example 17 Triplet mRNA Plus Anti-PD-L1 Ab Demonstrates ImprovedEfficacy in Difficult to Treat B16F10-AP3 Tumor Model

To assess the improved efficacy of the triplet therapy (triplecombination of mRNAs encoding IL-23, IL-36-gamma, and OX40L) in adifficult to treat model that is not responsive to checkpointinhibitors, the B16F10-AP3 murine melanoma cell model was used. As inthe previous example, total mRNA dosing was 5ug of total mRNA,administered intratumorally as a single dose. The anti-PD-L1 antibodywas dosed intraperitoneally twice per week at 10 mg/kg.

FIG. 20A shows tumor volume in mice treated with control mRNA. Noresponses were observed when the anti-PD-L1 antibody was administeredalone (FIG. 20B). When the triplet mRNA therapy (mRNAs encoding IL23,L36 gamma, and OX40L) was administered, no complete responses wereobserved either (FIG. 20C). On the other hand, when the triplet mRNAtherapy was administered in combination with the anti-PD-L1 antibody, 5complete responses out of 15 were observed (33%). In addition to thecomplete responses in one mouse the tumor reduced in size to less than60 mm³ (FIG. 20D).

This data indicates that tumors refractory to treatment with aconventional therapy, e.g., an anti-PD-L1 antibody, can be effectivelytreated by combining such therapy with several mRNAs disclosed herein(e.g., a triple therapy comprising mRNAs encoding IL-23, IL-36-gamma,and OX40L).

Example 18 Memory Immune Response after Treatment with IL-23:IL-36-GammaDoublet Therapy and IL23:IL-36-Gamma:OX40L Triplet Therapy

Memory immune response in animals treated with a doublet combinationtherapy was evaluated. Mice inoculated with MC38-S tumor cells weretreated with a doublet combination therapy consisting of apolynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide and asecond polynucleotide comprising an mRNA encoding an IL-36-gammapolypeptide. Five micrograms of total mRNA were injected intratumorallyweekly for 4 weeks (Q7D).

Ten out of ten mice were complete responders. When naïve animals werechallenged with the same cancer all the mice (fifteen out of fifteen)were escapers (FIG. 21A). In contrast, when the mice that were completeresponders were rechallenged with the same cancer, no tumoral growth wasobserved in any of the rechallenged mice (FIG. 21B).

The generation of anti-cancer memory post local therapy (i.e., tumor didnot grown in re-challenged mice that were complete responders frominitial treatment) was observed for mice treated with doublet mRNAtherapy (IL-23:IL-36-gamma), as discussed above, and also for micetreated with triplet mRNA therapy (IL23:IL-36-gamma:OX40L) (tumors didnot grow in 5 out of 5 re-challenged mice that were complete respondersfrom initial treatment; not shown).

Example 19 Effect of Doublet and Triplet Therapy on Levels of ImmuneCells

To assess the efficacy of the doublet therapy (double combination ofmRNAs encoding IL-23 and IL-3 6-gamma, respectively) and triplet therapy(triple combination of mRNAs encoding IL-23, IL-36-gamma, and OX40L,respectively), immune cell levels were evaluated.

The treatment of mice inoculated with MC38-R tumor cells with thedoublet therapy caused a marked increase in the level of Ly6G+granulocytes in the MC38-R tumor, measured as granulocytes as percent ofCD45+ cells (FIG. 22A) or as granulocytes per mg of tumor (FIG. 22B). Adramatic increase in granulocytes was also observed after treatment withtriplet therapy (FIG. 23).

The treatment with doublet and triplet therapy increased levels ofcross-presenting dendritic cells (see FIGS. 24A and 24B).

The treatment with doublet therapy increased levels of cross-presentingCD103+ dendritic cells in MC28-R tumors, measured as CD103+ dendriticcells as percent of CD45+ cells (FIG. 24A) or as CD103+ dendritic cellsper mg of tumor (FIG. 24B). Treatment of mice inoculated with MC38-Rtumor cells with triplet therapy showed similar increases incross-presenting dendritic cells in both the tumor and in the draininglymph node (see FIG. 25A and FIG. 25B). These increases in dendriticcells were observed in analyses in which CD103+ dendritic cells per mgof tumor were quantified (FIG. 25A), and also in analyses in which CD8+dendritic cells in the tumor draining lymph node (FIG. 25B) werequantified.

Treatment with triplet therapy increased levels of CD11b+ dendriticcells in the tumors, measured as CD11b+ dendritic cells per mg of tumor(FIG. 26A). Increases in CD11b+ dendritic cells were also observed inthe draining lymph node (FIG. 26B). Administration of triplet therapycaused alteration of CD86 activation in CD11b+ dendritic cells in thedraining lymph node (see FIG. 26C and FIG. 26D).

FIG. 27A and FIG. 27B show CD86 activation on CD8 cDC1 in the draininglymph node 24h and 72h post intratumoral administration of triplet mRNAtherapy to MC38 tumors measured as percentage of CD8 cDC1 cells (FIG.27A) or as mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) (FIG. 27B).

In addition, after the administration of doublet and triplet therapies,early increases in CD86 and MHCI were observed. CD86 and MHCI werehigher on CD8+ dendritic cells post doublet treatment at 7 hours, yetMHCI was higher post triplet treatment at 7 days. In CD103+ dendriticcells there were early increases in CD86 and MHCI observed postadministration. In CD8+ DC cells in draining lymph node there were alsoincreased CD86 and MHCI post administration. CD 86 and MHCI were higherof CD8+ draining lymph node post doublet at 72 hours, yet MHCI washigher post triplet at 7 days (data not shown).

The administration of triplet therapy caused also increases ininflammatory dendritic cells (iDC) in both the tumor (FIG. 28A) and thedraining lymph node (FIG. 28B). After the administration of triplettherapy, increases in CD86 were also observed on inflammatory dendriticcells (FIG. 28C and FIG. 28D).

Treatment with doublet therapy or triplet therapy also increased theCD8:Treg ratio in MC38-R tumors, demonstrating an improved effector tosuppressor T cell ratio (FIG. 29). This effect was more marked 7 daysafter administration of the doublet or triplet therapy.

Upon activation, naive T cell subsets undergo proliferation anddifferentiation into effector cells, followed by the generation of apool of memory T cells. Based upon migration pattern and functions, theyare classified into central memory (predominantly homing to the lymphnodes) and effector memory (predominantly homing to extralymphoid sites)subsets. Treatment with doublet therapy or triplet therapy increasedCD4+ (FIG. 30A) and CD8+(FIG. 30B) central and effector memory T cellswithin the tumor. The OX40L:IL-23:IL-36-gamma triplet therapy causedgreater increases of effector memory cells in tumors than theIL-23:IL-36-gamma doublet.

FIG. 31 shows the effect of cytotoxic T cell depletion on survival ofmice inoculated with MC38-R tumoral cells. Mice were treated with 5microgram doses of mRNA triplet administered intratumorally. The arrowin the drawing indicated the date of administration of the mRNA triplettherapy. Antibody depletion (circles) started 2 days prior to mRNAadministration. The longest survival was observed in mice treated withthe triplet alone, with the triplet plus a control antibody, or with thetriplet plus anti-CD4 antibody. Co-administration of the triplet plus ananti-CD8 antibody resulted in a dramatic decrease in survival rate,demonstrating that cytotoxic T cells were essential to survival benefitfrom OX40L:IL-23:IL-36-gamma triplet therapy.

Example 20 Efficacy of Combination Treatment Comprising Triplet mRNATherapy and Anti-PDL1 Antibodies in MC38 Model

The administration of doublet and triplet therapy increased levels ofPD-L1. Slight increases in PD-L1 levels were observed in cancer cells,e.g., CD45−, FsChi and MHCII-, after the administration of triplettherapy (FIGS. 32A and 32B).

The administration of the doublet IL-23:L-36-gamma also resulted in anincreased percentage of CD11b+ cells positive for PD-L1 (FIG. 33A). Thisobservation correlated with an increase in PD-L1 expression in CD11b+cells (FIG. 33B). Administration of the triplet combination alsoresulted in an increased percentage of CD11b+ cells positive for PDL1(FIG. 34A) and an increase in PDL1 expression in CD11b+ cells (FIG.34B).

The increase in expression of PD-L1 in the MC38 model in response totreatment with triplet mRNA therapy provided a rational to combine thetriplet therapy with anti-PD-L1 antibodies. Total mRNA dosing was 5ug oftotal mRNA, administered intratumorally as a single dose. The antibody(anti-PD-L1 antibody 10F.9G2 or control) was dosed intraperitoneallytwice per week at 10 mg/kg. No responses were observed when the negativecontrol antibody (FIG. 35A) or the anti-PD-L1 antibody (FIG. 35B) wereadministered alone. When the triplet mRNA therapy (mRNAs encoding IL23,IL36 gamma, and OX40L) was administered, no complete responses wereobserved (FIG. 35C) but 4 out of 15 mice showed reduced size tumors. Onthe other hand, when the triplet mRNA therapy was administered incombination with the anti-PD-L1 antibody, 12 out of 15 mice experiencedreduced tumor sizes or complete responses (FIG. 35D). This dataindicates that tumors refractory to treatment with a conventionaltherapy, e.g., an anti-PD-L1 antibody, can be effectively treated bycombining such therapy with several mRNAs disclosed herein (e.g., atriple therapy comprising mRNAs encoding IL-23, IL-36-gamma, and OX40L).

Example 21 Efficacy of Doublet and Triplet Therapies in HCC SyngeneicModel

Previous experiments shown above indicate that mRNA combinationtherapies, e.g., IL-23/IL-36-gamma (doublet) and IL-23/IL-36-gamma/OX40L(triplet) combination therapies, are efficacious in the MC38 colonadenocarcinoma, A20 mouse B-cell lymphoma, or B16F10-AP3 melanomamodels. Each one of the cell lines used in the present disclosure, e.g.,H22, MC38, and B16F10 cell lines, can be used to model distinct tumormicroenvironments. MC38 cells model an immunosuppressive environment,whereas B16F10 cells model an immunologically barren environment. In thepresent experiment. the efficacy of doublet and triplet combinationtherapies was evaluated in the syngeneic H22 cell line, a hepatoma cellline that models an inflamed tumor microenvironment.

Mice were administered 2.5 ug of each mRNA in the triplet combinationtherapy (IL-23/IL-36-gamma/OX40L), i.e., a total of 7.5 ug formulated inCompound 18 lipid nanoparticles, or 7.5 ug of control mRNA (NST-FIX).mRNAs were dosed intratumorally Q7Dx3 (N=10 mice/group). After 30 days,all the control mice had tumors with volumes above 1,500 mm³ (FIG. 36A)In contrast, none of the mice treated with the triple therapy had tumorswith volumes above 1,500 mm³ (FIG. 36B), thus indicating that thetriplet combination therapy was also efficacious in the HCC syngeneicmodel.

Example 22 Human IL-36 Versus Mouse IL-36 Efficacy as Part of OASIS inMC38-M(R)

To determine the efficacy of human IL-36 gamma versus mouse IL-36 intriplet mRNA therapy, a study was designed in which multiplecombinations of mRNAs encoding OX40L, IL-23, and either mouseIL-36-gamma or human IL-36-gamma were tested. The design of the study isshown Table 11.

MC-38-M colon adenocarcinoma tumors were established subcutaneously inC57BL/6 mice as described above.

Once the tumors were established, animals were divided into groups andreceived intratumoral doses of one of the following combinationtherapies shown in the table below. Each group included 15 animals. Eachanimal was dosed qdx4 with a total mRNA dose of 5 ug/mouse in a totaldose volume of 25 ul.

Reduction in tumor size was observed when using either human L-36-gammaor mouse IL-36-gamma; however, the efficacy of triplet therapy usingmouse TL-36 gamma was superior (FIG. 37). The data shows that OX40Lmonotherapy did not result in tumor size reduction. IL-23 monotheraryresulted in a reduction in tumor size. However, the response of thetumor to TL-23 was slower than the response to the synergisticcombination of IL-23 and OX40L. Reductions in tumor size were observedat all the ratios of mIL-36-gamma to OX40 and IL-23 tested (FIG. 38A). Asimilar effect was observed regarding the triplet mRNA combinationcomprising hTL-36-gamma, although the effect of these compositions onmean tumor volume was less pronounced (FIG. 38B). Data corresponding toeach group in the study and to each individual animal is presented inFIGS. 39A-39O. All the animals in Group 8 (OX40L monotherapy) wereescapers (FIG. 39H). Four animals in Group (IL-23 monotherapy) werecomplete responders (FIG. 39I). The combination the OX40L and IL-23monotherapies resulted in 9 complete responders (FIG. 39E). Thus, thecombination the OX40L and IL-23 monotherapies was not additive butsynergic. The most effective combination therapy was a triple therapycomprising an mRNA encoding OX40L, an mRNA encoding IL-23, and a mousemRNA encoding IL-36 gamma at 1:1:0.125 ratio (FIG. 39D). Such triplettherapy resulted in 10 complete responses plus two animals with tumorvolumes below 100 mm³. Out of the 15 animals in the group, one 2 wereescapers. FIG. 40 and FIGS. 41A-410 show the effect the differenttherapies tested on body weight.

FIG. 42 shows the effect of the different therapies tested on survivalrate. No animals treated with OX40L monotherapy survived past day 30 inthe study. After day 50, the survival rate for animals treated with L-23monotherapy was slightly below 40%. However, the survival rate foranimals treated with both OX40L and IL-23 was close to 70% after day 50,indicating again a synergistic action of the combination OX40L andIL-23. The highest survival rate corresponded to animals treated withtriplet therapy mOX40L:mIL-23:mIL-36-gamma at a 1:1:1 ratio (survivalratio above 90%) or 1:1:0.5 (80% survival rate). The survival ratesobserved when using mouse IL-36-gamma were significantly higher than thesurvival rates observed when using human 11-36-gamma.

Example 23 Doublet mRNA Therapy as Effective as Triplet mRNA Therapy inInflamed Tumor Microenvironment Model

Experiments were conducted using the MC38-S mice tumor model as a modelfor an inflamed tumor microenvironment. Tumors were implanted andanimals were treated with either doublet mRNA therapy, encoding IL-23and OX40L (i.e., one immune response primer and one immune responseco-stimulatory signal) or with triplet mRNA therapy, encoding IL-23,IL-36-gamma and OX40L (i.e., two immune response primers and one immuneresponse co-stimulatory signal). The total dose of mRNA per treatmentwas 5 μg of mRNA. The total amount of mRNA in each dose was keptconstant by adding the appropriate amount of NST control mRNA. The mRNAswere administered as single intratumoral doses. Tumor volume wasmeasured over time post implant. The results are shown in FIG. 43A(triplet mRNA therapy) and FIG. 43B (doublet mRNA therapy). The resultsdemonstrate that both the doublet and the triplet mRNA therapies wereeffective in inhibiting growth of the tumors in the animals.

This data indicates that effective treatment of a tumor having aninflamed tumor microenvironment can be achieved using mRNA(s) encoding asingle immune response primer and a single immune responseco-stimulatory signal (i.e., doublet mRNA therapy).

Other Embodiments

It is to be understood that the words which have been used are words ofdescription rather than limitation, and that changes can be made withinthe purview of the appended claims without departing from the true scopeand spirit of the disclosure in its broader aspects.

While the present disclosure has been described at some length and withsome particularity with respect to the several described embodiments, itis not intended that it should be limited to any such particulars orembodiments or any particular embodiment, but it is to be construed withreferences to the appended claims so as to provide the broadest possibleinterpretation of such claims in view of the prior art and, therefore,to effectively encompass the intended scope of the disclosure.

All publications, patent applications, patents, and other referencesmentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. Incase of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, willcontrol. In addition, section headings, the materials, methods, andexamples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.

1.-146. (canceled)
 147. A method for treating cancer in a subject byinducing or enhancing an anti-tumor immune response, comprisingadministering to the subject a first messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding anIL-23 polypeptide, a second mRNA encoding an IL-36gamma polypeptide, anda third mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide, thereby treating cancer inthe subject by inducing or enhancing an anti-tumor immune response. 148.The method of claim 147, wherein the IL-23 polypeptide comprises anIL-12p40 polypeptide operably linked, with or without a linker, to anIL-23p19 polypeptide.
 149. The method of claim 148, wherein the IL-23polypeptide comprises an IL-12p40 polypeptide operably linked via alinker to an IL-23p19 polypeptide, and wherein the linker is a Gly/Serlinker.
 150. The method of claim 147, wherein the IL-23 polypeptidecomprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 4, 5 and 140, wherein the IL-36gamma polypeptidecomprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting ofSEQ ID NOs: 10, 12, and 16, and wherein the OX40L polypeptide comprisesan amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:2 and
 21. 151. The method of claim 147, wherein (i) the first mRNAencoding an IL-23 polypeptide comprises an open reading frame, whereinthe open reading frame comprises the nucleotide sequence as set forth inSEQ ID NO: 141, or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical to thenucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 141; (ii) the second mRNAencoding an IL-36gamma polypeptide comprises an open reading frame,wherein the open reading frame comprises the nucleotide sequence as setforth in SEQ ID NO: 143, or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identicalto the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 143; and (iii) thethird mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide comprises an open readingframe, wherein the open reading frame comprises the nucleotide sequenceas set forth in SEQ ID NO: 145, or a nucleotide sequence at least 90%identical to the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 145.152. The method of claim 151, wherein the first mRNA, second mRNA andthird mRNA each comprise a 3′ untranslated region (UTR) comprising atleast one microRNA-122 (miR-122) binding site.
 153. The method of claim152, wherein the miR-122 binding site is a miR-122-5p binding site, andwherein the miR-122-5p binding site comprises the nucleotide sequence asset forth in SEQ ID NO:
 26. 154. The method of claim 147, wherein (i)the first mRNA comprises the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ IDNO: 142, or a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical to thenucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 142; (ii) the second mRNAcomprises the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 144, or anucleotide sequence at least 90% identical to the nucleotide sequenceset forth in SEQ ID NO: 144; and (iii) the third mRNA comprises thenucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 146, or a nucleotidesequence at least 90% identical to the nucleotide sequence set forth inSEQ ID NO:
 146. 155. The method of claim 147, wherein the first, secondand third mRNAs are chemically modified.
 156. The method of claim 155,wherein the first, second and third mRNAs are fully modified withchemically-modified uridines.
 157. The method of claim 155, wherein thefirst, second and third mRNAs are fully modified withN1-methylpseudouridine.
 158. The method of claim 147, wherein the first,second and third mRNAs are formulated in separate lipid nanoparticles.159. The method of claim 158, wherein the lipid nanoparticles areadministered simultaneously or sequentially.
 160. The method of claim147, wherein the first, second and third mRNAs are formulated in thesame lipid nanoparticle.
 161. The method of claim 160, wherein thefirst, second and third mRNAs are formulated in the lipid nanoparticleat a mass ratio of OX40L:IL-23:IL-36gamma of 1:1:2.
 162. The method ofclaim 147, comprising administering a checkpoint inhibitor polypeptide,wherein the checkpoint inhibitor polypeptide inhibits PD1, PD-L1, CTLA4,or a combination thereof, and wherein the checkpoint inhibitorpolypeptide is an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof.
 163. Themethod of claim 162, wherein the antibody is an anti-CTLA4 antibody orantigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds CTLA4, ananti-PD 1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specificallybinds PD1, an anti-PD-L1 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereofthat specifically binds PD-L1, or a combination thereof.
 164. The methodof claim 163, wherein the anti-PD-L1 antibody is atezolizumab, avelumab,or durvalumab, wherein the anti-CTLA-4 antibody is tremelimumab oripilimumab, and wherein the anti-PD1 antibody is nivolumab orpembrolizumab.
 165. A composition comprising at least one mRNA and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the at least one mRNA isselected from the group consisting of: (i) an mRNA) encoding an IL-23polypeptide; (ii) an mRNA encoding an IL-36gamma polypeptide; (iii) afirst mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide and a second mRNA encoding anIL-36gamma polypeptide; (iv) a first mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide,a second mRNA encoding an IL-36gamma polypeptide, and a third mRNAencoding an OX40L polypeptide.
 166. A lipid nanoparticle comprising afirst mRNA encoding an IL-23 polypeptide, a second mRNA encoding anIL-36gamma polypeptide, and a third mRNA encoding an OX40L polypeptide,wherein the lipid nanoparticle comprises a molar ratio of about 20-60%ionizable amino lipid, about 5-25% phospholipid, about 25-55% sterol,and about 0.5-15% PEG-modified lipid.